Tourism life cycle, tourism competitiveness and upgrading strategies in the Caribbean

In the 1980s Butler adapted the life cycle product model to the tourism industry and created the “Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC) model”. The model recognizes six stages in the tourism product life cycle: exploration, investment, development, consolidation, stagnation and followed, after stagnation, by decline or revitalization of the product. These six stages can in turn be regrouped into four main stages. The Butler model has been applied to more than 30 country cases with a wide degree of success. De Albuquerque and Mc Elroy (1992) applied the TALC model to 23 small Caribbean island States in the 1990s. Following De Albuquerque and Mc Elroy, the TALC is applied to the 32 member countries of the Caribbean Tourism Organization (CTO) (except for Cancun and Cozumel) to locate their positions along their tourism life-cycle in 2007. This is done using the following indicators: the evolution of the level, market share and growth rate of stay-over arrivals; the growth rate and market share of visitor expenditures per arrival and the tourism styles of the destinations, differentiating between ongoing mass tourism and niche marketing strategies and among upscale, mid-scale and low-scale destinations. Countries have pursued three broad classes of strategies over the last 15 years in order to move upward in their tourism life cycle and enhance their tourism competitiveness. There is first a strategy that continues to rely on mass-tourism to build on the comparative advantages of “sun, sand and sea”, scale economies, all-inclusive packages and large amounts of investment to move along in Stage 2 or Stage 3 (Cuba, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico). There is a second strategy pursued mainly by very small islands that relies on developing specific niche markets to maintain tourism competitiveness through upgrading (Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, British Virgin Islands and Turks and Caicos), allowing them to move from Stage 2 to Stage 3 or Stage 3 to a rejuvenation stage. There is a third strategy that uses a mix of mass-tourism, niche marketing and quality upgrading either to emerge onto the intermediate stage (Trinidad and Tobago); avoid decline (Aruba, The Bahamas) or rejuvenate (Barbados, Jamaica and the United States Virgin Islands). There have been many success stories in Caribbean tourism competitiveness and further research should aim at empirically testing the determinants of tourism competitiveness for the region as a whole.

Implementation of the 2014-2015 programme of work: subprogramme 13: subregional activities in the Caribbean

This report highlights the activities carried out by ECLAC in the Caribbean subregion between 1 January 2014 and 31 March 2015. Subprogramme 13 of the ECLAC programme of work 2014-2015 (“Subregional activities in the Caribbean”) covers the Commission’s work in Antigua and Barbuda, the Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Cuba, Dominica, the Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago, as well as Anguilla, Aruba, the British Virgin Islands, the Cayman Islands, Curaçao, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Montserrat, Puerto Rico, Sint Maarten, the Turks and Caicos Islands and the United States Virgin Islands. Subprogramme 12 (“Subregional activities in Central America, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Haiti and Mexico”) includes activities conducted in the Caribbean member States of Cuba, the Dominican Republic and Haiti. In addition, countries of the Caribbean were included in activities organized under the 12 other substantive subprogrammes of the ECLAC programme of work 2014-2015, namely: (i) linkages with the global economy, integration and regional cooperation; (ii) production and innovation; (iii) macroeconomic policies and growth; (iv) financing for development; (v) social development and equality; (vi) mainstreaming the gender perspective in regional development; (vii) population and development; (viii) sustainable development and human settlements; (ix) natural resources and infrastructure; (x) planning of public administration; (xi) statistics; and (xii) support for regional and subregional integration and cooperation processes and organizations.

Seletividade de herbicidas aplicados sobre espécies de gramas em relação às características morfo-anatômicas foliares

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Adubação nitrogenada para produção de tapetes de grama Santo Agostinho e Esmeralda

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Nutrição, produção e qualidade de tapetes de grama bermuda e esmeralda influenciados pela adubação nitrogenada

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Características anatômicas foliares e morfológicas de quatro espécies de gramas sob aplicação de trinexapac-ethyl

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Aplicação e efeito residual do lodo de esgoto em sistemas de produção de tapetes de grama esmeralda

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Desempenho, qualidade de ovos e características histopatológicas de codornas japonesas em postura alimentadas com rações contendo micotoxinas e adsorvente

Pós-graduação em Zootecnia - FMVZ

Crescimento de grama-esmeraldo em diferentes exposições e declinvidades

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Effect of plant regulators on growth and flowering of 'Meyer' zoysiagrass

This trial aimed to evaluate the effect of sequential applications of different plant regulators over growth and flower rachis emission of 'Meyer' zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica). The study was conducted on 15-month old green turfgrass under a randomized complete block design with four replications. The following plant regulator and doses were tested: trinexapac-ethyl (113+113, 226+113, 226+226, 452+113, 452+226, 452+452, 678+339 e 904+452 g a.i./ha-1), prohexadione-calcium (100+100 e 200+200 g a.i. ha-1) and bispyribac-sodium (40+40 e 60+60 g a.i. ha-1), as well as an untreated control. The turfgrass was mowed again at 3.0 cm aboveground and the second plant regulator was applied when 'Meyer' zoysiagrass was between 5.0 and 6.0 cm high. The effect of the treatments was visually rated for visual injury, plant height, height and number of flower rachis, and total dry mass production of clippings. Only bispyribac-sodium had visual symptoms of injury on 'Meyer' zoysiagrass, and no intoxication was observed at 28 days after the second application (DAAB). The sequential applications of trinexapac-ethyl, prohexadione-calcium and bispyribac-sodium reduced by more than 80% the total clipping dry mass produced by 'Meyer' zoysiagrass. All the plant regulators tested also showed promising results in reducing the height and emission of rachis, especially when trinexapac-ethyl was applied at the doses 452+452, 678+339 and 904+452 g a.i. ha-1. 'Meyer' zoysiagrass turfgrass can be handled with the sequential application of a plant regulator, which reduces the need for mowing over a period up to 110 days after the application of the second plant regulator, and it also avoids deleterious visual effects over turfgrass.

Adubação nitrogenada e aplicação de herbicidas como reguladores de crescimento em grama esmeralda

Pós-graduação em Agronomia - FEIS

Compactação e lâminas de água do solo para a colheita de tapetes de grama

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Irrigação e Drenagem) - FCA

Daily photosynthesis, water relations, and ion concentrations of uuonymus irrigated with treated wastewater

Euonymus japonica Thunb. (euonymus) plants were submitted for 9 months to two irrigation treatments using water from different sources: a control (C) water with electrical conductivity (EC) less than 1.2 dS.m(-1) and reclaimed wastewater (RW) with EC approximate to 4 dS.m(-1). At the end of the experiment, no differences in the total dry weight were observed between treatments, whereas the leaf dry mass increased (to the detriment of the root part in RW plants). Throughout the day, the stem water potential (Psi(stem)) of the RW plants was lower than in C, whereas stomatal conductance (g(S)) was slightly reduced in RW from 0800 HR to 1200 HR, but no significant variation in photosynthesis (P-n) or energy conversion efficiency (F'(v)/F'(m)) in photosystem II was detected through the effect of salinity. Gas exchange and fluorescence showed a tendency to increase after midday in plants treated with RW. The photosynthetic behavior and fluorescence of RW plants may have been related to the nitrogen and chlorophyll content of the leaves, confirming the resistance of the photosynthetic mechanism to salinity in this species in these conditions. The toxic effects produced by high concentrations of boron (B), sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-) were offset by the effect of other ions like magnesium (Mg2+), potassium (K+), and phosphorus (P) in plants irrigated with RW, thus improving their physiological status without decreasing their ornamental value.

Análise comparativa da expressão de RNAm de aquaporinas em sapos hidratados e submetidos ao estresse hídrico

A maior parte das espécies de anuros adultos terrestres está constantemente exposta a altas taxas de perda de água por evaporação através da pele. A manutenção do balanço hídrico nestes animais envolve a absorção de água através da mancha pélvica, uma região da pele ventral altamente permeável à água, além da reabsorção de água a partir do fluido filtrado nos glomérulos ao longo do sistema tubular dos néfrons, bem como a partir da urina formada e estocada na bexiga urinária, em resposta à arginina vasotocina (AVT). O movimento de água através da membrana plasmática ocorre através de poros formados por proteínas integrais de membrana, conhecidas como aquaporinas (AQPs), e a regulação osmótica exercida pelo AVT envolve translocação de vesículas contendo AQPs do citoplasma para a membrana apical e, provavelmente, alteração na expressão de alguns tipos de AQPs. Resultados previamente obtidos no laboratório demonstraram a existência de variação interespecífica nas taxas de reidratação de três espécies de Rhinella, sendo que R. ornata apresentou taxas de reidratação significativamente menores que aquelas apresentadas por R. schneideri e R. icterica. Uma possível explicação para esta variação em taxas de reidratação poderia envolver diferenças na expressão de aquaporinas na mancha pélvica. Desta forma, o objetivo do projeto foi identificar e quantificar a expressão do RNAm de aquaporinas do tipo 1 (AQP-1) e de aquaporinas AVT dependentes pertencentes ao tipo 2a (AQP-t2 e AQP-t3) - quanto à classificação das AQPs entenda-se AQP -t aquelas que apresentam sequência gênica referentes a Rinella marina AQP -h a Hyla japonica.- nos seguintes tecidos: pele dorsal e pele ventral (mancha pélvica) de espécimes de R. schneideri e R. ornata totalmente hidratados e após submissão à desidratação correspondente a 70% da massa corpórea padrão. As hipótese ...

Ocorrência de Meloidogyne graminis em grama no estado de São Paulo

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)