Réaction de photocyclodéshydrogénation par catalyse photorédox

Cette thèse présente une nouvelle méthode pour accomplir la réaction de Mallory en utilisant la lumière visible. Pour atteindre ce but, la chimie photorédox qui s'est développée ces dernières années permettra une utilisation efficace de la lumière visible. De plus, la chimie en flux continu sera utilisé afin d'augmenter la surface irradiée du mélange réactionnel. Au cours de ces travaux, une nouvelle méthodologie photochimique utilisant un photocatalyseur de cuivre avec la lumière visible a été efficace pour la synthèse du 5hélicène. Un mécanisme de désactivation oxydante est proposé pour cette réaction. Par ailleurs, cette nouvelle méthodologie a été utilisée pour la synthèse d'un dérivé du 5hélicène et d'un 4hélicène-pyrène hybride. Par la suite, la méthodologie photochimique utilisant un photocatalyseur de cuivre avec la lumière visible a servi à la synthèse de divers carbazoles substitués au niveau de l'azote par des groupements aryles et alkyles. Au cours de cette synthèse, la réaction a révélé un problème de régiosélectivité. Ce dernier a été étudié par la synthèse de nouvelles triarylamines. Finalement, il a été découvert que l'utilisation d'un photocatalyseur de fer peut remplacer le photocatalyseur de cuivre en utilisant l'oxygène comme oxydant pour la synthèse de 9-phénylcarbazole.

Microtubule disrupting N-phenyl-N’-(2-chloroethyl) ureas display anticancer activity on cell adhesion, P-glycoprotein and BCL-2-mediated drug resistance.

Objective: Our research program has focused on the development of promising, soft alkylating N-phenyl-N’-(2-chloroethyl)urea (CEU) compounds which acylate the glutamic acid-198 of β-tubulin, near the binding site of colchicum alkaloids. CEUs inhibit the motility of cancerous cells in vitro and, interestingly, exhibit antiangiogenic and anticancer activity in vivo. Mitotic arrest induced by microtubule-interfering agents such as CEUs remains the major mechanism of their anticancer activity, leading to apoptosis. However, we recently demonstrated that microtubule disruption by CEUs and other common antimicrotubule agents greatly alters the integrity and organization of microtubule-associated structures, the focal adhesion contact, thereby initiating anoikis, an apoptosis-like cell death mechanism caused by the loss of cell contact with the extracellular matrix. Methods: To ascertain the activated signaling pathway profile of CEUs, flow cytometry, Western blot, immunohistochemistry and transfection experiments were performed. Wound-healing and chick embryo assays were carried out to evaluate the antiangiogenic potency of CEUs. Results: CEU-induced apoptosis involved early cell cycle arrest in G2/M and increased level of CDK1/cycline B proteins. These signaling events were followed by the specific activation of the intrinsic apoptosis pathway, involving loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) and ROS production, cytochrome c release from mitochondria, caspase activation, AIF nuclear translocation, PARP cleavage and nuclear fragmentation. CEUs maintained their efficacy on cells plated on pro-survival extracellular matrices or exhibiting overexpression of P-glycoprotein or the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. Conclusion: Our results suggest that CEUs represent a promising new class of antimicrotubule, antiangiogenic and pro-anoikis agents.

Caractérisation du rôle de l’amyline (IAPP) dans le diabète de type 2 : études de dérivés peptidiques et de composés inhibiteurs de la formation d’amyloïde

L’amyloïdose, une maladie progressive et incurable, implique une vaste panoplie de pathologies et de pathogénèses, qui est expliquée par la grande variabilité biologique et structurale des protéines responsables de la formation des dépôts d’amyloïde. L’amyline (polypeptide amyloïde des îlots pancréatiques, IAPP) est une protéine très susceptible de subir des changements de conformation impliquant les feuillets bêta et conférant aussi des propriétés physicochimiques distinctes. Cette protéine prend alors une forme fibrillaire et se dépose dans les îlots de Langerhans chez les humains atteints de diabète de type 2 ou d’insulinome. Ces dépôts d’amyloïde pancréatique (AIAPP) ont été décrits chez certaines espèces animales telles que les félins domestiques, les grands félins, le raton laveur et les primates non humains. La formation de dépôts d’amyloïde contribue à la pathogénèse du diabète de type 2, mais les mécanismes qui induisent la conversion de l’amyline (IAPP) en amyloïde (AIAPP) ne sont pas complètement compris. Les hypothèses du projet sont que certaines variations présentes dans les séquences peptidiques de l’IAPP provenant de différentes espèces animales jouent un rôle critique pour la formation de fibrilles et que plusieurs composés chimiques aromatiques/phénoliques sont capables d’abroger la formation de dépôts d’amyloïde. Le projet de recherche consiste donc à caractériser la propension des différentes isoformes animales d’IAPP à former de l’amyloïde in vitro afin d’identifier les acides aminés jouant un rôle clé dans cette transformation structurale et ultimement d’inhiber la formation d’amyloïde pancréatique. Le projet se divise en deux volets principaux. Le premier consiste à identifier les différentes séquences peptidiques de l’IAPP retrouvées chez les espèces animales. L’objectif est d’identifier les acides aminés jouant un rôle clé dans la formation d’amyloïde. Le gène de l’IAPP a été séquencé chez plus d’une quarantaine d’espèces. Le potentiel d’agrégation des séquences obtenues a été simulé à l’aide d’outils bioinformatique. Une librairie de 23 peptides a été commandée afin de procéder à des analyses physicochimiques in vitro permettant d’évaluer le potentiel amyloïdogénique (test fluorimétrique à la thioflavine T, essai de liaison au rouge Congo, dichroïsme circulaire, microscopie électronique à transmission) et cytotoxique (sur une lignée cellulaire provenant d’insulinome : INS-1). Les analyses effectuées à partir de la librairie constituée de 23 peptides ont permis d’identifier trois séquences ne formant pas d’amyloïde et qui proviennent des espèces animales suivantes : le tamarin lion doré (Leontopithecus rosalia), le grand dauphin (Tursiops truncatus) et l’alpaga (Vicugna pacos). Un site potentiellement critique est le segment 8-20 présentant le motif NFLVH qui ne forme plus d’amyloïde lorsqu’il est remplacé par le motif DFLGR ou KFLIR. Les acides aminés 29P, 14K et 18R sont également impliqués dans l’inhibition de la transformation structurale en fibrille. La dernière partie du projet consiste à inhiber la formation de l’amyloïde en utilisant des composés chimiques commercialisés (hypoglycémiants, anti-inflammatoires non stéroïdiens) ou nouvellement synthétisés dans notre laboratoire (les aryles éthyles urées). Un criblage d’une soixantaine de composés chimiques a été conduit dans cette étude. Leur efficacité a été testée sur l’IAPP humaine, qui possède un fort potentiel amyloïdogénique. Les techniques utilisées sont les mêmes que celles exploitées précédemment. L’essai de liaison croisée photo-induite ("photo-induced cross-linking of unmodified proteins", PICUP) a été réalisé afin d’étudier les formes intermédiaires (monomères, oligomères). Un total de 11 composés chimiques a démontré un potentiel à inhiber l’agrégation des fibrilles. Pour la classe des hypoglycémiants, le glyburide, le répaglinide et la troglitazone ont montré l’activité thérapeutique la plus élevée pour retarder et réduire la formation de fibrilles. Les anti-inflammatoires antiamyloïdogènes actifs incluaient le diclofenac, le méloxicam, le phénylbutazone, le sulindac et le ténoxicam. Les aryles étyles urées les plus intéressantes étaient la EU-362 et la EU-418. Tous ces composés ont conféré une protection cellulaire contre l’activité cytotoxique des fibrilles. Les molécules actives possèdent des éléments structuraux communs tels des substituants donneurs d’électrons (alcool, amine, halogène) sur un noyau benzène. En conclusion, ce projet de recherche a permis de caractériser l’IAPP chez diverses espèces animales, dont plusieurs chez lesquelles elle n’avait pas encore été décrite, de déterminer les sites jouant un rôle clé dans sa transformation en amyloïde et, ultimement, de tester le potentiel thérapeutique de nouveaux agents antiamyloïdogènes dans le diabète de type 2. Nous espérons que ce projet ouvrira ainsi la porte à de nouvelles stratégies de traitement.

Synthèse et étude de nouvelles molécules potentiellement polymérisables pour la fabrication de matériaux électroluminescents : analogues du 1,3,5 benzènetripyrrole, méthyle 3,5-bipyrrolebenzoate et 6,12-diméthyle-1,5-dipyrrolediazocane

Pyrroles are found in various natural products and in the chemical composition of certain drugs because of their interesting biological properties. Lipitor, Tolmetin and Amtolmetin are examples of drugs with 1,2,5-substituted pyrroles in their composition, in which biological activities have been certified. Moreover, pyrroles are used as precursors of semiconductor polymers, oligomers and dendrimers useful for the synthesis of electroluminescent materials used in devices, such as organic light-emitting diodes, field-effect transistors, solar and organic photovoltaic cells. We are interested in conjugated polymers based on pyrrole due to their optical properties, electrochemical and the conductivity produced by electron delocalization along their carbon chains. The overall objective of the work presented in this thesis is the synthesis of new molecules based on pyrrole for studying their electronic and electrochemical properties as well for the synthesis of conjugated polymers. Initially, we performed the synthesis of 1,3,5-tri-(1-alkyl-5-methylpyrrol-2-yl)benzenes, which may serve as precursors for the synthesis of conjugated dendrimers. Their synthesis was made in three steps starting from trimethyl 1,3,5-benzene-tricarboxylate which was converted to 1,3,5-tri-(pent-4-enoyl)benzene using vinylmagnesium bromide in a Grignard reaction catalyzed by copper cyanide. The olefins of 1,3,5-tri-(pent-4-enoyl)benzene were oxidized to produce 1,3,5-tri-(4-oxopentanoyl)benzene using a modified protocol of the Tsuji-Wacker reaction. Subsequent, Paal-Knorr condensation reactions on 1,3,5-tri-(4-oxopentanoyl)benzene with different amines were used to synthesize 1,3,5-tri-(1-alkyl-5-methylpyrrol-2-yl)benzenes with different N-substituents in yields between 44 and 60%. Incomplete reaction of vinylmagnesium bromide with trimethyl 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate gave the methyl-3,5-di(pent-4-enoyl)benzoate, which was converted to methyl-3,5-dipyrrolylbenzoate following the reaction of Tsuji- Wacker and Paal-Knorr with yields between 30 and 60%. The photochemical and electrochemical properties of the 1,3,5-tri-(1-alkyl-5-methylpyrrol-2-yl)benzenes and methyl-3,5-dipyrrolylbenzoates were studied in collaboration with the research group of professor William Skene. The results have shown that both types of pyrrole have potential for the synthesis of conjugated polymers and dendrimers used in the manufacture of electroluminescent materials. Following these encouraging results, we performed the synthesis of 6,12-dimethyl-1,5-dipyrrolediazocane. Methyl N-(Boc)-β-alaninate was converted to its corresponding homoallylic ketone, which was oxidized to N-(Boc)aminoheptan-3,6-dione. The Paal-Knorr condensation between N-(Boc)aminoheptan-3,6-dione and aminoheptan-3,6-dione hydrochloride gave 6,12-dimethyl-1,5-dipyrrolediazocane in 17% yield. In sum, we have synthesized and characterized seven new molecules, six of them having photochemical and electrochemical properties interesting for the synthesis of conjugated polymers and dendrimers. The latter offering potential as precursor for the conception of compounds of therapeutic interest.

Studies on the Synthesis and Transformations of a Few 2(3H)- and 3(2H)-Furanones

The thesis entitled studies on the synthesis and transformations of a few 2(3H)- and 3(2H)- furanones. Furanones represent an interesting class of heterocyclic compounds, which constitute the central ring system of many natural products. The derivatives of furan is divided, depending on their structure 2(3H)-furanones(I), 2(5H)-furanones(II), and 3(2H)-furanones(III). Systems I&II are unsatured gama lactones known as ‘butenolides’. Compounds of this type also known as ‘crotonolactones’ based on the parent crotonic acid. In conclusion a number of 2(3H)-and 3(2H)- furanones were synthesized from dibenzoylalkene precursors and were characterized on the basis of spectral analytical and X-ray data. On direct irradiation 3,3-bis(4-chloropheneyl)-5-aryl-3H-furan -2-ones underwent decarbonylation to yield the corresponding alpha, beta- unsaturated carbonyl compounds and upon sensitized irradiation they underwent dimersation arising through a 2+2 cycloaddition reaction. Our studies on 3(2H)-furanones revealed that these compounds are thermally stable, while they undergo extensive decomposition to intractable mixtures under the influence of light. Similarly, the novel dibenzoylalkenes- type systems containing hetroatomatic rings synthesized by us also underwent extensive decomposition under the influence of heat. Some of the 3(2H)-furanones synthesized by us exhibit remarkable anti-proliferative activity.

Photothermal Investigations on Certain Plasma Polymerized Thin Films and Near IR Overtone Studies of Some Organic Molecules

Photothermal effect refers to heating of a sample due to the absorption of electromagnetic radiation. Photothermal (PT) heat generation which is an example of energy conversion has in general three kinds of applications. 1. PT material probing 2. PT material processing and 3. PT material destruction. The temperatures involved increases from 1-. 3. Of the above three, PT material probing is the most important in making significant contribution to the field of science and technology. Photothermal material characterization relies on high sensitivity detection techniques to monitor the effects caused by PT material heating of a sample. Photothermal method is a powerful high sensitivity non-contact tool used for non-destructive thermal characterization of materials. The high sensitivity of the photothermal methods has led to its application for analysis of low absorbance samples. Laser calorimetry, photothermal radiometry, pyroelectric technique, photoacoustic technique, photothermal beam deflection technique, etc. come under the broad class ofphotothermal techniques. However the choice of a suitable technique depends upon the nature of the sample, purpose of measurement, nature of light source used, etc. The present investigations are done on polymer thin films employing photothermal beam deflection technique, for the successful determination of their thermal diffusivity. Here the sample is excited by a He-Ne laser (A = 6328...\ ) which acts as the pump beam. Due to the refractive index gradient established in the sample surface and in the adjacent coupling medium, another optical beam called probe beam (diode laser, A= 6500A ) when passed through this region experiences a deflection and is detected using a position sensitive detector and its output is fed to a lock-in amplifier from which the amplitude and phase of the deflection can be directly obtained. The amplitude and phase of the signal is suitably analysed for determining the thermal diffusivity.The production of polymer thin film samples has gained considerable attention for the past few years. Plasma polymerization is an inexpensive tool for fabricating organic thin films. It refers to formation of polymeric materials under the influence of plasma, which is generated by some kind of electric discharge. Here plasma of the monomer vapour is generated by employing radio frequency (MHz) techniques. Plasma polymerization technique results in homogeneous, highly adhesive, thermally stable, pinhole free, dielectric, highly branched and cross-linked polymer films. The possible linkage in the formation of the polymers is suggested by comparing the FTIR spectra of the monomer and the polymer.Near IR overtone investigations on some organic molecules using local mode model are also done. Higher vibrational overtones often provide spectral simplification and greater resolution of peaks corresponding to nonequivalent X-H bonds where X is typically C, N or O. Vibrational overtone spectroscopy of molecules containing X-H oscillators is now a well established tool for molecular investigations. Conformational and steric differences between bonds and structural inequivalence ofCH bonds (methyl, aryl, acetylenic, etc.) are resolvable in the higher overtone spectra. The local mode model in which the X-H oscillators are considered to be loosely coupled anharmonic oscillators has been widely used for the interpretation of overtone spectra. If we are exciting a single local oscillator from the vibrational ground state to the vibrational state v, then the transition energy of the local mode overtone is given by .:lE a......v = A v + B v2 • A plot of .:lE / v versus v will yield A, the local mode frequency as the intercept and B, the local mode diagonal anharmonicity as the slope. Here A - B gives the mechanical frequency XI of the oscillator and B = X2 is the anharmonicity of the bond. The local mode parameters XI and X2 vary for non-equivalent X-H bonds and are sensitive to the inter and intra molecular environment of the X-H oscillator.

CH local mode overtone excitations in benzyl chloride—A conformational study

The CH local mode overtone spectrum of benzyl chloride in the visible and NIR regions studied by laser induced thermal lens and conventional NIR absorption is presented. The analysis shows that the −CH2Cl group is symmetrically oriented with respect to the benzene ring, thus finalizing one of the two possible conformational models predicted by electron diffraction studies. The aryl CH bonds have a slightly larger force constant than that in benzene.

Overtone spectra of styrene and polystyrene in the visible and near infrared regions

Vibrational overtone spectra of styrene (liquid) and polystyrene (solid), studied by the laser-induced thermal lens (for ΔV=6) and the conventional near infrared absorption (for ΔV=3–5) techniques, are reported. For polystyrene, the overtone energy-bond length correlation predicts that the aryl CH bonds are ∼0.0005 Å longer than that in benzene, while no such conclusions could be drawn on styrene. Thesp 3 CH overtones in polystyrene are observed on the low energy side of the aryl CH overtones.

2(3H)-Furanones and related substrates: Synthetic strategies and selectivity profile in their reactivity

The synthesis and reactions of simple derivatives of 2(3H)- and 3(2H)furanones have attracted considerable attention in recent years, primarily in connection with development of routes to antitumor agents that contain this ring as central structural unit. They also serve as useful synthetic building blocks for lactones and furans and are the precursors of a wide variety of biologically important heterocyclic systems. Although a number of syntheses of furanones were known they were in many cases limited to specific substitution pattems. The development of altemative strategies for the preparation of these heterocycles is therefore of considerable importance or continues to be a challenge.We propose to develop new and general approaches to the synthesis of furanone ring systems from simple and readily available starting materials since we were interested in examining their rich photochemistry. The photochemical reactivity of Beta,gama-unsaturated lactams and lactones is a subject of current interest. Some of the prominent photoreaction pathways of unsaturated lactones include decarbonylation, solvent addition to double bonds, decarboxylation, migration of aryl substituents and dimerisation. lt was reported earlier that the critical requirement for clean photochemical cleavage of the acyl-oxygen bond is the presence ofa double bond adjacent to the ether oxygen and 2(3H)-furanones possessing this structural requirement undergo facile decarbonylation. But related phenanthrofuranones are isolated as photostable end products upon irradiation. Hence we propose to synthesis a few phenanthro-2(3H)-furanones to study the effect of a radical stabilising group at 3-position of furanone ring on photolysis. To explore the tripletmediated transformations of 2(3H)-furanones in polar and nonpolar solvents a few 3,3-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-5-aryl-3H-furan-2-ones and 3,3-di(p-tolyl)-5-aryl- 3H-furan-2-ones were synthesised from the corresponding dibenzoylstyrene precursors by neat thermolysis. Our aim was to study the nature of intermediates involved in these transformations.We also explored the possibility of developing a new and general approach to the synthesis of 3(2H)-furanones from simple and readily available starting materials since such general procedures are not available. The protocol developed by us employs readily available phenanthrenequinone and various 4-substituted acetophenones as starting materials and provides easy access to the required 3(2H)-furanone targets. These furanone derivatives have immense potential for further investigations .We also aimed the synthesis of a few dibenzoylalkene-type systems such as acenaphthenone-2—ylidene ketones and phenanthrenone-9-ylidene ketones. These systems were expected to undergo thermal rearrangement to give furanones and spirofuranones. Also these systems can be categorised as quinonemethides which are valuable synthetic intermediates.

Synthesis And Characterization Ofpolystyrene Supportedcatalytically Active Poly(Amidoamine) Dendrimer-Palladium Nanoparticle Conjugates

Poly(amidoamine) dendrimers were synthesized on cross-linked aminomethyl polystyrene. Palladium complexes of supported dendrimers prepared by ligand exchange method were reduced to dendrimernanoparticle conjugates supported on polystyrene resin. The supported nanoparticles were used as heterogeneous catalysts for the Suzuki coupling between aryl boronic acids and aryl halides. Various factors affecting the catalysts performance were studied. Higher generation dendrimers gave well-defined nanoparticles without agglomeration and these particles showed good catalytic performance

Novel [3+2] annulation reaction of nitrones with Burgess reagent and a few related reactions

Burgess reagent first prepared by E. M. Burgess in 1968, is a mild and selective dehydrating agent for secondary and tertiary alcohols and due to the amphipolar nature it is gainfully employed in a number of creative synthetic ventures. A close examination of the structure of Burgess reagent reveals that it can act as a 1,2-dipole. To the best of our knowledge, no attempts have been made to tap full synthetic potential of the amphipolar nature of this reagent and no reports on 1,3-dipolar addition to a σ-bond in acyclic systems are available in literature. In this context, we propose to unravel novel applications of Burgess reagent based on its amphipolar nature. Rich and multifaceted chemistry of nitrones form the basis of many successful chemical transformations used in attractive synthetic strategies. For the last 50 years special attention has been given to nitrones due to their successful application as building blocks in the synthesis of various natural and biologically active compounds. Our interest in nitrones stems out of its unique character: i.e. it is a 1,3-dipole exhibiting distinct nucleophilic activity. We reasoned that 1,3-dipole possessing significant nucleophilicity should react with amphipolar Burgess reagent with elimination of triethylamine to give the corresponding five-membered ring product by formal dipolar addition to a σ bond. To test this hypothesis we studied the reaction of nitrones with Burgess reagent. This thesis reveals our attempts to explore the [3+2] annulation reaction of nitrones with Burgess reagent which was found to be followed by a rearrangementinvolving C-to-N aryl migration, ultimately resulting in diarylamines and carbamates. We have also examined the reaction of cyanuric chloride with nitrones in DMF with a view to exploit the nucleophilicty of nitrones and to unravel the migratory aptitude, if any, observed in this reaction

Composition and stability of organic matter fractions in soils under different land use regimes

Soil organic matter (SOM) vitally impacts all soil functions and plays a key role in the global carbon (C) cycle. More than 70% of the terrestric C stocks that participate in the active C cycle are stored in the soil. Therefore, quantitative knowledge of the rates of C incorporation into SOM fractions of different residence time is crucial to understand and predict the sequestration and stabilization of soil organic carbon (SOC). Consequently, there is a need of fractionation procedures that are capable of isolating functionally SOM fractions, i.e. fractions that are defined by their stability. The literature generally refers to three main mechanisms of SOM stabilization: protection of SOM from decomposition by (i) its structural composition, i.e. recalcitrance, (ii) spatial inaccessibility and/or (iii) interaction with soil minerals and metal ions. One of the difficulties in developing fractionation procedures for the isolation of functional SOM fractions is the marked heterogeneity of the soil environment with its various stabilization mechanisms – often several mechanisms operating simultaneously – in soils and soil horizons of different texture and mineralogy. The overall objective of the present thesis was to evaluate present fractionation techniques and to get a better understanding of the factors of SOM sequestration and stabilization. The first part of this study is attended to the structural composition of SOM. Using 13C cross-polarization magic-angle spinning (CPMAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, (i) the effect of land use on SOM composition was investigated and (ii) examined whether SOM composition contributes to the different stability of SOM in density and aggregate fractions. The second part of the present work deals with the mineral-associated SOM fraction. The aim was (iii) to evaluate the suitability of chemical fractionation procedures used in the literature for the isolation of stable SOM pools (stepwise hydrolysis, treatments using oxidizing agents like Na2S2O8, H2O2, and NaOCl as well as demineralization of the residue obtained by the NaOCl treatment using HF (NaOCl+HF)) by pool sizes, 13C and 14C data. Further, (iv) the isolated SOM fractions were compared to the inert organic matter (IOM) pool obtained for the investigated soils using the Rothamsted Carbon Model and isotope data in order to see whether the tested chemical fractionation methods produce SOM fractions capable to represent this pool. Besides chemical fractionation, (v) the suitability of thermal oxidation at different temperatures for obtaining stable SOC pools was evaluated. Finally, (vi) the short-term aggregate dynamics and the factors that impact macroaggregate formation and C stabilization were investigated by means of an incubation study using treatments with and without application of 15N labeled maize straw of different degradability (leaves and coarse roots). All treatments were conducted with and without the addition of fungicide. Two study sites with different soil properties and land managements were chosen for these investigations. The first one, located at Rotthalmünster, is a Stagnic Luvisol (silty loam) under different land use regimes. The Ah horizons of a spruce forest and continuous grassland and the Ap and E horizons of two plots with arable crops (continuous maize and wheat cropping) were examined. The soil of the second study site, located at Halle, is a Haplic Phaeozem (loamy sand) where the Ap horizons of two plots with arable crops (continuous maize and rye cropping) were investigated. Both study sites had a C3-/C4-vegetational change on the maize plot for the purpose of tracing the incorporation of the younger, maize-derived C into different SOM fractions and the calculation of apparent C turnover times of these. The Halle site is located near a train station and industrial areas, which caused a contamination with high amounts of fossil C. The investigation of aggregate and density fractions by 13C CPMAS NMR spectroscopy revealed that density fractionation isolated SOM fractions of different composition. The consumption of a considerable part (10–20%) of the easily available O-alkyl-C and the selective preservation of the more recalcitrant alkyl-C when passing from litter to the different particulate organic matter (POM) fractions suggest that density fractionation was able to isolate SOM fractions with different degrees of decomposition. The spectra of the aggregate fractions resembled those of the mineral-associated SOM fraction obtained by density fractionation and no considerable differences were observed between aggregate size classes. Comparison of plant litter, density and aggregate size fractions from soil under different land use showed that the type of land use markedly influenced the composition of SOM. While SOM of the acid forest soil was characterized by a large content (> 50%) of POM, which contained high amounts of spruce-litter derived alkyl-C, the organic matter in the biologically more active grassland and arable soils was dominated by mineral-associated SOM (> 95%). This SOM fraction comprised greater proportions of aryl- and carbonyl-C and is considered to contain a higher amount of microbially-derived organic substances. Land use can alter both, structure and stability of SOM fractions. All applied chemical treatments induced considerable SOC losses (> 70–95% of mineral-associated SOM) in the investigated soils. The proportion of residual C after chemical fractionation was largest in the arable Ap and E horizons and increased with decreasing C content in the initial SOC after stepwise hydrolysis as well as after the oxidative treatments with H2O2 and Na2S2O8. This can be expected for a functional stable pool of SOM, because it is assumed that the more easily available part of SOC is consumed first if C inputs decrease. All chemical treatments led to a preferential loss of the younger, maize-derived SOC, but this was most pronounced after the treatments with Na2S2O8 and H2O2. After all chemical fractionations, the mean 14C ages of SOC were higher than in the mineral-associated SOM fraction for both study sites and increased in the order: NaOCl < NaOCl+HF ≤ stepwise hydrolysis << H2O2 ≈ Na2S2O8. The results suggest that all treatments were capable of isolating a more stable SOM fraction, but the treatments with H2O2 and Na2S2O8 were the most efficient ones. However, none of the chemical fractionation methods was able to fit the IOM pool calculated using the Rothamsted Carbon Model and isotope data. In the evaluation of thermal oxidation for obtaining stable C fractions, SOC losses increased with temperature from 24–48% (200°C) to 100% (500°C). In the Halle maize Ap horizon, losses of the young, maize-derived C were considerably higher than losses of the older C3-derived C, leading to an increase in the apparent C turnover time from 220 years in mineral-associated SOC to 1158 years after thermal oxidation at 300°C. Most likely, the preferential loss of maize-derived C in the Halle soil was caused by the presence of the high amounts of fossil C mentioned above, which make up a relatively large thermally stable C3-C pool in this soil. This agrees with lower overall SOC losses for the Halle Ap horizon compared to the Rotthalmünster Ap horizon. In the Rotthalmünster soil only slightly more maize-derived than C3-derived SOC was removed by thermal oxidation. Apparent C turnover times increased slightly from 58 years in mineral-associated SOC to 77 years after thermal oxidation at 300°C in the Rotthalmünster Ap and from 151 to 247 years in the Rotthalmünster E horizon. This led to the conclusion that thermal oxidation of SOM was not capable of isolating SOM fractions of considerably higher stability. The incubation experiment showed that macroaggregates develop rapidly after the addition of easily available plant residues. Within the first four weeks of incubation, the maximum aggregation was reached in all treatments without addition of fungicide. The formation of water-stable macroaggregates was related to the size of the microbial biomass pool and its activity. Furthermore, fungi were found to be crucial for the development of soil macroaggregates as the formation of water-stable macroaggregates was significantly delayed in the fungicide treated soils. The C concentration in the obtained aggregate fractions decreased with decreasing aggregate size class, which is in line with the aggregate hierarchy postulated by several authors for soils with SOM as the major binding agent. Macroaggregation involved incorporation of large amounts maize-derived organic matter, but macroaggregates did not play the most important role in the stabilization of maize-derived SOM, because of their relatively low amount (less than 10% of the soil mass). Furthermore, the maize-derived organic matter was quickly incorporated into all aggregate size classes. The microaggregate fraction stored the largest quantities of maize-derived C and N – up to 70% of the residual maize-C and -N were stored in this fraction.

Amphiphile Verbindungen der 14. Gruppe - Synthese, Eigenschaften und Anwendungen von Organosilanolen

Im Rahmen dieser Dissertation wurde an der Darstellung stabiler, amphiphiler Silantriole gearbeitet. Es ist gelungen eine kontinuierliche Reihe sukzessive um CH2-Einheiten verlängerter Silantriole des Typs H3C(CH2)nC(CH3)2Si(OH)3 (n = 1-5) durch eine vierstufige Synthesesequenz ausgehend von n-Alkylbromiden herzustellen und zum Teil röntgenographisch zu untersuchen. Ihre oberflächenaktiven Eigenschaften in wässrigen Lösungen konnten erstmals mittels Oberflächenspannungsmessungen belegt werden. Durch gezielte Kondensationsreaktionen mit Trifluoressigsäure wurden ausgehend von den oben beschriebenen Silantriolen selektiv die entsprechenden Disiloxan-Tetrole erhalten und ebenfalls zum Teil durch Röntgenstrukturanalysen charakterisiert. Als weitere Kondensationsprodukte der Silantriole konnten die ersten Octasilsesquioxane mit tertiären Kohlenstoff-Substituenten durch Umsetzungen mit n-Bu4NF selektiv und in hohen Ausbeuten erhalten und ebenfalls röntgenographisch identifiziert werden. Es wurde an der Darstellung Aryl-substituierter Silantriole RSi(OH)3 (R = Mesityl-, Xylyl- und Tetramethyl-phenyl-) gearbeitet. Diese zeichnen sich jedoch durch ihre hohe Instabilität in Lösung und im Festkörper aus und konnten zum Teil nur zusammen mit ihren primären Kondensationsprodukten erhalten werden. Darüber hinaus wurden stabile Silandiole des Typs R(t-Bu)Si(OH)2 (R = n-Butyl und n-Pentyl) sowie das (o-CF3C6H4)2Si(OH)2 in hohen Ausbeuten und selektiv synthetisiert. Die Festkörpereigenschaften des (o-CF3C6H4)2Si(OH)2 sowie seiner Vorstufe (o-CF3C6H4)2SiCl2 konnten durch Kristallstrukturanalysen genauer untersucht werden. In der Arbeit wurden die ersten Anwendungen von Silanolen als Silan-Kupplungsreagenzien bei der Oberflächenmodifizierung von Glas beschrieben. Im Gegensatz zu gängigen säureassistierten Beschichtungen zeichnen sich diese Silanol-Beschichtungen durch eine deutlich höhere Hydrophobizität aus. Dies konnte durch Kontaktwinkel- und Zeta-Potential-Messungen bestätigt werden. Durch Röntgenreflektivitäts- und Sarfus-Messungen ist die Ausbildung von Monolagen im Falle von t-BuSi(OH)3-beschichteten Oberflächen plausibel. Die Oberflächenmorphologie der Silantriol-Beschichtungen wurde mittels AFM-Messungen untersucht. Die Si(OH)3-Funktion konnte in der vorliegenden Arbeit als ein neues Pharmakophor etabliert werden. Die Silantriole CySi(OH)3, TerSi(OH)3 und CH3CH2C(CH3)2Si(OH)3 (Cy = Cyclohexyl, Ter = Terphenyl) sind in der Lage das Enzym Acetylcholinesterase reversibel zu hemmen. Dabei zeigt das CySi(OH)3 mit 45 % relativ zur Kontrolle die höchste Inhibition.

Macrocicles nitrogenats contenint unitats de ferrocè i llurs complexos de Pal·ladi(0). Estudi estructural i aplicacions en catàlisi

La present tesi doctoral s'ha basat en la caracterització estructural i en l'estudi de les propietats catalítiques de nous complexos de pal·ladi(0) amb lligands olefínics contenint unitats de ferrocè. En una primera fase s'ha desenvolupat la síntesi d'estructures de tipus (E, E, E)-1,6,11-trisarilsulfonil-1,6,11-triazaciclopentadeca-3,8,13-triè contenint des d'una fins a tres unitats de ferrocè i s'ha estudiat la seva complexació amb pal·ladi(0). Mitjançant estudis electroquímics s'ha avaluat la seva possible aplicació en el reconeixement molecular electroquímic. Encara que aquest tipus d'estructures no han resultat vàlides per aquest tipus de processos de reconeixement, l'estudi electroquímic ha permès determinar que la presència del grup ferrocenil influeix en les propietats redox del metall complexat. S'ha descrit també l'obtenció de macrocicles pentaolefínics anàlegs de 25 membres contenint unitats de ferrocè i s'ha estudiat paral·lelament la seva complexació amb pal·ladi(0).En una segona part del treball s'han avaluat les propietats catalítiques del complex (E, E, E)-6,11-bis[(p-metilfenil)sulfonil]-1-ferrocenilsulfonil-1,6,11-triazaciclopentadeca-3,8,13-trièpal·ladi(0), en reaccions clàssicament catalitzades per pal·ladi tals com l'acoblament creuat de Suzuki o la reacció de Heck, i s'ha pogut determinar que és un catalitzador actiu en aquest tipus de reaccions, essent a més possible, la seva recuperació i reutilització. En el cas concret de la reacció de Heck s'han emprat sals de diazoni com a agents arilants i cal destacar que s'ha descrit el primer sistema catalític recuperable i reutilitzable per aquest tipus de reaccions. Mitjançant espectrometria de masses amb ionització per electrospray ha estat possible determinar el rol mecanístic del nostre complex de pal·ladi en la reacció de Heck amb sals de diazoni.Finalment, en una tercera part estructural del treball s'ha estudiat el comportament espectroscòpic dels complexos de pal·ladi(0) anteriorment mencionats, contenint des de tres unitats aríliques iguals fins a tres unitats aríliques diferents. Mitjançant RMN i difracció de raigs-X s'ha determinat que la complexitat estereoquímica dels complexos deriva dels isòmers que es poden formar mitjançant complexació del metall amb cada una de les cares dels tres dobles enllaços continguts a l'estructura.

Pèptids biarílics a partir de 4-iodofenilalanina o 3-iodotirosina per borilació i reacció de Suzuki-Miyaura en fase sòlida. Avaluació de l'activitat antimicrobiana

En aquesta tesi doctoral es va estudiar la preparació de pèptids biarílics en fase sòlida. En primer lloc, es varen borilar residus de fenilalanina o tirosina presents a la seqüència peptídica a través d’una reacció de Miyaura. A continuació, es varen arilar els boronats resultants a través d’una reacció de Suzuki-Miyaura sota irradiació de microones, utilitzant diversos halurs d’aril i haloaminoàcids. La metodologia trobada es va estendre a la preparació de pèptids biarílics cíclics. Aquesta aproximació presenta l’avantatge d’evitar la síntesi en dissolució i la purificació del boronoaminoàcid. A més, permet la preparació d’una àmplia diversitat de pèptids biarílics a partir d’un únic boronopèptid. L’avaluació de l’activitat biològica dels pèptids sintetitzats va permetre idenficar seqüències actives enfront dels bacteris Erwinia amylovora, Xanthomonas vesicatoria, i Pseudomonas syringae, que són responsables de malalties greus en plantes d’interès econòmic com pereres i pomeres, i que varen resultar ser molt poc tòxics enfront cèl•lules eucariotes.