Exclusão étnica, julgamento moral e emoções morais : estudo em adolescentes

Os pressupostos defendidos na declaração de Salamanca sobre a Educação Inclusiva não são fáceis de concretizar pois as pessoas, por causa de diferenças de sexo, etnia, aparência, etc, têm frequentemente condutas diferenciais. Um dos critérios sociais que mais provoca exclusão social são as diferenças étnicas, um fenómeno mais estudado pela psicologia social. Porém, a atitude de exclusão social pode estar relacionada com a competência moral dos indivíduos, uma relação que foi analisada neste estudo. Para isso recorremos ao suporte da psicologia moral que valoriza o papel das emoções na compreensão das condutas sociais, bem exemplificada nos estudos do vitimizador feliz (e.g., Arsenio & Kramer, 1992; Lourenço, 1998). Nas perspectivas mais recentes da psicologia moral tem sido atribuída grande ênfase à necessidade de analisar cognições e emoções nas condutas morais (e.g., Malti & Latzko, 2010; Turiel & Killen, 2010). Apoiados no estudo de Malti, Killen & Gasser (2012) sobre a exclusão social analisámos os julgamentos e as emoções morais de adolescentes em três contextos, etnia africana, etnia cigana e género, numa amostra de 45 adolescentes, com idades entre os 13 e os 19 anos, através da aplicação de uma versão traduzida da Survey Instrument for Measuring Judgments about Emotions about Exclusion (Malti, Killen & Gasser, 2009). Os jovens avaliaram a exclusão étnica como mais incorreta que a exclusão por género mas não foram encontradas diferenças nos juízos e emoções expressas pelos portugueses e estrangeiros. As emoções de culpa, tristeza, vergonha, atribuídas ao excludente confirmam a avaliação negativa da atitude de exclusão. Porém, a emoção normal que revela indiferença expressa que alguns jovens avaliaram positivamente a exclusão. A intensidade emocional intermédia das emoções atribuídas mostra inconsistência com o juízo moral. Relativamente ao excluído existe consenso pois as emoções de tristeza e raiva foram as mais atribuídas. As justificações dos juízos e emoções atribuídos são de tipo diverso, ou seja, argumentos morais de justiça e igualdade, argumentos de inclusão por empatia e argumentos convencionais relativos à coesão intragrupal. A atitude de exclusão não é estritamente moral pois também é vista em função de benefícios para o funcionamento do grupo. A relação complexa entre juízos, emoções e justificações requisita mais investigação de modo a percebermos melhor os processos psicológicos que induzem a conduta social.

Psychophysiological responses to appraisal dimensions in a computer game

A computer game was used to study psychophysiological reactions to emotion-relevant events. Two dimensions proposed by Scherer (1984a, 1984b) in his appraisal theory, the intrinsic pleasantness and goal conduciveness of game events, were studied in a factorial design. The relative level at which a player performed at the moment of an event was also taken into account. A total of 33 participants played the game while cardiac activity, skin conductance, skin temperature, and muscle activity as well as emotion self-reports were assessed. The self-reports indicate that game events altered levels of pride, joy, anger, and surprise. Goal conduciveness had little effect on muscle activity but was associated with significant autonomic effects, including changes to interbeat interval, pulse transit time, skin conductance, and finger temperature. The manipulation of intrinsic pleasantness had little impact on physiological responses. The results show the utility of attempting to manipulate emotion-constituent appraisals and measure their peripheral physiological signatures.

The perception of emotion from body movement in point-light displays of interpersonal dialogue

We examined whether it is possible to identify the emotional content of behaviour from point-light displays where pairs of actors are engaged in interpersonal communication. These actors displayed a series of emotions, which included sadness, anger, joy, disgust, fear, and romantic love. In experiment 1, subjects viewed brief clips of these point-light displays presented the right way up and upside down. In experiment 2, the importance of the interaction between the two figures in the recognition of emotion was examined. Subjects were shown upright versions of (i) the original pairs (dyads), (ii) a single actor (monad), and (iii) a dyad comprising a single actor and his/her mirror image (reflected dyad). In each experiment, the subjects rated the emotional content of the displays by moving a slider along a horizontal scale. All of the emotions received a rating for every clip. In experiment 1, when the displays were upright, the correct emotions were identified in each case except disgust; but, when the displays were inverted, performance was significantly diminished for some ernotions. In experiment 2, the recognition of love and joy was impaired by the absence of the acting partner, and the recognition of sadness, joy, and fear was impaired in the non-veridical (mirror image) displays. These findings both support and extend previous research by showing that biological motion is sufficient for the perception of emotion, although inversion affects performance. Moreover, emotion perception from biological motion can be affected by the veridical or non-veridical social context within the displays.

Prizes for modernity in the provinces: The Arts Council’s 1950-1951 regional playwriting competition

As part of its contribution to the 1951 Festival of Britain, the Arts Council ran what can be seen in retrospect to be an important playwriting competition. Disregarding the London stage entirely, it invited regional theatres throughout the UK to put forward nominations for new plays within their repertoire for 1950-1951. Each of the five winning plays would receive, what was then, the substantial sum of £100. Originality and innovation featured highly amongst the selection criteria, with 40 per cent of the judges’ marks being awarded for “interest of subject matter and inventiveness of treatment”. This article will assess some of the surprising outcomes of the competition and argue that it served as an important nexus point in British theatrical historiography between two key moments in post-war Britain: the first being the inauguration of the Festival of Britain in 1951, the other being the debut of John Osborne’s Look Back in Anger in May 1956. The article will also argue that the Arts Council’s play competition was significant for two other reasons. By circumventing the London stage, it provides a useful tool by which to reassess the state of new writing in regional theatre at the beginning of the 1950s and to question how far received views of parochialism and conservatism held true. The paper will also put forward a case for the competition significantly anticipating the work of George Devine at the English Stage Company, which during its early years established a reputation for itself by heavily exploiting the repertoire of new plays originally commissioned by regional theatres. This article forms part of a five year funded Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) project, ‘Giving Voice to the Nation: The Arts Council of Great Britain and the Development of Theatre and Performance in Britain 1945-1994’. Details of the Arts Council’s archvie, which is housed at the Victoria & Albert Museum in London can be found at http://www.vam.ac.uk/vastatic/wid/ead/acgb/acgbf.html Keywords: Arts Council of Great Britain, regional theatre, playwriting, Festival of Britain, English Stage Company (Royal Court) , Yvonne Mitchell

The power of anticipated feedback: Effects on students' achievement goals and achievement emotions.

In an experimental study (N = 153 high school students), we tested a theoretical model positing that anticipated achievement feedback influences achievement goals and achievement emotions, and that achievement goals mediate the link between anticipated feedback and emotions. Participants were informed that they would receive self-referential feedback, normative feedback, or no feedback for their performance on a test. Subsequently, achievement goals and discrete achievement emotions regarding the test were assessed. Self-referential feedback had a positive influence on mastery goal adoption, whereas normative feedback had a positive influence on performance-approach and performance-avoidance goal adoption. Furthermore, feedback condition and achievement goals predicted test-related emotions (i.e., enjoyment, hope, pride, relief, anger, anxiety, hopelessness, and shame). Achievement goals were documented as significant mediators of the influence of feedback instruction on emotions, and mediation was observed for seven of the eight focal emotions. Implications for educational research and practice are discussed.

On the 'special' status of emotional faces... Comment on Yang, Hong, and Blake (2010)

A wealth of literature suggests that emotional faces are given special status as visual objects: Cognitive models suggest that emotional stimuli, particularly threat-relevant facial expressions such as fear and anger, are prioritized in visual processing and may be identified by a subcortical “quick and dirty” pathway in the absence of awareness (Tamietto & de Gelder, 2010). Both neuroimaging studies (Williams, Morris, McGlone, Abbott, & Mattingley, 2004) and backward masking studies (Whalen, Rauch, Etcoff, McInerney, & Lee, 1998) have supported the notion of emotion processing without awareness. Recently, our own group (Adams, Gray, Garner, & Graf, 2010) showed adaptation to emotional faces that were rendered invisible using a variant of binocular rivalry: continual flash suppression (CFS, Tsuchiya & Koch, 2005). Here we (i) respond to Yang, Hong, and Blake's (2010) criticisms of our adaptation paper and (ii) provide a unified account of adaptation to facial expression, identity, and gender, under conditions of unawareness

Frequency of infant stroking reported by mothers moderates the effect of prenatal depression on infant behavioural and physiological outcomes

Animal studies find that prenatal stress is associated with increased physiological and emotional reactivity later in life, mediated via fetal programming of the HPA axis through decreased glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene expression. Post-natal behaviours, notably licking and grooming in rats, cause decreased behavioural indices of fear and reduced HPA axis reactivity mediated via increased GR gene expression. Post-natal maternal behaviours may therefore be expected to modify prenatal effects, but this has not previously been examined in humans. We examined whether, according to self-report, maternal stroking over the first weeks of life modified associations between prenatal depression and physiological and behavioral outcomes in infancy, hence mimicking effects of rodent licking and grooming. From a general population sample of 1233 first time mothers recruited at 20 weeks gestation we drew a stratified random sample of 316 for assessment at 32 weeks based on reported inter-partner psychological abuse, a risk to child development. Of these 271 provided data at 5, 9 and 29 weeks post delivery. Mothers reported how often they stroked their babies at 5 and 9 weeks. At 29 weeks vagal withdrawal to a stressor, a measure of physiological adaptability, and maternal reported negative emotionality were assessed. There was a significant interaction between prenatal depression and maternal stroking in the prediction of vagal reactivity to a stressor (p = .01), and maternal reports of infant anger proneness (p = .007) and fear (p = .043). Increasing maternal depression was associated with decreasing physiological adaptability, and with increasing negative emotionality, only in the presence of low maternal stroking. These initial findings in humans indicate that maternal stroking in infancy, as reported by mothers, has effects strongly resembling the effects of observed maternal behaviours in animals, pointing to future studies of the epigenetic, physiological and behavioral effects of maternal stroking.

Intraindividual relations between achievement goals and discrete achievement emotions: an experience sampling approach

Theories on the link between achievement goals and achievement emotions focus on their within-person functional relationship (i.e., intraindividual relations). However, empirical studies have failed to analyze these intraindividual relations and have instead examined between-person covariation of the two constructs (i.e., interindividual relations). Aiming to better connect theory and empirical research, the present study (N = 120 10th grade students) analyzed intraindividual relations by assessing students’ state goals and emotions using experience sampling (N = 1,409 assessments within persons). In order to replicate previous findings on interindividual relations, students’ trait goals and emotions were assessed using self-report questionnaires. Despite being statistically independent, both types of relations were consistent with theoretical expectations, as shown by multi-level modeling: Mastery goals were positive predictors of enjoyment and negative predictors of boredom and anger; performance-approach goals were positive predictors of pride; and performance-avoidance goals were positive predictors of anxiety and shame. Reasons for the convergence of intra- and interindividual findings, directions for future research, and implications for educational practice are discussed.

Early Phase of Allergic Airway Inflammation in Diabetic Rats: Role of Insulin on the Signaling Pathways and Mediators

Background: Allergic lung inflammation is impaired in diabetic rats and is restored by insulin treatment. In the present study we investigated the effect of insulin on the signaling pathways triggered by allergic inflammation in the lung and the release of selected mediators. Methods: Diabetic male Wistar rats (alloxan, 42 mg/kg, i.v., 10 days) and matching controls were sensitized by s.c. injections of ovalbumin (OA) in aluminium hydroxide, 14 days before OA (1 mg/0.4 ml) or saline intratracheal challenge. A group of diabetic rats were treated with neutral protamine Hagedorn insulin (NPH, 4 IU, s.c.), 2 h before the OA challenge. Six hours after the challenge, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed for mediator release and lung tissue was homogenized for Western blotting analysis of signaling pathways. Results: Relative to non-diabetic rats, the diabetic rats exhibited a significant reduction in OA-induced phosphorylation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK, 59%), p38 (53%), protein kinase B (Akt, 46%), protein kinase C (PKC)-alpha (63%) and PKC-delta (38%) in lung homogenates following the antigen challenge. Activation of the NF-kappa B p65 subunit and phosphorylation of I kappa B alpha were almost suppressed in diabetic rats. Reduced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS, 32%) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2, 46%) in the lung homogenates was also observed. The BAL concentration of prostaglandin (PG)-E(2), nitric oxide (NO) and interleukin (IL)-6 was reduced in diabetic rats (74%, 44% and 65%, respectively), whereas the cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC)-2 concentration was not different from the control animals. Treatment of diabetic rats with insulin completely or partially restored all of these parameters. This protocol of insulin treatment only partially reduced the blood glucose levels. Conclusion: The data presented show that insulin regulates MAPK, PI3K, PKC and NF-kappa B pathways, the expression of the inducible enzymes iNOS and COX-2, and the levels of NO, PGE(2) and IL-6 in the early phase of allergic lung inflammation in diabetic rats. It is suggested that insulin is required for optimal transduction of the intracellular signals that follow allergic stimulation. Copyright (C) 2010 S. Karger AG, Basel

Impaired phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages from diabetic rats is related to the deficient coupling of LTs to the Fe gamma R signaling cascade

Diabetic individuals are more susceptible to infections and this seems to be related to impaired phagocyte function. Alveolar macrophages (AMs) are the first barrier to prevent respiratory infections Leukotrienes (LTs) increase AM phagocytic activity via Fc gamma R. In this study, we compared AMs from diabetic and nondiabetic rats for phagocytosis via Fc gamma R and the roles of LTs and insulin Diabetes was induced in male Wistar rats by alloxan (42 mg/kg, i.v); macrophages were obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage and IgG-opsonised sheep red blood cells (IgG-SRBC) were used as targets. LTs were added to the AMs 5 min before the addition of IgG-SRBC. AMs were treated with a LT synthesis inhibitor (zileuton, 10 mu M), or antagonists of the LTB(4) receptor (CP105 696, 10 mu M) cys-LT receptor (MK571, 10 mu M), 30 or 20 min before the addition of IgG-SRBC, respectively. We found that the phagocytosis of IgG-SRBC by AMs from diabetic rats is impaired compared with non-diabetic rats. Treatment with the LT inhibitor/antagonists significantly reduced AM phagocytosis in non-diabetic but not diabetic rats. During the phagocytosis of IgG-SRBC LTB(4) and LTC(4) were produced by AMs from both groups. The addition of exogenous LTB(4) or LTD(4) potentiated phagocytosis similarly in both groups Phagocytosis was followed by the phosphorylation of PKC-delta. ERK and Akt This was reduced by zileuton treatment in AMs from non-diabetic but not diabetic rats The addition of insulin to AMs further increased the phagocytosis by increasing PKC-delta phosphorylation These results suggest that the impaired phagocytosis found in AMs from diabetic rats is related to a deficient coupling of LTs to the Fc gamma R signaling cascade and that insulin has a key role in this coupling An essential role for insulin in Innate immunity is suggested (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

SIGNALING PATHWAYS AND MEDIATORS IN LPS-INDUCED LUNG INFLAMMATION IN DIABETIC RATS: ROLE OF INSULIN

Diabetic patients are more susceptible to infections, and their inflammatory response is impaired. This is restored by insulin treatment. In the present study, we investigated the effect of insulin on LPS-induced signaling pathways and mediators in the lung of diabetic rats. Diabetic male Wistar rats (alloxan, 42 mg/kg i.v., 10 days) and control rats received intratracheal instillation of LPS (750 mu g/0.4 mL) or saline. Some diabetic rats were given neutral protamine Hagedorn insulin (4 IU s.c.) 2 h before LPS. After 6 h, bronchoalveolar lavage was performed for the release of mediators, and lung tissue was homogenized for analysis of LPS-induced signaling pathways. Relative to control rats, diabetic rats exhibited a significant reduction in the LPS-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (64%), p38 (70%), protein kinase B (67%), and protein kinase C alpha (57%) and delta (65%) and in the expression of iNOS (32%) and cyclooxygenase 2 (67%) in the lung homogenates. The bronchoalveolar lavage fluid concentrations of NO (47%) and IL-6 (49%) were also reduced in diabetic rats, whereas the cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant 2 (CINC-2) levels were increased 23%, and CINC-1 was not different from control animals. Treatment of diabetic rats with insulin completely or partially restored all these parameters. In conclusion, data presented show that insulin regulates mitogen-activated protein kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3`-kinase, protein kinase C pathways, expression of the inducible enzymes, cyclooxygenase 2 and iNOS, and levels of IL-6 and CINC-2 in LPS-induced lung inflammation in diabetic rats. These results suggest that the protective effect of insulin in sepsis could be due to modulation of cellular signal transduction factors.

Skillnaden mellan nykteristers egna skäl till att inte dricka alkohol och icke-nykteristers tro om dessa skäl

Denna rapport redovisar en studie av skillnader mellan nykteristers faktiska skäl till att inte dricka och icke-nykteristers tro om nykteristers skäl till att inte dricka alkohol. Studien utfördes i enkätform bland 19-25 åringar på Högskolan Dalarna samt medlemmar i Ungdomens Nykterhetsförbund. Studien visar att det finns signifikanta skillnader mellan de faktiska skäl nykterister anger till att inte dricka alkohol och vad icke-nykterister tror att nykterister har för skäl till att inte dricka alkohol.

Återupplivning -upplevelser och erfarenheter kring beslutsfattandet om hjärt- lungräddning ur sjuksköterskors, patienters och närståendes perspektiv.

Syftet med föreliggande studie var att beskriva sjuksköterskors, patienters och närståendes upplevelser och erfarenheter kring beslutsfattandet om återupplivning. Vidare var syftet att beskriva hur och i vilken utsträckning patienter och deras närstående gavs möjlighet till delaktighet i beslutet om återupplivning. Resultatet av denna systematiska litteraturstudie visade att sjuksköterskors upplevelser och erfarenheter kring beslutsfattandet om hjärt-lung räddning har utforskats av flera forskare. Trots att både Hälso- och sjukvårdslagen i Sverige samt lagar och förordningar i andra länder anger att patienten har rätt till delaktighet och självbestämmande kring beslutsfattandet om sin vård och behandling, så engagerades patienten och dess närstående sällan eller inte alls. Majoriteten av respondenterna/informanterna i flertalet studier ansåg att hänsyn skulle tas till patientens egna önskemål och vara delaktiga i beslutet kring isättande av hjärt- lungräddning eller ej, men i realiteten fattades besluten oftast utan patienten eller de närståendes medverkan. Flera studiers resultat visade vidare att sjuksköterskor upplevde en rad etiska dilemman när det gäller beslutsprocessen kring återupplivning. Vad gäller patienters och närståendes möjlighet till delaktighet var det betydligt färre studier genomförda som belyste frågan ur deras perspektiv. De studier som fanns visade att patienter och närstående har en önskan om möjlighet till delaktighet, att få ta del av information och fatta egna beslut. Patienternas uppfattning stämde väl överens med hur deras närstående resonerade.

De som inte är med : Elevers skäl till att inte delta i undervisningen i Idrott och hälsa samt deras förslag på vilka förändringar som behövs inom ämnet

Denna uppsats behandlar elever med lågt deltagande i ämnet Idrott och hälsa. Tio elever på två gymnasieskolor har intervjuats om varför de har låg närvaro vid idrottslektionerna. Syftet med arbetet är att undersöka vad i ämnet Idrott och hälsa som gör att vissa elever väljer att inte delta. Fokus ligger på vilka skäl eleverna anger för att inte delta, samt hur dessa elever skulle vilja förändra undervisningen i Idrott och hälsa för att deras deltagande ska öka. Resultatet pekar på att de skäl eleverna anger för läraren inte alltid stämmer överens med de faktiska skäl som eleverna har. Anledningarna till att eleverna inte vill vara med varierar, men i stora drag handlar det om att eleverna tycker att de traditionella föreningsidrotterna och tävlingsmomenten tar för stor plats. När det gäller förändringar så är det mest frekventa att eleverna vill vara mer delaktiga i att forma sin egen undervisning. De vill också se att de traditionella boll- och lagsporterna får stå tillbaka för fler alternativ i undervisningen. Om företrädarna för ämnet Idrott och hälsa i större utsträckning vill nå alla elever bör ämnet förändras. Kanske behöver ämnets popularitet sättas på spel och ämnets fokus flyttas längre bort från den traditionella föreningsidrotten än vad som idag är fallet.

Gymnaiseelever och deras föräldrar : uppfattningar av uppfattningar

Det övergripande syftet är att beskriva diskurser gymnasie¬ungdomar med mångkulturell bakgrund kan ha att hantera och hur ungdomarna anger att de hanterar olikheter mellan diskurser. Följande konkreta frågeställningar utformas: Hur beskriver de intervjuade eleverna sina föräldrars syn på den svenska skolan? Vilka strategier använder sig intervjupersonerna med mångkulturell bakgrund av för att hantera situationen? Sex gymnasieungdomar intervjuades i halvstrukturerade samtal som skrevs ut och tolkades hermeneutiskt. En anpassnings¬diskurs och en auktoritär diskurs framträdde i materialet. I anpassnings-diskursen diskuteras inordning, undvikande, uppgivenhet, motstånd och maktlöshet. Uppgivenhet och maktlöshet förekommer hos de elever som tydligast misslyckats i skolan. I den auktoritära diskursen talas ofta om respekt och föräldrarna och ungdomarna ser problem i skolan som orsakade av lärares förhållningssätt. De såg lösningar som bygger på ett mer auktoritärt förhållningssätt i skolan. En auktoritär diskurs som den som beskrivs i empirin underlättar enligt min mening för konstruktion av individuell oansvarighet alltså en effekt tvärtemot det syfte som den ”vänliga maktutövningen” i den svenska skolan har. Flickorna är kraftfullt begrän¬sade i sin frihet vilket inte pojkarna från samma familjer är. Om det libe¬rala styrsystemet inte uppfattas som tillräckligt repressivt av inter¬vju¬personernas föräldrar kan ungdomarna uppfatta att de har anledning att vara stökiga och det kan också bli en anledning att öka förtrycket av flickor.”Den vänliga styrningen” måste förklaras för föräldrarna och ungdomarna borde få möjlighet att samtala om skillnader mellan kulturerna .