It was never good world sence minister must have wyves”: clerical celibacy, clerical marriage, and anticlericalism in Reformation England

The impact of the Reformation was felt strongly in the nature and character of the priesthood, and in the function and reputation of the priest. A shift in the understanding of the priesthood was one of the most tangible manifestations of doctrinal change, evident in the physical arrangement of the church, in the language of the liturgy, and in the relaxation of the discipline of celibacy, which had for centuries bound priests in the Latin tradition to a life of perpetual continence. Clerical celibacy, and accusations of clerical incontinence, featured prominently in evangelical criticisms of the Catholic church and priesthood, which made a good deal of polemical capital out of the perceived relationship of the priest and the efficacy of his sacred function. Citing St Paul, Protestant polemicists presented clerical marriage as the only, and appropriate remedy, for priestly immorality. But did the advent of a married priesthood create more problems than it solved? The polemical certainties that informed evangelical writing on sacerdotal celibacy did not guarantee the immediate acceptance of a married priesthood, and the vocabulary that had been used to denounce clergy who failed in their obligation to celibacy was all too readily turned against the married clergy. The anti-clerical lexicon, and its usage, remained remarkably static despite the substantial doctrinal and practical challenges posed to the traditional model of priesthood by the Protestant Reformation.

Des liaisons dangereuses? Réseaux donnés, réseaux supposés et réseaux déguisés d’une nonne vénitienne au XVIIe siècle

This article deals with Tarabotti's own family, her religious family within her nunnery and her ideal family, the so-called "République des lettres". Despite her permanent denial about her parents and siblings, she has ties with them all: she benifitted from her sister Camilla's and her mother's wills, she had a friendly relationship with one of her brothers-in-law, she took pity of her two sisters who remained spinsters. The same occurred with her religious family, where she developed close friendships with at least two of them. Moreover, her sisters in religion often belonged to patrician, well-off families and it is possible to argue that Tarabotti managed to expand her relationships with very important people via her sisters in religion. But the family she truly cherished, was her family d'election, the one she had been free to choose and to pursue: her literary family. However, this latter one was not a very recomandable family for a nun: therefore she kept silent with the most relevant elements of it, namely with the French priest and astronomer Ismael Boulliau who acted as the go-between for her last book, published abroad two years after her death. The article provides evidence to such connections, ties and knots, explaining at least in part Tarabotti's extraordinary success in life as a proto-feminist and political writer.

Threats to an ecosystem service: pressures on pollinators

Insect pollinators of crops and wild plants are under threat globally and their decline or loss could have profound economic and environmental consequences. Here, we argue that multiple anthropogenic pressures – including land-use intensification, climate change, and the spread of alien species and diseases – are primarily responsible for insect-pollinator declines. We show that a complex interplay between pressures (eg lack of food sources, diseases, and pesticides) and biological processes (eg species dispersal and interactions) at a range of scales (from genes to ecosystems) underpins the general decline in insect-pollinator populations. Interdisciplinary research on the nature and impacts of these interactions will be needed if human food security and ecosystem function are to be preserved. We highlight key areas that require research focus and outline some practical steps to alleviate the pressures on pollinators and the pollination services they deliver to wild and crop plants.

The evolution of the Sun's open magnetic flux: I. a single bipole

In this paper the origin and evolution of the Sun’s open magnetic flux are considered for single magnetic bipoles as they are transported across the Sun. The effects of magnetic flux transport on the radial field at the surface of the Sun are modeled numerically by developing earlier work by Wang, Sheeley, and Lean (2000). The paper considers how the initial tilt of the bipole axis (α) and its latitude of emergence affect the variation and magnitude of the surface and open magnetic flux. The amount of open magnetic flux is estimated by constructing potential coronal fields. It is found that the open flux may evolve independently from the surface field for certain ranges of the tilt angle. For a given tilt angle, the lower the latitude of emergence, the higher the magnitude of the surface and open flux at the end of the simulation. In addition, three types of behavior are found for the open flux depending on the initial tilt angle of the bipole axis. When the tilt is such that α ≥ 2◦ the open flux is independent of the surface flux and initially increases before decaying away. In contrast, for tilt angles in the range −16◦ < α < 2◦ the open flux follows the surface flux and continually decays. Finally, for α ≤ −16◦ the open flux first decays and then increases in magnitude towards a second maximum before decaying away. This behavior of the open flux can be explained in terms of two competing effects produced by differential rotation. Firstly, differential rotation may increase or decrease the open flux by rotating the centers of each polarity of the bipole at different rates when the axis has tilt. Secondly, it decreases the open flux by increasing the length of the polarity inversion line where flux cancellation occurs. The results suggest that, in order to reproduce a realistic model of the Sun’s open magnetic flux over a solar cycle, it is important to have accurate input data on the latitude of emergence of bipoles along with the variation of their tilt angles as the cycle progresses.

DE-2 observations of filamentary currents at ionospheric altitudes

Conjunctive measurements made by the Dynamics Explorer 1 and 2 spacecraft on October 22, 1981, under conditions of southward IMF, suggest the existence of a cusp ion injection from a region at the magnetopause with a scale size of ∼ 1/2 to 1 R E . Current signatures observed by the LAPI and MAGB instruments on board DE-2 indicate the existence of a rotation in the magnetic field that is consistent with a filamentary current system. The observed current structure can be interpreted as the ionospheric signature of a flux transfer event (FTE). In addition to this large-scale current structure there exist three small-scale filamentary current pairs. These current pairs close locally and thus, if our interpretation of this event as an FTE is correct, represent the first reported observations of FTE interior structure at low-altitudes.

The response of the magnetosphere-ionosphere system to solar wind dynamic pressure variations

We study the causal chain of events by which variations in the solar wind dynamic pressure cause the magnetopause boundary to move and excite magnetic perturbations at the ground. The observation of large ground magnetic transients is argued to be due to the coupling of the magnetohydrodynamic compressional wave to the field-guided Alfvén wave, which carrying current, can thereby transfer momentum to the ionosphere. The study highlights the similarity of the ionospheric signatures at a single station arising from the response of the coupled magnetosphere-ionosphere system to disparate impulsive processes at the magnetopause.

Fri vilja eller tradition? : Prästrespektive i den prästerliga kulturen

The purpose of the study was to investigate, using data from the sacerdotal culture, t h espouses of five priests. The main questions were: How does the priestly calling affect thespouse? Do the spouses involve themselves with voluntary work? Do the spouses feel thecongregation have expectations? Do the female and male answers differ?The sacerdotal culture has consisted of several elements. The main element is the priest’scalling for his work. As far as the spouse is concerned within the congregation, the spouseshave been seen as necessary for voluntary work. The congregation has also expected thespouse to act in a certain way and to undertake certain tasks.How the five informants feel about and react to the sacerdotal culture is focus for this study.The study shows that the sacerdotal culture is still strong today and it is something that thespouses take into account. They can choose not to participate but that might involve, forinstance, having to live somewhere else. The study found that the calling affects the femaleinformants, but not so much the males. The amount of participation varies from spouse tospouse and is a matter of their own choice. Expectations can also vary and participation inthe congregation can create higher expectations.

Violinistas e método Suzuki : um estudo com egressos do Centro Suzuki de Santa Maria

A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo investigar as opiniões de violinistas egressos do Centro Suzuki de Santa Maria sobre o método Suzuki, descrevendo as influências do método na vida pessoal desses instrumentistas, examinando as contribuições do ensino através do método e analisando algumas críticas feitas ao método. Neste estudo empreguei o método de survey. Através dele foram selecionados quatorze ex-alunos que começaram a estudar violino pelo método Suzuki com a professora irmã Wilfried. As informações foram coletadas por meio de questionário enviado eletronicamente. Os dados foram confrontados com a literatura sobre o método Suzuki apresentada neste trabalho através de textos do próprio Suzuki (1994) e de outros autores, como Penna (1998a, 1998b), Gerling (1989), Mark (1986), Priest (1989), Hargreaves (1986), entre outros. Entre os resultados desta investigação, pude constatar uma forte concordância com o método por parte dos investigados. Além disso, a maioria deles considera o método Suzuki como o melhor método para o ensino da música e do instrumento, principalmente no que se refere ao ensino para crianças e à sociabilidade que se dá através do tocar em grupo.

A Cabana Umbamdista Pai Joaquim de Angola: frente a intolerância a Umbanda na Cidade do Natal/RN

This dissertation presents an attempt to register the initial steps of african-Brazilian religion Umbanda in the city of Natal, capital of Rio Grande do Norte, from a case study of Cabana Umbanda Pai Joaquim de Angola, represented by its maintainer, umbanda of the priest José Clementino. The main objective is to record the memories of fans in aspects of its tradition, experience social and cultural religious building, in an attempt to show the religious hatred with practitioners of Umbanda. Used to: in audio recordings of festivals and rituals, narratives about the memories and stories of employees and their explanations, photographs, diary entries in the field, participant observation and interviews available. The analysis referred to in umbanda Natal / RN, was based on field research as a product of the visits that took place between the years 2006 to 2009 in Terreiro de Umbanda Pai Joaquim de Angola, located in the neighborhood of Rocas.

Direção espiritual na TV canção nova: análise do discurso do Padre Fábio de Melo

The aim of the research is to analyze Direção Espiritual a TV program produced by Catholic Church and presented by Canção Nova Channel. The program is presented by Father Fábio de Melo, a catholic priest that also is a famous religious singer and writer. The analyses included not only some TV programs, but also interviews with some of the viewers and Fabio de Melo himself. The results points out the emergence in Brazil of a new religious speech from Catholic Church founded in comprehension path, dissociated from punishment and guilty. This religious speech is more like a self help speech rather than a tradicional religious discourse itself, very similar to psychotherapeutic speech. The TV program presented by Fabio de Melo is guided in tiny line of sacre and profane which announces contradictions but also a new blend of religious approach in contemporary days

O discurso religioso no processo migratório para o caldeirão do beato José Lourenço

The Caldeirão is a site located in the city of Crato, in the south of Ceará, belonged to priest Cícero Romão Batista. There, was created a religious community led by blessed José Lourenço, who marked the life of thousands of Northeast country people in 1930s, for represent to them a space of religious conviviality, work and devotion. The Caldeirão s population was about three thousand of people, originated from states of Pernambuco, Alagoas, Paraíba, Maranhão, Piauí, Ceará and Rio Grande do Norte, who share the community s daily activities. The misery caused by the dryness and exploration of these country people by the landlords are indicated as the motivator elements of this migratory flux by the greater number of works published about the Caldeirão, turning the community into a primitive experience of class struggles. This present study proposes other comprehension of this migratory movement by the religious speech of salvation taken to country people by the counselor Severino Tavares. Was used as analysis camp the remaining norte-rio-grandenses that migrated to the Caldeirão, and as theoretical and methodological references the understanding model of investigation, the cultural history and the remaining memorial speech analysis. The work follows that pointing the phenomenon of Caldeirão as an campestral revolt is try to impose to this people the aspirations or wishes of others, besides of deny to them the right and the dignity of act by their believes and their own dreams.

Padre Miguelinho :o intelectual, o professor, o revolucionário - vozes que se fazem ouvir

This research work worries in building the history of the natalense priest Miguel Joaquim of Almeida Castro, Miguelinho, I don't just eat one of the heroes and martyrs of the Revolution From Pernambuco of 1817, as bill the traditional history, but also the educated man, the intellectual and the admired teacher. The studied period understands the beginning of the century XIX, when priest Miguelinho comes back to Brazil, coming of Portugal, to assume teacher's occupation in the Seminar of Olinda, and it ends in the year of 1817, marked by the Revolution From Pernambuco, one of the most important movements in the fight for the liberation of Brazil of the Portuguese domain. Miguelinho, one of the leaders of the Revolution, that also reached the provinces of Paraíba and of Rio Grande do Norte, it was executed by the real troops. Like this, he tries to understand the Priest's conflicting relationship, while representative clergyman, of a Church that almost obtained a religious monopoly, and your ideals per centuries more gone back to a social and economical order of Illumines, that even certain point condemned the attitude of the own Church. The objective, then, is to understand through the path of priest's Miguelinho life, not only the intellectual, the teacher and the revolutionary, but the representation of your political and pedagogic-educational ideas in a die historical moment and the creation of the republican myth, looking for the plurality of an universe that seeks, per times, to flee of our theoretical context

O púlpito como cátedra: retórica e educação nos sermões do Pe. Antônio Vieira (1608-1697)

This work aims to analyze the relationship among culture, education and rhetoric on the sermons of the Priest Antonio Vieira (1608-1697). It discusses the presence of oratory on the Western teaching since its Greek origins until the formation of the Ratio Studiorum in 17th-century. Brazilian society is defined as baroque and the rhetoric arises as element essential in the elaboration of the social imaginary speeches and, occupying as an essencial element in the elaboration of discursese and social imaginaries, occupying the centre of controversies, about questions like reason and the faith, ethics and the politics, the nature of the Indian and African peoples, even over the own construction of the modern subject. In this context the vieira´s preaching discharges the functions of kerigma (preaching), didachê (education) and politics (action). The research consisted in a finicky reading over five of these sermons that were returned in the presence of different audiences. The pulpit was the cathedra where Vieira used his sermons as a manner of social mobilization that aimed not only teaching a determined knowledge of reality, but altering cruel situations like Indian and poor people slavery in his epoch. Education by Vieira consist in a tension between utopian hopes and urgencies of practice. The rhetorical tradition affirms the interdependence of technical ethics and politics aspects. To know is not enough is necessary to convince and to move, realizating passage from theorical to practical liverly. It presupposes still the preoccupation with the solidity of argumentation and of reasoning, a wide cultural formation, the requirement of a civic ethics and, mainly, the adequacy between content and the specifics of audience

A Formação de Padres no Nordeste do Brasil (1894-1933)

The Nossa Senhora da Conceição Seminary, installed in 1894, by Dom Adauto Aurélio de Miranda Henriques, first Paraíba Bishop, and the Episcopal Seminary of the Sagrado Coração de Jesus, implanted in 1913, by Dom José Thomas Gomes da Silva, first Aracaju s Bishop diocese, were created as a result of lack of an official religious process proposed by the Brazilian Republic Proclamation, in 1889. With the appoint to enlarge the number of priests and change the image of the priest married and unrolled who used to identify the Catholic Church in the colonial and imperial Brazil. Such bishops developed into intellectuals in the government, dioceses and formation priest houses. I take as a study object, for this doctorate paper, the academic formation and priesthood developed in theses seminaries, from 1894 to 1933, once 1894 the year of João Pessoa Creation Seminar that was implied the Minor Course (preparation) and the Major one (built by Philosophy and God related studies) and the research limit year of 1933, is concerned about the Major Sergipe Seminary ending, which was created and has worked offering the Minor and Major courses, from 1913 to 1933. Showing the teaching models that guided and leaded the priest formation, referred as Seminaries, and the application result is the objective of this investigation. To comprehend the teaching models seminaries studied, my research line is the Catholic Church theme and priest formation in Brazil. In front of the object and the objective desired, I chose the historical comparative method and the scholars modals notions of Araujo de Barros (2004) and the Sirinelli intellectuals (1996). Such references allowed me to analyze the formation given in the seminary and seminarian participation and actions, included the sequence after the scholars formation. The thesis defended is that the teaching model developed in the Brazilian Seminaries, created after a non official religious process in the Brazilian government, deal with a model of one unique center (Seminary formation and aim pre arranged by Santa Sé), although adapted, presuming the local reality and formation structure (privileged not only spiritual and moral speaking, but intellectual also), was it responsible for intellectuals generations (teachers priests, educationalist priest, journalists priests and so on) that boost the education in Brazil. During the Republic first three decades, when, in thesis, the Government was becoming free religion, i.e., the government did not subsidize the Church anymore, and the Government, among others aspects, did not received any Church care to help the public teaching in the country. The investigation reveled accede, by bishops and their followers, such as by the Concílio de Trento pre concept, or by the others ideas, leading by the priests formation in Seminaries. By creating and stalling diocese Seminary, Bishop Dom Adauto and Dom José went further their functions, by the time they built inside themselves a teaching model thought from the main pedagogic logic, based on several religious exercises, moral and ethic, considered by themselves several knowledge connected to humanity, philosophy and God related studies). Following clearly rationalism principle (the way of teaching, which each subject has its own teacher and this class get together students with the same knowledge, regardless of age) and efficiency (trying to teach the whole content in each class), the Seminaries researched developed a whole education, allowed the structure of a spiritual education, moral and intellectual, for a quality developed by priests, including different levels that they used to performance. Their bottom line, actions and priest matter achievement allowed their broad fulfillment, in the way that priests matter were associated with cultural, educational, welfare assistance, at last, intellectuals

O teatro de Deus: a construção do espaço sagrado de juazeiro a partir de narrativas femininas (Ceará, 1889-1898)

In this work, we discuss the construction of Juazeiro in the state of Ceará -, as a sacred space from the analysis of the testimonies of nine religious women called beatas in an Episcopal process in the late nineteenth century. This process was initiated in 1891 to investigate the occurrence of an Eucharistic miracle with beata Maria Magdalena do Espírito Santo de Araújo. We show that the punitive strategies of the Diocese eventually caused a reordering of pilgrimages to Juazeiro which until 1894 worshipped the Precious Blood and that after the condemnation of the phenomena by the Holy See are rearranged around the figure of Father Cicero Romão Batista, under the pretext of worshipping the priest himself and also Nossa Senhora das Dores, currently the patron saint of the city of Juazeiro do Norte.