Palha de sorgo associada ao herbicida imazamox no controle de plantas daninhas na cultura da soja em sucessão

Os resíduos vegetais de uma cultura de cobertura de outono/inverno podem interferir na infestação das plantas daninhas das culturas de verão subseqüentes. Dessa forma, com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da palha de híbridos de sorgo (Sorghum bicolor), associada ao uso do herbicida imazamox, no controle de plantas daninhas na cultura da soja (Glycine max), cv. 'Conquista', em sucessão, foi conduzido no ano agrícola 2000/2001 um experimento em Uberlândia-MG. Foram utilizados quatro tipos de cobertura: três provenientes de resíduos culturais de híbridos de sorgo (Sara, DKB 860 e Ambar) e uma sem restos vegetais (anteriormente sob pousio). Aos 24 dias após aplicação do herbicida, o controle das espécies Leonotis nepetifolia, Alternanthera tenella, Amaranthus hibridus, A. retroflexus, A. spinosus, Ipomoea grandifolia, Commelina benghalensis e Nicandra physaloides foi mais eficaz nas palhas dos híbridos Sara e Ambar, na ausência de imazamox, com porcentagens de controle de 40 e 41%, respectivamente. Quando associada a 15 g ha-1 de imazamox, a palha do Ambar resultou em melhor controle dessas espécies de plantas daninhas, com controle de 76%; e a 30 g ha-1 a palha do DKB 860 foi a mais eficaz, promovendo 85% de controle. Sem cobertura do solo, com 30 g ha-1 de imazamox obteve-se controle de 62,5%, e 47,5% com metade da dosagem. Os resultados indicaram variabilidade de controle em relação ao híbrido de sorgo estudado e a possibilidade de redução de dosagens do herbicida imazamox quando associado aos resíduos vegetais de sorgo.

Controle de dez espécies daninhas em cana-de-açúcar com o herbicida mesotrione em mistura com ametryn e metribuzin

Existem muitas opções de herbicidas para aplicações em pré-emergência em cana-de-açúcar, mas o grande desafio atual para a cultura é o controle pós-emergente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficácia do herbicida mesotrione em mistura com ametryn e metribuzin no controle em pós-emergência de 10 espécies daninhas semeadas em cana-de-açúcar, variedade RB 86-7515. As espécies daninhas selecionadas para o experimento foram: Brachiaria decumbens, Brachiaria plantaginea, Cenchrus echinatus, Digitaria horizontalis, Panicum maximum, Amaranthus deflexus, Bidens pilosa, Euphorbia heterophylla, Ipomoea nil e Sida glaziovii, semeadas nas entrelinhas após a emergência da cultura. Os herbicidas foram aplicados aos 45 dias após o plantio da cana-de-açúcar, com as plantas daninhas monocotiledôneas na fase de terceiro perfilho e as dicotiledôneas com três a quatro pares de folhas, e constaram dos seguintes tratamentos: mesotrione (120 g ha-1); ametryn (2.000 g ha-1); metribuzin (1.920 g ha-1); mesotrione + ametryn (120 g + 2.000 g ha-1); mesotrione + metribuzin (120 g + 1920 g ha-1) e testemunhas no mato e no limpo. Concluiu-se que os herbicidas isolados ou em mistura foram seletivos à cana-de-açúcar. Com relação à eficácia, observou-se que o herbicida mesotrione foi eficiente no controle de A. deflexus; ametryn, no controle de A. deflexus, B. pilosa e I. nil; metribuzin, no controle de A. deflexus, B. pilosa e S. glaziovii; mesotrione + ametryn, no controle de B. decumbens, B. plantaginea, D. horizontalis, P. maximum, A. deflexus, B. pilosa, I. nil e S. glaziovii; e mesotrione + metribuzin, no controle de B. plantaginea, D. horizontalis, P. maximum, A. deflexus, B. pilosa e S. glaziovii. Foi constatado elevado efeito sinergístico do mesotrione com os herbicidas testados, sendo o efeito mais pronunciado na mistura com o ametryn.

Permanent Genetic Resources added to Molecular Ecology Resources Database 1 May 2009-31 July 2009

This article documents the addition of 512 microsatellite marker loci and nine pairs of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) sequencing primers to the Molecular Ecology Resources Database. Loci were developed for the following species: Alcippe morrisonia morrisonia, Bashania fangiana, Bashania fargesii, Chaetodon vagabundus, Colletes floralis, Coluber constrictor flaviventris, Coptotermes gestroi, Crotophaga major, Cyprinella lutrensis, Danaus plexippus, Fagus grandifolia, Falco tinnunculus, Fletcherimyia fletcheri, Hydrilla verticillata, Laterallus jamaicensis coturniculus, Leavenworthia alabamica, Marmosops incanus, Miichthys miiuy, Nasua nasua, Noturus exilis, Odontesthes bonariensis, Quadrula fragosa, Pinctada maxima, Pseudaletia separata, Pseudoperonospora cubensis, Podocarpus elatus, Portunus trituberculatus, Rhagoletis cerasi, Rhinella schneideri, Sarracenia alata, Skeletonema marinoi, Sminthurus viridis, Syngnathus abaster, Uroteuthis (Photololigo) chinensis, Verticillium dahliae, Wasmannia auropunctata, and Zygochlamys patagonica. These loci were cross-tested on the following species: Chaetodon baronessa, Falco columbarius, Falco eleonorae, Falco naumanni, Falco peregrinus, Falco subbuteo, Didelphis aurita, Gracilinanus microtarsus, Marmosops paulensis, Monodelphis Americana, Odontesthes hatcheri, Podocarpus grayi, Podocarpus lawrencei, Podocarpus smithii, Portunus pelagicus, Syngnathus acus, Syngnathus typhle,Uroteuthis (Photololigo) edulis, Uroteuthis (Photololigo) duvauceli and Verticillium albo-atrum. This article also documents the addition of nine sequencing primer pairs and sixteen allele specific primers or probes for Oncorhynchus mykiss and Oncorhynchus tshawytscha; these primers and assays were cross-tested in both species.

Effect of organic synthetic food colours on mitochondrial respiration

Eleven organic synthetic dyes, currently or formerly used as food colours in Brazil, were tested to determine their effect on mitochondrial respiration in mitochondria isolated from rat liver and kidney. The compounds tested were: Erythrosine, Ponceau 4R, Allura Red, Sunset yellow, Tartrazine, Amaranth, Brilliant Blue, Indigotine Blue, Fast Red E, Orange GGN and Scarlet GN. All food colours tested inhibited mitochondrial respiration (State III respiration, uncoupled) supported either by α-ketoglutarate or succinate. this inhibition varied largely, e.g. from 100% to 16% for Erythrosine and Tartrazine respectively, at a concentration of 0.1 mg food colour per mitochondrial protein. Both rat liver and kidney mitochondria showed similar patterns of inhibition among the food colours tested. This effect was dose related and the concentration to give 50% inhibition was determined for some of the dyes. The xanthene dye Erythrosine, which showed the strongest effect, was selected for further investigation on mitochondria in vivo.

Genetic variability of Brazilian strains of the Microcystis aeruginosa complex (Cyanobacteria/Cyanophyceae) using the phycocyanin intergenic spacer and flanking regions (cpcBA)

The genetic and morphological variability among 15 Brazilian strains of Microcystis aeruginosa (Kütz.) Kütz. collected from four locations was examined and compared with several reference strains of M. aeruginosa, M. viridis (A. Br.) Lemm. and M. wesenbergii (Kom.) Kom. in Kondr. Brazilian strains were classified by morphological features and by comparison of the nucleotide sequences of the cpcBA intergenic spacer and flanking regions. Our results indicate that Brazilian strains classified as M. aeruginosa are phylogenetically diverse compared with reference strains of M. aeruginosa and that the current taxonomy underestimates genetic diversity within M. aeruginosa. The data also demonstrate that morphological criteria alone are inadequate to characterize Microcystis species. Although colonial characters were shown to vary considerably in culture, some genetic lineages demonstrated consistent cellular diameter ranges, indicating that cell size has value as a taxonomic character. The detection of six M. aeruginosa genotypes in a single water body indicates that morphological approaches can also seriously underestimate the diversity of Microcystis bloom populations.

Sexual dimorphism in Ramphastos toco and Ramphastos dicolorus (Piciformes, Aves)

Phenotypic sexual dimorphism seems to be rare in the Ramphastidae family, except in Pteroglossus viridis and in the genus Selenidera. Many breeders of wild birds believe that specimens of Ramphastos toco can be sexed using bill characteristics. In this study, various discriminant phenotypic variables were analyzed in birds which were sexed cytogenetically. Fifty-one specimens of R. toco and 20 R. dicolorus were studied. The statistically significant parameters which served to distinguish the sex in these species were the length of the culmen and tomium, length of the lower corneous beak and the cloaca. Using these parameters, capitive bird breeders can determine sex of R. toco specimens by phenotypic analysis and form breeding couples more quickly.

Effects of hand weeding strip and nitrogen fertilizer on corn plants

The objective of the present research was to evaluate effects of different strip weed control associated with nitrogen fertilizer on corn applied after planting. The experiment was set and conducted in Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil, and the hybrid planted was Dekalb 333-B. A completely randomized block design with four replications was used. Experimental plots were disposed as a factorial scheme 2 x 2 x 4, constituted by two types of weeding on row (with or without manual hoeing), two types of weeding on inter-row (with or without manual hoeing), and four nitrogen levels applied after planting (00, 60, 90, and 120 kg ha-1). Plots were composed by six rows with 5 m length. Nitrogen fertilizer was applied at 35 days after emergence (d.a.e). For weed community it was evaluated: weed density, dominancy, frequency, and relative importance. The main weed species were: Brachiaria plantiginea, Amaranthus retroflexus, Bidens pilosa, Cyperus rotunds, Brachiaria decumbens, Euphorbia heterofila, Oxalis latifolia, Acanthospermum hispidum, Commelina benghalensis. It was evaluated corn height at 40 and 100 d.a.e., first ear insertion height at 100 d.a.e., and final grain yield at harvesting. Plants and first ear insertion height were affected when nitrogen fertilizer was not applied. Treatments without weed control showed that weed interfered negatively with plants height. There were no correlation between weeds and nitrogen fertilizer for all parameters evaluated. Parcels without weed showed the highest ear weights and final grain production. Treatments that received nitrogen fertilizer, independently of studied arrangement, provided higher yields.

Período total de prevenção a interferência das plantas daninhas na cultura da alface cultivar Solaris

This research work aimed to determine the total period of interference of weeds prevention of lettuce cultivar Solaris. The experiment was conducted in Universidade Estadual de Londrina, in the period of autumn/ winter of 2008. The lettuce crop remained free from weed interference from emergence up to 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 e 60 days. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with four replications. The weed community was composed by Bidens pilosa, Amaranthus hybridus, Oxalis corniculata, Euphorbia heterophylla, Spinacia oleracea, Commelina benghalensis e Lepidium virginicum. It was determined dry and fresh matter of weeds, and number of lettuce leaves. Assuming a tolerance of 5% for crop production decrease, it was verified that the total period of interference prevention (TPIP) occurred up to 21 days after transplanting. Weed interference throughout the crop cycle reduced 25% of its yield.

Cranial osteology of Picini (Aves: Piciformes: Picidae)

The Picini is composed of 26 species of woodpeckers from the old world that are grouped into seven genera. Given the absence of detailed studies on the cranial osteology of the Picini, the purpose of this study is to describe the cranial osteology of 14 species of Picini from six genera and to compare these species with each other, with other species of woodpeckers and with other bird groups. The results of the analysis of the bone structures of the skull of the Picini indicate that there are seven outstanding characteristic of bones involved in the functional mechanistics of the jaw apparatus. In the ossa cranii, these include the frontal overhang, the postorbital process, the extension of the parietal versus the frontal region and the temporal fossa. In the ossa faciei, these include the rostral expansion of the pterygoid, the ventral palatine fossa and the orbital process of the quadrate bone. For all of the structures associated with the cranial osteology of the investigated species, there is a clear distinction between the species of the genus Picus and the other species studied. Blythipicus rubiginosus, Chrysocolaptes lucidus, Reinwardtipicus validus, Gecinulus viridis and the species of the genus Dinopium exhibit additional particularities. © 2012 The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

Influéncia da adubação nitrogenada sobre a interferéncia de plantas daninhas em feijoeiro1

The competition between weeds and bean plants, especially because of nutrients in the environment, is extremely important to minimize potential losses of crop productivity. Thus, the aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of using nitrogen fertilization on the timing and extent of the period before interference (PAI), total period of interference (PTPI) and the critical period of interference control (PCPI) in bean cultivar 'Ruby'. The seeds were sown in the conventional system and the trial was conducted in two areas at the same time, in which the nitrogen fertilization was performed only in one of them. Each area received 14 treatments consisting of two groups: first, the crop was free of interference of weeds from emergence to 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 days; and the second: the crop remained free of interference from sowing to the same periods described above. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four replications. Raphanus raphanistrum showed greater relative importance in the two areas, mainly due to the accumulation of dry mass, followed by Amaranthus deflexus. There was no difference in diversity and evenness of weed populations in response to the fertilization. In the area without N PAI occurred 18 days after emergence (DAE), and up to 24 DAE PTPI, resulting in PCPI 18 to 24 DAE, this area had 58% of reduction in crop yield. In the area where with nitrogen fertilization, PAI occurred at 38 DAE and PTPI occurred at 19 DAE. In this area there was 56% of reduction in crop yield. The nitrogen fertilization increased crop productivity and favored competitiveness in relation to weeds.

Determinação dos períodos críticos de interferência das plantas daninhas sobre o milho (Zea mays L. cv C333) em função da redução de espaçamento da cultura

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Limitações bióticas afetando o recrutamento da palmeira Euterpe edulis em uma ilha continental da Mata Atlântica

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Caracterização morfológica e citogenética de sementes e plântulas de algumas espécies de plantas tóxicas

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Efeito da época e local de semeadura na interferência das plantas daninhas na cultura do amendoim

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

The early phyllosoma stages of spiny lobster Panulirus echinatus Smith, 1869 (Decapoda: Palinuridae) reared in the laboratory

Os estágios iniciais de lagosta tropical Panulirus echinatus eclodiram e foram cultivados em laboratório. Fêmeas ovígeras foram capturadas em seu habitat e cuidadosamente transportadas para o laboratório. As larvas foram cultivadas em tanques de recirculação de água e alimentadas com náuplios de Artemia e gônadas mexilhão Brachydonts sp. Microalga Dunaliella viridis foi adicionada em cada tanque de cultivo na concentração de 150 x 10⁴ cel.mL^–1. Os filosomas mudaram oito vezes e o período de intermuda de cada instar foi de cerca de 7 a 10 dias. As principais mudanças morfológicas de cada apêndice foram descritas, ilustradas e comparadas com trabalhos anteriores.