Le marché de l'art et le trafic illicite des biens culturels : une étude de cas : la collection Barbier-Mueller.

En mars 2013, trois cent treize artefacts précolombiens, exposés auparavant dans le musée barcelonais des Suisses Jean-Paul Barbier et Monique Mueller, furent mis en vente chez Sotheby’s à Paris par ce couple de collectionneurs. L’affaire fut l’objet une couverture médiatique internationale lorsque des pays d’Amérique centrale et d’Amérique du Sud, notamment le Pérou, le Mexique et le Guatemala, protestèrent contre la tenue de cette vente, avançant que leur patrimoine culturel national n’est pas à vendre. La question centrale de ce mémoire porte sur le trafic illicite des biens culturels et elle se décline en trois axes, à partir d’une étude de cas : la collection Barbier-Mueller. Les relations complexes entre les musées et les grands collectionneurs sont observées dans le premier chapitre à la lumière des règles déontologiques qui régissent habituellement les institutions, afin de ne pas encourager l’acquisition d’objets impliqués dans des transactions illicites. Dans un deuxième temps, au moyen d’une succincte présentation du marché actuel de l’art mondial, l’influence des maisons de ventes aux enchères sera examinée. Tandis que la provenance des artefacts en vente n’est pas toujours clairement affichée, il est difficile de retracer la lignée des propriétaires ou leur nation d’origine. Or, sachant que la commercialisation illicite des biens culturels se développe à l’intérieur même du marché de l'art régulier, les auteurs parlent alors d’un « marché gris ». Ce mémoire remonte, depuis l’excavation en passant par leur exportation illégale, la chaîne de transactions de ces biens culturels qui aboutissent dans les expositions des plus prestigieuses institutions. Cette recherche aborde en dernier lieu certaines incongruités du marché de l’art en auscultant les particularités des outils fournis par l’UNESCO et l’ICOM, ainsi que la question de l’aliénation, en plus de celle des limites juridiques des pays requérants. Finalement, cette étude présente les oppositions entre le discours officiel et les actions réellement entreprises pour la protection du patrimoine culturel.

Museos científicos y centros de ciencia virtuales : caracterización, reflexión y práctica.

Investigar el actual panorama teórico y práctico acerca de los museos y centros de ciencia virtuales en Internet, analizando de forma crítica cuáles son las posibilidades y limitaciones únicas de Internet para este tipo de institución de enseñanza informal y cómo pueden complementar las actividades realizadas por el museo real en este ámbito. Bibliografía especializada sobre la temática, destacando la serie de conferencias denominadas 'Museums and the Web', realizadas a partir de 1997 hasta la actualidad, donde se plantean discusiones acerca de la filosofía, objetivos, gestión y evaluación de sitios web de museos más allá de las consideraciones puramente técnicas. Revisión documental. Observación participante. Análisis de contenido. A través de este trabajo se han analizado los museos virtuales, con especial énfasis en los museos y centros de ciencia. Se han abordado los conceptos que subyacen a esta nueva forma de representación cultural, a través del análisis de los conceptos de museo, de museo científico y de museo virtual; se han descrito los contenidos, recursos y características que este tipo de instituciones puede aportar a la sociedad. Han sido analizadas cuestiones de carácter pragmático y práctico en la operación de los museos virtuales. En la cuestión de los contenidos del museo virtual, se ha tratado el museo virtual como instrumento de marketing ('folleto electrónico'), las colecciones, exhibiciones y experimentos en línea, las visitas virtuales, los materiales y actividades educativas, las aplicaciones de banda ancha, cuestiones relacionadas con el acceso a la información y a la interfaz de usuario y los modelos de interacción en los museos virtuales. A su vez, el 'virtual' también puede estar presente en los museos reales, a través de aplicaciones multimedia, de ambientes de realidad virtual y de los asistentes personales y la realidad aumentada. Por fin, en los procedimientos operacionales de los museos virtuales destacamos los consorcios de museos y metacentros, la promoción y marketing del museo en Internet, las fuentes de financiación, como el comercio electrónico y el patrocinio y la evaluación y estudio de los visitantes en línea. Más que sustituir al museo real, el sentido del museo virtual reside justamente en su complementación, con la creación de nuevas experiencias para los usuarios. Pero más que la incorporación de elementos técnicos, la gran diferencia residiría en los modelos de actuación que el museo virtual puede proporcionar, por ejemplo, en la posibilidad de realizar proyectos colaborativos en el ámbito de la educación formal, de forma que los museos y centros de ciencia puedan ampliar su misión educativa. La utilización de la tecnología y el uso de las redes de ordenadores facilitan que el museo asuma un nuevo papel dentro de la sociedad, especialmente en el campo de la ciencia y de la tecnología, involucrando de forma activa a sus visitantes-usuarios y pasando de esta manera a constituir un punto de encuentro para el debate y para la discusión. Se analiza en qué medida el museo virtual, en su vasto rango de posibilidades, se está aplicando en la realidad Iberoamericana. Auque la utilización de la tecnología suponga inversiones económicas de cierto talante y puedan resultar no efectivas, como apuntan algunos analistas críticos, el campo y el momento parecen suficientemente interesantes para la experimentación, para la búsqueda de nuevos modelos, y en este proceso, para la realización de una autocrítica y reflexión acerca de los papeles que los museos de ciencia están representando en la realidad.

La difusió de l'arqueologia mitjançant els museus arqueològics: avaluació dels visitants dels museus arqueològics de Catalunya i anàlisi dels conceptes que aquests museus transmeten al públic

The aim of the thesis is to present the visitors knowledge from Archaeology museums in Catalonia, based on the Archaeology museums of Catalonia. In Catalonia there are no studies about the public of these museums. Lack objective data about the public from which they rise to raise our hypotheses regarding the impact of archaeological museums on the population. From a methodological and systematic analysis we can get closer to the knowledge of the general characteristics of the public of these museums. We focus on the visitors through interviews and surveys with observation and indirect functions of museums related to public exposure of their content, and assessing the impact of exposure and whether it has achieved their goals. From there you hire the evolution that has taken Archaeology in our country and if museums are analyzing whether a meeting between researchers and the public. The evaluation presented on visitors and the exhibition halls aims to provide information about museums and approach to the dissemination of knowledge in reference to the archeology in museums in Catalonia.

Working in partnership with the Museum Training Institute providing in service training for museum personnel

The South Eastern Museums Service is one of ten Area Museums Councils in Great Britain. They are partnerships; membership organizations to which the 2 000 + museums belong. They provide advice, support, technical services, information and training for their members. They are the principal channel of government grant-in-aid to local government, university and independent museums. This funding comes from the Department of National Heritage via the Museums & Galleries Commission. At the South Eastern Museums Service I am responsible for the development and delivery of training for 600 museums in our region and the provision of information about museums and of interest to museums. This paper explains how we approach in-service training and the value of the definition of national standards for our work. It will pose some questions: What is training? What is a training need? and describe a new initiative, the development of training materials and their delivery.

Museologial process : exclusion criteria

In the last few years, reflections around knowledge building in the museology area have increased considerably, allowing us to cast many gazes over our actions, and, consequently, enabling us to a wider debate around our professional action field, decreasing our exclusion from the academic environment – museologists reproducing the knowledge produced in other areas. In the present work, we shall approach some issues related to the museological process, taking as a reference several studies about the subject, which, due to the time given to us in this round table, could not be re-presented here for discussion. Besides, we have dedicated a chapter to such approach in our publication titled “Museological Process and Education: building a didactic-community museum”. So we have opted instead to carry out a reflection about exclusion, looking into the museum institution and into the application of museological processes; in other words, we shall carry out a self-criticism, in which I include myself, affecting an analysis that will be debated here, considering, additionally, that the museums and museological practices are in relation to the other social global practices, therefore, they are the result of human relations at each historical moment. Finally, based on our lived experience, we shall give continuity to our reflection process, highlighting the importance of knowledge production for the area of museology and the relevance of the theory-practice relation, punctuating some aspects we think that may contribute to the construction of a museological action that may serve as a historical elaboration in securing a space for self- determination.

Poesía, pasión y propaganda. El activismo político de los intelectuales ecuatorianos durante la Guerra Civil española (Estudios)

Durante la turbulenta década de 1930, los intelectuales de Ecuador encontraron en la Guerra Civil española un conflicto que se presentaba como un espejo para las inquietudes y las esperanzas de su propio país. Este artículo esboza una breve contextualización de la situación política bajo los gobiernos de Federico Páez y Alberto Enríquez Gallo y señala las diferentes actitudes de los dos presidentes ante la guerra española. Estudia el impacto que tuvo la guerra en intelectuales de izquierda y derecha. También examina la manera en que poetas, narradores, ensayistas y periodistas emprendieron un activismo apasionado a favor de los dos bandos (la España “leal” y la España “nacionalista”), en poemas y artículos notables por su emoción y su maniqueísmo y en la organización colectiva de manifestaciones, asambleas, revistas, manifiestos y colectas.

How global is the global biodiversity information facility?

There is a concerted global effort to digitize biodiversity occurrence data from herbarium and museum collections that together offer an unparalleled archive of life on Earth over the past few centuries. The Global Biodiversity Information Facility provides the largest single gateway to these data. Since 2004 it has provided a single point of access to specimen data from databases of biological surveys and collections. Biologists now have rapid access to more than 120 million observations, for use in many biological analyses. We investigate the quality and coverage of data digitally available, from the perspective of a biologist seeking distribution data for spatial analysis on a global scale. We present an example of automatic verification of geographic data using distributions from the International Legume Database and Information Service to test empirically, issues of geographic coverage and accuracy. There are over 1/2 million records covering 31% of all Legume species, and 84% of these records pass geographic validation. These data are not yet a global biodiversity resource for all species, or all countries. A user will encounter many biases and gaps in these data which should be understood before data are used or analyzed. The data are notably deficient in many of the world's biodiversity hotspots. The deficiencies in data coverage can be resolved by an increased application of resources to digitize and publish data throughout these most diverse regions. But in the push to provide ever more data online, we should not forget that consistent data quality is of paramount importance if the data are to be useful in capturing a meaningful picture of life on Earth.

Interactive sensory objects for improving access to heritage

In this project we explore how to enhance the experience and understanding of cultural heritage in museums and heritage sites by creating interactive multisensory objects collaboratively with artists, technologists and people with learning disabilities. We focus here on workshops conducted during the first year of a three year project in which people with learning disabilities each constructed a 'sensory box' to represent their experiences of Speke Hall, a heritage site in the UK. The box is developed further in later workshops which explore aspects of physicality and how to appeal to the entire range of senses, making use of Arduino technology and basic sensors to enable an interactive user experience.

Flavonoid intake in European adults (18 to 64 years)

Background Flavonoids are a group of phenolic secondary plant metabolites that are ubiquitous in plant-based diets. Data from anthropological, observational and intervention studies have shown that many flavonoids are bioactive. For this reason, there is an increasing interest in investigating the potential health effects of these compounds. The translation of these findings into the context of the health of the general public requires detailed information on habitual dietary intake. However, only limited data are currently available for European populations. Objective The objective of this study is to determine the habitual intake and main sources of anthocyanidins, flavanols, flavanones, flavones, flavonols, proanthocyanidins, theaflavins and thearubigins in the European Union. Design We use food consumption data from the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and the FLAVIOLA Food Composition Database to estimate intake of flavonoids. Results Mean (±SEM) intake of total flavonoids in Europe was 428±49 mg/d, of which 136±14 mg/d were monomeric compounds. Gallated flavan-3-ols (53±12 mg/d) were the main contributor. The lowest flavonoid intake was observed in Mediterranean countries (monomeric compounds: 95±11 mg/d). The distribution of intake was skewed in many countries, especially in Germany (monomeric flavonoids; mean intake: 181 mg/d; median intake: 3 mg/d). Conclusions The habitual intake of flavonoids in Europe is below the amounts found to have a significant health effect.

Areas of endemism in the Antarctic - a case study of the benthic hydrozoan genus Oswaldella (Cnidaria, Kirchenpaueriidae)

Aim The aim of this study is to investigate areas of endemism within the distribution of Oswaldella species in the Southern Ocean, thereby testing previous hypotheses and proposing alternative scenarios for Antarctic evolution. Location Southern Ocean, Antarctic and sub-Antarctic waters of southern South America. Methods We prepared a database for the 31 currently known species of the Antarctic genus Oswaldella, which includes geographical locations gathered from published taxonomic studies as well as materials from museums and expeditions. A parsimony analysis of endemicity (PAE) was used to test hypotheses of distribution patterns. Results Four areas of endemism are hypothesized: southern South America, two high Antarctic areas (eastern and western) and a larger area, mainly in western Antarctica at lower latitudes and including insular areas (but not the Balleny Islands). Main conclusions The results support, in part, previous hypotheses for the Southern Ocean region, while providing more detailed resolution. The areas of endemism may reflect both historical and ecological processes that influenced the Antarctic biota. The Magellanic area reflects the well-known affinities of the Antarctic biota with that of South America and may be a consequence of dispersal through deeper (and colder) waters, followed by speciation. The second area, the largest one, encompasses most of the insular faunas and may also be associated with deeper waters formed since 43 Ma. The third area may be explained by the development of seaways in the circum-Antarctic region beginning 50 Ma. Finally, the fourth zone, with a very poor fauna, coincides with the opening of the Tasman Strait and the formation of the Australo-Antarctic Gulf, associated with a minor wind-driven current.

Museum Personalized : The impact of floor staff on an exhibition - A holistic approach

The current paper presents a study conducted at The National Museum of Science and Technology in Stockholm to investigate the exhibition “Antarctica – that’s cool” from its first concept to the first workshop that is held in the exhibition. The focus is on the influence of floor staff on an exhibition and workshops as learning facilities in museums. Findings, based on visitor observation and the exhibition building process, go into the characteristics of low-budget productions and discuss the importance of staff on the exhibition floor for museums as life-long learning facilities. The holistic approach of the study provides deep insights into the complex interplay of visitors, staff and exhibitions. The results can be used for future exhibition building processes and educational programs in museums and should strengthen the museum’s position as life-long learning facility in nowadays society.

Museu Antônio Parreiras: uma casa para um pintor, uma experiência do olhar

Este trabalho visa mostrar a importância do estreitamento dos laços entre as instituições educacionais e os museus nacionais. Essa relação é fundamental para abertura de horizontes culturais dos alunos enquanto criança ou adolescente, influenciando diretamente na sua formação escolar e em seus valores de patrimônio artístico. Essa importância pôde ser comprovada na pesquisa aplicada aos estudantes do ensino fundamental do IEPIC - Instituto de Educação Professor Ismael Coutinho, em Niterói – RJ, em parceria com o Museu Antônio Parreiras. Apesar do museu ser localizado ao lado da escola, muitos alunos nunca o haviam visitado e nem sabiam da sua existência. As escolas devem contribuir com a criação de projetos que incluam visitas a museus e contatos diretos com obras de arte. Assim como os educadores devem estimular a valorização do patrimônio artístico local, chamando atenção para o conhecimento e preservação do mesmo. Essas experiências representam um assimilar de atitudes que se refletirão positivamente na vida adulta do aluno. Uma relação sólida entre escola e museu permitirá ao aluno uma aprendizagem baseada no diálogo com a obra de arte que incentivará o ato criativo e a procura pela originalidade, bem como o capacitará como agente multiplicador desse saber a colegas de aula, amigos, familiares e à comunidade a que pertence.

O Paternalismo nas organizações brasileiras: reflexões à luz da análise cultural de empresas do pólo têxtil de americana

Esta tese procura discutir a atualidade do paternalismo enquanto traço cultural das organizações brasileiras. Resgatando as raízes culturais brasileiras e apoiando-se em trabalhos de fundamentação antropológica, sociológica e psicanalítica, estabelece uma hipótese central de que o paternalismo possa ser encontrado hoje, no Brasil, tanto em empresas pequenas, onde predomina o controle de tipo paterno, quanto em empresas maiores e mais complexas, com tendência ao desenvolvimento de um sistema de controle de tipo materno, onde o paternalismo daria origem a uma versão abrasileirada deste. Pesquisa de campo de cunho etnográfico, realizada em três empresas de portes distintos do Pólo Têxtil de Americana-SP, mostrou indícios favoráveis à hipótese central, apresentando, todavia, importantes peculiaridades que, ao passo que permitem refiná-la, indicam trilhas para novos estudos. Na empresa de menor porte e complexidade, o paternalismo mostrou-se da maneira mais conhecida, nas práticas ora carinhosas, ora severas dos diretores da empresa. Nas empresas mais complexas, pudemos notar a expressão da ação dos pais que regulam o gozo dos filhos. A face protetora e a face violenta se revelam na medida em que se dá ou se restringe acesso ao amor da mãe. Nos três casos estudados, o paternalismo aparece com sua face afetiva predominado significativamente em relação à face violenta, o que parece ser elemento associado ao sucesso experimentado por tais empresas.

Relíquias da nação: a proteção de coleções e acervos no patrimônio (1937-1979)

Realizamos uma investigação acerca do tombamento de coleções e acervos abrangendo as duas primeiras gestões do órgão do patrimônio nacional (1937-1979). Escolhemos este período por ser neste que ocorre o empenho na proteção desses bens móveis em conjunto, ou seja, dos acervos e coleções. Nossa intenção é descrever como o campo do patrimônio, institucionalizado no Brasil na década de 1930, com a criação do Serviço de Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional (SPHAN), atuava na preservação de coleções e acervos tombados. Ao lado do tombamento, como medida de proteção para esses bens, o SPHAN procurou desenvolver outras ações para a proteção de bens moveis, como o cadastro de negociantes de obras de arte e inventário de colecionadores particulares, medidas essas desenvolvidas sobremaneira a partir da contribuição do SPHAN em terras paulistas na gestão de Mário de Andrade e do arquiteto Luís Saia, gestão esta que investigamos como foco principal em nosso estudo. Assim, esses objetos são preservados e protegidos pelo órgão de patrimônio por serem dotados de valor de raridade e de documento, constituindo valiosas fontes para conhecer e difundir a memória nacional, garantindo assim, esse legado ao tempo.