Biorregulador na composição química e na produtividade de grãos de soja

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a composição química e a produtividade de grãos de soja, em resposta à aplicação de biorregulador na cultura da soja. Para tanto, sementes de soja da cultivar BRS 246 RR foram semeadas no mês de outubro dos anos agrícolas de 2007/2008 e 2008/2009, no delineamento experimental em blocos completos com os tratamentos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos, arranjados em esquema fatorial, foram compostos pela combinação do tratamento de sementes com o biorregulador (sem e com 0,500 L 100 kg-1 de sementes) e cinco doses do produto (0; 0,125; 0,250; 0,375 e 0,500 L ha-1) aplicadas via foliar, em dois estádios de desenvolvimento da cultura (V5 ou R3). Utilizou-se um biorregulador líquido da Stoller do Brasil Ltda., denominado de Stimulate®, composto por três reguladores vegetais na seguinte concentração: 0,005% do ácido indolbutirico - IBA (análogo de auxina), 0,009% de cinetina (citocinina) e 0,005% de ácido giberélico - GA3 (giberelina). O uso do biorregulador influenciou no incremento da produtividade; os teores de óleo e proteínas foram alterados pela ação do biorregulador, com tendência de favorecimento do conteúdo proteico.

Potencial fisiológico de sementes de soja enriquecidas com molibdênio no armazenamento e sua influência na atividade de enzimas do metabolismo do nitrogênio

Molybdenum is one of the essential micronutrients for soybeans, acting directly on nitrogen metabolism as enzyme cofactor of nitrogenase. Usually, this nutrient is supplied to the plants through seed treatment or foliar application. The aim of this study was to evaluate the molybdenum effects by foliar in the physiological potential of soybean seeds and verify its interference in the enzyme activities involved in nitrogen metabolism. Soybean seeds of BMX Turbo cultivar were used, produced in Erechim, RS, harvest 2013, from plants treated with the following Mo concentrations: 0; 25; 50 and 75 g ha-1, supplied through two commercial products (Biomol and Molybdate) and stored during 0 and 6 months in uncontrolled conditions. The first experiment was conducted in Seedtes Seed Analysis Laboratory in Pato Branco, PR. The used design was completely randomized in a factorial analysis 4 x 2 x 2 with four replications each. The physiological potential of the seeds was evaluated by the germination test, seedling growth, accelerated aging and emergence on the soil. The second experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, where the seeds derived from treatments with different concentrations of Mo: 0; 25; 50 and 75 g ha-1 supplied through two commercial products (Biomol and Molybdate) were grown in vases. The used design was completely randomized in a factorial analysis 4 x 2 with four replications. Evaluations were performed when the plants reached the R1 phenological stage concerning the nodulation, dry matter of root and shoot of the plants and the determination of the activity of the enzymes glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthetase and the content of total soluble proteins. The data were submitted to variance analysis and when significant they were assessed by Tukey’s test for comparison of products and seed storage and with regression study to the concentrations at 5% probability. Analyses were performed using SISVAR statistical software. The soybean seed storage under uncontrolled conditions affected the seed vigour produced with Mo, regardless of the commercial product used during production. The application of Mo through foliar positively influences the production of soya beans which presented increasing responses in the germination and vigour with the application of Mo above 25 g ha-1 . The enrichment of Mo through foliar did not affect the nodulation of plants of the next generation, however, the use of Mo above 25 g ha-1 provided an increase in the activity of enzymes involved in nitrogen metabolism as well as on the total protein content.

Desempenho de fosfitos de potássio no manejo de mofo branco em soja

Soybean plays an important role in the Brazilian agriculture being one of the products most exported by the country. Its yield may be affected by diseases such as white mold, caused by the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Lib. de Bary, which, under favorable field conditions prevents the crop of expressing all its productive potential. The fungus is cosmopolitan and infects more than 400 species of plants. This disease is difficult to control, and the use of chemicals has not been sufficient to avoid significant losses, thus, this products are expensive and may cause environmental damage. Alternative methods, such as foliar fertilizers based on potassium phosphite, can also be used in the management of this disease. In this context, this work aimed to study different sources of potassium phosphite and its effects in the control of white mold in soybeans, as well as the time of application in culture, its action in inducing plants defense responses and/or its influence over the seeds quality. The effect of phosphites, over the pathogen, was evaluated in vitro, on mycelial inhibition, the mass of dry mycelium and germination of sclerotia. In all tests, the following phosphites were utilized: Phosphite A (P2O5-40%; K2O-20% - 1 L/ha); Phosphite B (P2O5-40%; K2O-28% - 1 L/ha); Phosphite C (P2O5-40%; K2O-20% - 1 L/ha) e Phosphite D (P2O5-30%; K2O-20% - 2,4 L/ha). At the induction of resistance tests were evaluated the synthesis of phytoalexin in soybean cotyledons and the enzymes FAL and POX evaluated in seedlings in growing chamber, sprayed with phosphites and the fungicide fluazinam. Field experiment was carried out at Coronel Domingos Soares-PR, in the 2012/2013 season, in an area with natural infestation of the pathogen. Soybean cultivar BMX Active was no-till seeded with 0,5m between rows. The experimental was laid out as a factorial 5 x 4 scheme (treatment x application time). Phosphites sources were used, as described above, and water was sprayed in the control treatment. Treatments were applied at four different growth stages: V4, V4 + R1, R1 and R2 at the rates recommended by the manufacturer. Soybean yield components and seeds and health and physiological quality were evaluated after harvesting. None of the tested phosphites affected mycelial growth and sclerotia germination or influenced phytoalexin synthesis. Phosphites C and D stood out due to an increasing in the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity 48 hours after its inoculation. These same products also induced the synthesis and peroxidases and phosphite C kept the levels of this enzyme elevated up to 72 hours after inoculation. At the field trials, phosphites C and D stood out in the control of white mold. There was no significant interaction of potassium phosphite on physiological and sanitary quality of the seeds.

Teor de clorofila e produtividade do trigo em razão da adubação foliar com boro na presença de aminoácidos.

O trigo é uma cultura de ciclo anual cultivada no inverno. Nas culturas de arroz, trigo, aveia e milho, foram evidenciados boas correlações entre a leitura SPAD e a produtividade de grãos. O trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o efeito da adubação foliar com boro (B) na presença de aminoácidos (AAs) no teor de clorofila e produtividade de grãos do trigo, assim como na sua correlação. O experimento foi realizado na Embrapa Soja (Londrina - PR), no ano de 2014. O solo da área experimental é classificado como Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições e seis tratamentos com doses de ácido bórico na presença de aminoácidos, exceto a testemunha. As doses estudadas foram: T1- 0 kg ha-1 de H3BO3 sem aminoácidos (Testemunha); T2- 0 kg ha-1 de H3BO3; T3- 1 kg ha-1 de H3BO3; T4- 2 kg ha-1 de H3BO3; T5- 4 kg ha-1 de H3BO3; T6- 8 kg ha-1 de H3BO3. O plantio da cultivar BRS Pardela foi realizado com semeadora com sistema de plantio direto, com espaçamento entre linha de 50 cm e a densidade de semeadura utilizada foi ajustada para atingir 250.000 plantas ha-1. A adubação de semeadura foi realizada com 40 kg ha-1 de N (ureia), 60 kg ha-1 de P2O5 (superfosfato triplo) + 40 kg ha-1 K2O (KCl) + 2,0 kg ha-1 de Cu (sulfato de cobre 24,5%), 2,0 kg ha-1 de Mn (sulfato de manganês 30%) e 2,0 kg ha-1 de Zn (sulfato de zinco 21%). A adubação em cobertura foi realizada aos 40 dias após o plantio com 20 kg ha-1 K2O (KCl). A adubação foliar com boro e AAs (2 L ha-1) foi realizada na fase final de alongamento e início de pré-espigamento. Foi utilizado o ácido bórico (17%B) e os aminoácidos na concentração (1/200, v/v) com 6,8% de glicina, 4,4% de prolina, 3,3% de ácido glutâmico, 2,7% de alanina, 1,9% de arginina, 1,7% de ácido aspártico, 1,3% de lisina, 1,3% de histidina e 1,0% de leucina. As práticas de proteção de plantas via controle químico de pragas, doenças e plantas daninhas foram realizadas conforme as indicações técnicas para a cultura de trigo a fim de não interferirem nos resultados obtidos. Avaliou-se a produtividade de grãos de trigo e o teor de clorofila, determinado indiretamente no terço médio da folha bandeira de cinco plantas por parcela, no florescimento, por meio de leituras SPAD com auxílio de um clorofilômetro digital (Minolta 502). Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância pelo teste F. A comparação de médias pelo teste de Tukey e as correlações foram feitas em nível de 5% de significância. Não houve efeito significativo dos tratamentos no teor de clorofila (SPAD) e na produtividade de grãos de trigo. A produtividade média de grãos foi de 4.266 kg ha-1 e 40 SPAD. Não houve correlação entre a leitura SPAD e a produtividade de grãos. Conclui-se que a adubação foliar com boro na presença de aminoácidos não modificou o teor de clorofila e a produtividade de grãos do trigo, bem como não houve correlação entre os fatores.

Bicarbonato de potássio para o controle do oídio da soja.

O oídio da soja (Microsphaera diffusa) pode ocasionar perdas quando atinge proporções epidêmicas. No trabalho foi avaliado o bicarbonato de potássio (Kalegreen®) no controle do oídio da soja em casa de vegetação. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado com seis tratamentos [bicarbonato de potássio a 0,205; 0,41; 0,615 e 0,82 g/100 ml de água; piraclostrobina+epoxiconazole (Opera® 0,2 mL/L); e água], com cinco repetições (um vaso com duas plantas). As pulverizações foram semanais, sendo iniciadas quando do aparecimento dos primeiros sintomas (estádio V4) e realizadas por seis semanas (R10). As avaliações foram realizadas semanalmente determinando-se a porcentagem de área foliar coberta pelo patógeno em duas folhas (6 folíolos) do terço médio das plantas. Com os dados foram calculadas as áreas abaixo da curva do progresso da doença. O controle com o fungicida padrão foi de 96%, enquanto o bicarbonato de potássio apresentou controle de 61, 86, 93 e 94%, respectivamente, para as concentrações de 0,205; 0,41; 0,615 e 0,82 g/100ml, em relação à testemunha. Todos os tratamentos diferiram da testemunha (P<0,5). As maiores concentrações foram fitotóxicas às plantas.

Avaliação de parâmetros para o monitoramento da interferência de plantas daninhas na cultura de soja (Glycine max L.).

O presente estudo visa fornecer subsídios para o processo de tomada de decisão de controle das plantas daninhas baseado em nível de dano na produtividade de culturas agrícolas. Com o objetivo de avaliar o aproveitamento de parâmetros das plantas daninhas e das plantas de soja no monitoramento da interferência das plantas daninhas, foi realizado, em Botucatu (SP), um experimento sob condições de campo, com delineamento em blocos casualizados. A cultura foi mantida na presença ou ausência de comunidade vegetal infestante por diferentes períodos. O monitoramento da interferência das plantas daninhas na cultura de soja pode se dar através do acumulo total de matéria seca da comunidade vegetal infestante e dos seguintes parâmetros de crescimento das plantas de soja: número de folhas trifolioladas, área da lâmina foliar, acumulo de matéria seca de folhas e total. O acumulo de matéria seca de cada espécie de planta daninha isoladamente, não foi parâmetro eficiente para determinar-se interferência (competição) na cultura da soja.

Modelo de programação quadrática para análise da movimentação logística e comercialização da soja brasileira

The purpose of this work was to analyze the logistical distribution of Brazilian soybean by applying a quadratic programming to a spatial equilibrium model. The soybean transportation system is an important part of the soybean complex in Brazil, since the major part of the costs of this commodity derives from the transportation costs. Therefore, the optimization of this part of the process is essential to a better competitiveness of the Brazilian soybean in the international market. The Brazilian soybean complex have been increasing its agricultural share in the total of the exportation value in the last ten years, but due to other countries' investments the Brazilian exportations cannot be only focused on increasing its production but it still have to be more efficient. This way, a model was reached which can project new frames by switching the transportation costs and conduce the policy makers to new investments in the sector.

Mapeamento de semeaduras de soja (Glycine max (L.)Merr.) mediante dados MODIS/Terra E TM/Landsat 5: um comparativo

The objective of this work was to compare the soybean crop mapping in the western of Parana State by MODIS/Terra and TM/Landsat 5 images. Firstly, it was generated a soybean crop mask using six TM images covering the crop season, which was used as a reference. The images were submitted to Parallelepiped and Maximum Likelihood digital classification algorithms, followed by visual inspection. Four MODIS images, covering the vegetative peak, were classified using the Parallelepiped method. The quality assessment of MODIS and TM classification was carried out through an Error Matrix, considering 100 sample points between soybean or not soybean, randomly allocated in each of the eight municipalities within the study area. The results showed that both the Overall Classification (OC) and the Kappa Index (KI) have produced values ranging from 0.55 to 0.80, considered good to very good performances, either in TM or MODIS images. When OC and KI, from both sensors were compared, it wasn't found no statistical difference between them. The soybean mapping, using MODIS, has produced 70% of reliance in terms of users. The main conclusion is that the mapping of soybean by MODIS is feasible, with the advantage to have better temporal resolution than Landsat, and to be available on the internet, free of charge.

Características espectrais da soja ao longo do ciclo vegetativo com imagens landsat 5/TM em área agrícola no oeste do Paraná

The objective of this study was to analyze changes in the spectral behavior of the soybean crop through spectral profiles of the vegetation indexes NDVI and GVI, expressed by different physical values such as apparent bi-directional reflectance factor (BRF), surface BRF, and normalized BRF derived from images of the Landsat 5/TM. A soybean area located in Cascavel, Paraná, was monitored by using five images of Landsat 5/TM during the 2004/2005 harvesting season. The images were submitted to radiometric transformation, atmospheric correction and normalization, determining physical values of apparent BRF, surface BRF and normalized BRF. NDVI and GVI images were generated in order to distinguish the soybean biomass spectral response. The treatments showed different results for apparent, surface and normalized BRF. Through the profiles of average NDVI and GVI, it was possible to monitor the entire soybean cycle, characterizing its development. It was also observed that the data from normalized BRF negatively affected the spectral curve of soybean crop, mainly, during the phase of vegetative growth, in the 12-9-2004 image.

Modelos de regressão lineares para estimativa de produtividade da soja no oeste do Paraná, utilizando dados espectrais

The main objective of this work was to evaluate the linear regression between spectral response and soybean yield in regional scale. In this study were monitored 36 municipalities from the west region of the states of Parana using five images of Landsat 5/TM during 2004/05 season. The spectral response was converted in physical values, apparent and surface reflectances, by radiometric transformation and atmospheric corrections and both used to calculate NDVI and GVI vegetation indices. Those ones were compared by multiple and simple regression with government official yield values (IBGE). Diagnostic processing method to identify influents values or collinearity was applied to the data too. The results showed that the mean surface reflectance value from all images was more correlated with yield than individual dates. Further, the multiple regressions using all dates and both vegetation indices gave better results than simple regression.

Produção de serapilheira e decomposição do material foliar em um cerradão na Estação Ecológica de Jataí, município de Luiz Antônio, SP, Brasil

We estimate litter production and leaf decomposition rate in a cerradão area, physiognomy little studied and very threatened in São Paulo State. During the period of study, litter production was 5646.9 kg.ha-1.year-1, which the 'leaf' fraction corresponded to 4081.2 kg.ha¹.year¹; the 'branch' fraction, to 1066.1 kg.ha-1.year-1; the 'reproductive structures' fraction, to 434.1 kg.ha-1.year-1; and the 'miscellaneous' fraction to 65.5 kg.ha-1.year-1. Litter production was highly seasonal and negatively correlated with relative humidity and air temperature. Leaf production was negatively correlated with relative humidity, rainfall, and air temperature. There was no significant difference between litter production found in this study and those in two other sites with cerradão and semideciduous forest, but these physiognomies differed significantly from the cerrado sensu stricto. Leaf decomposition rate (K) was 0.56. Half-life of the decomposing material was 1.8 years and turnover time was 2.3 years.

Taxonomic value of foliar characters in Dahlstedtia Malme: Leguminosae, Papilionoideae, Millettieae

Dahlstedtia Malme (Leguminosae) is a neotropical genus, native to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, and comprises two species, D. pinnata (Benth.) Malme and D. pentaphylla (Taub.) Burk., although it has been considered a monotypic genus by some authors. Leaf anatomy was compared to verify the presence of anatomical characters to help delimit species. Foliar primordium, leaflet, petiolule, petiole and pulvinus were collected from cultivated plants (Campinas, SP, Brazil) and from natural populations (Picinguaba, Ubatuba and Caraguatatuba, SP, Brazil - D. pinnata; Antonina, PR, Brazil - D. pentaphylla). Studies on leaflet surface assessment (Scanning Electron Microscopy), as well as histology and venation analyses were carried out of dehydrated, fresh and fixed material from two species. Leaflet material was macerated for stomatal counts. Histological sections, obtained by free-hand cut or microtome, were stained with Toluidine Blue, Safranin/Alcian Blue, Ferric Chloride, Acid Phloroglucin. Secretory cavities are present in the lamina, petiolule, petiole, pulvinus and leaf primordium in D. pentaphylla, but not in D. pinnata, and can be considered an important character for species diagnosis. Other leaf characters were uninformative in delimiting Dahlstedtia species. There is cambial activity in the petiolule, petiole and pulvinus. This study, associated with other available data, supports the recognition of two species in Dahlstedtia.

Ambientes de cultivo, recipientes e substratos na produção de biomassa foliar e radicular em mudas de maracujazeiro amarelo em Aquidauana - MS

The objective of the work was to evaluate the effects of environment, recipients, and substrate compositions in passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims f. flavicarpa Deg.) seedlings biomass production in Pantanal region from September to November of 2006. Experimental trials were conducted in four protected environments, in two types of containers and three different substrate compositions. The environments were: A1 (greenhouse covered with low-density, 150-microns-thick polyethylene film), A2 (monofilament black screened with mesh for 50% of shade), A3 (aluminized screened with mesh for 50% of shade) and A4 (environment covered with straw of native coconut palm); the recipients were: polyethylene bags (R1) (15 x 25 cm) and polystyrene trays (R2) (with 72 cells). There substrates were: S1 (soil + organic compost + vermiculite, 1:1: 1 v/v), S2 (soil + organic compost + sawdust, 1:1: 1 v/v) and S3 (soil + organic compost + vermiculite + sawdust, 1:1: 1/2: 1/2 v/v). The experimental design was completely randomized statistical analysis in split-split-plot, with fifteen replications. The treatments in the plot were environments, in the subplots were pots, and subsubplots were substrates (4 x 2 x 3 = 24 treatments). Fresh and dry mass of aerial and root system parts were evaluated. Environments with screen showed better results for seedlings of yellow passion fruit biomass in polyethylene bags. Polyethylene bags promoted higher biomasses. The substrate with vermiculite showed better results for both types of containers. The substrate with a higher percentage of sawdust showed the worst result.

Analise cinematica da movimentação dos membros superiores e inferiores, tronco e cabeça durante a marcha de hemipareticos

Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física

Analise da descontinuidade do patrocinio esportivo em clubes de futebol no Brasil

Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física