Active search for leprosy cases in Midwestern Brazil: a serological evaluation of asymptomatic household contacts before and after prophylaxis with bacillus Calmette-Guérin

Leprosy is a disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae that carries a high risk of disability, making early diagnosis mandatory. This study aimed to determine the applicability of anti-PGL-1 IgM antibody detection, using the ML FLOW technique, as an assistant tool for the detection of leprosy infection in asymptomatic household contacts (AHHC) of multibacillary leprosy index cases from Midwest Brazil. Serological changes induced by the prophylaxis of these household contacts with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) were also verified. A total of 91 AHHC were assessed, among which, 18.68% (n = 17) presented both positive bacilloscopy and positive anti-PGL-1 IgM serology. Positivity concordance between these two laboratorial exams (Kappa Index = 1; p < 0.001) was indicated, however, one case did not demonstrate concordance between the semiquantitative assessment of anti-PGL-1 IgM and the bacilloscopy index (Kappa Index = 0.96; p < 0.001). Among the 17 AHHC with positive bacilloscopy, eight were reassessed after prophylaxis with BCG and two of them presented negative anti-PGL-1 IgM serology, being these patients who had presented a bacilloscopy index of < 2[+] in the initial assessment. This study shows that anti-PGL-1 IgM detection may be used as a tool to determine the bacillary load in AHHC and to detect immune changes related to prophylaxis by nonspecific vaccination.

Desenvolvimento de membranas catalíticas poliméricas para a metanólise de ácidos gordos

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Química e Bioquímica

The social stock exchange: A quantitative exploration

A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Economics from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics

Infestacion domestica por triatoma infestans y prevalencia de seropositivos al Trypanosoma cruzi en un area rural del nordeste argentino

Se llevó a cabo un estúdio epidemiológicopara obtener unpanorama general de la transmisión doméstica del Trypanosoma cruzi en áreas rurales del Departamento San Miguel, Conientes, Argentina. Se investigaron 100 viviendas precarias, 50,0% de las mismas resultó infestado por Triatoma infestans y 1,0% por T. sórdida, citãndose por primera vez para la provinda de Comentes la colonización domiciliaria de esta especie. El 23,1% de T. infestans estaba infectado por T. cruzi. La seroprevalencia de 388 pacientes analizados por hemaglutinacíôn indirecta e inmunofluorescencia indirecta fue 23,4%, destacándose el alto índice (12,9%) constatado en menores de 10 anos. Losporcentajes de seropositividad aumentaron con la edad, alcanzándose 50,0% de infectados entre los 31-40 anos. La infestación doméstica por T. infestans, la prevalencia humana de seropositivos al T. cruzi y las condiciones deprecariedad en que se desenvuelve la vida de los pobladores revelan la vigência de la endemia chagãsica en el área estudiada.

Meningite neutrofílica persistente em paciente com Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida

A meningite neutrofílica persistente é raramente diagnosticada e é caracterizada pelo predomínio neutrofílico na contagem diferencial do número de leucócitos nas amostras de líquido cefalorraquidiano retiradas após sete dias de tratamento adequado. O paciente aqui descrito é soropositivo para o HIV, apresentou febre e confusão mental durante 4 meses e pleocitose neutrofílica na análise liquórica por mais 5 meses. Foi tratado desde o início com tuberculostáticos. Durante três meses as reações imunológicas, as culturas e as pesquisas diretas foram negativas. No sexagésimo dia de internação, a pesquisa de bacilo álcool-ácido resistente (BAAR) no líquor foi positiva e a cultura confirmou a presença de Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistente à isoniazida. Vários fatores podem provocar esta evolução incomum. O comprometimento da imunidade celular, principalmente na liberação de citocinas pró-inflamatórias como a IL 8 e o FNT. O uso concomitante de medicações que poderiam alterar a concentração liquórica dos tuberculostáticos e o aparecimento crescente de cepas multirresistentes foram discutidos.

Estudio transversal clínico y epidemiológico de la enfermedad de Chagas en una área rural del Nordeste Argentino

Esta investigación tiene por objeto analizar las características epidemiológicas, clínicas, electrocardiográficas y radiológicas de una población de seropositivos y seronegativos al Trypanosoma cruzi en una área rural del Departamento San Miguel, provincia de Corrientes, Argentina. Se seleccionaron 132 pobladores (58 hombres y 74 mujeres) de todos los grupos etareos para la realización de un examen clínico y cardiovascular. Se registraron síntomas y signos compatibles con afección cardíaca, tensión arterial, electrocardiograma de 12 derivaciones y radiografía anteroposterior de tórax. En la signo-sintomatología, anomalías electrocardiográficas y en las alteraciones radiográficas detectadas, no se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre seropositivos y seronegativos. Se concluye que si bien en la población objeto de estudio la infección chagásica no se asoció a mayor prevalencia de cardiopatía, cabe destacar que los pacientes chagásicos pertenecían a un grupo etareo muy joven con un 54,0% de ellos menores de 20 años y que el 45,0% de los pacientes mayores de 41 años tenían alteraciones electrocardiográficas.

Contribución al conocimiento de los reservorios del Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas,1909) en la Provincia de Corrientes, Argentina

Con el propósito de identificar a reservorios del Trypanosoma cruzi se investigaron 60 mamíferos en los Departamentos Capital y San Luis del Palmar. Se examinaron: primates, roedores, marsupiales, carnívoros y edentados; 40 vivían en cautiverio y 20 fueron capturados mediante trampas en una comunidad rural forestal. Los mamíferos fueron analizados por xenodiagnóstico, empleándose ninfas de 3o o 4o estadío de Triatoma infestans ayunadas durante 2 semanas. Las heces de los triatominos fueron observadas al microscopio (400x) a los 30, 60 y 90 días post-alimentación. En 2 Saimiri sciureus y en 1 Cebus apella se constató infección por tripanosomas cruziformes. Se concluye que la parasitemia detectada fue baja. La presencia de Didelphis albiventris, reservorio potencial del Trypanosoma cruzi , en una zona de transmisión activa del parásito representa un factor de riesgo, por lo que son necesarias futuras investigaciones epidemiológicas para determinar la real diagnosis de esta parasitosis en la provincia de Corrientes, Argentina.

Electoral opportunism and fiscal policy before and after the EMU

A Masters Thesis, presented as part of the requirements for the award of a Research Masters Degree in Economics from NOVA – School of Business and Economics

Serological and parasitological study and report of the first case of human babesiosis in Colombia

A study on the presence of Babesia in humans was performed in Puerto Berrío (Latitude 6.50deg. Longitude: -74.38deg. River: Magdalena. Area: 74.410km², Colombia-South America). Indirect immunofluorescence, thin and thick blood smears were used to study 194 individuals. Patients were grouped according to their risk-factors for Babesia infection: (group 1) individuals with fever, chills, sweating and other malaria-type symptoms; (group 2) symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals from local cattle ranches, which were enrolled in an active form, and (group 3) workers from the local slaughterhouse. Seven individuals were serologically positive for Babesia: Three individuals presented IgM antibodies against B. bovis, while one had IgG against this species; one individual had IgM against B. bigemina, another had IgG and a third both IgM and IgG against this species. Only one individual was parasitologically positive for Babesiaand serologically positive for Babesia bovis (IgM 1:64)

Comparative clinical and ultrasound study of egg-negative and egg-positive individuals from Schistosoma mansoni low morbidity endemic areas, and hospitalized patients with hepatosplenic disease

Two hundred and twenty three subjects from a Schistosoma mansoni low morbidity endemic area and nine hospitalized hepatosplenic patients were submitted to stool test and clinical examination and abdomen ultrasound assessments. According to stool examination and ultrasound results, they were grouped as follows: G1 - 63 Schistosoma mansoni egg-negative individuals; G2 - 141 egg-positive patients and without evidence of periportal fibrosis; G3 - 19 egg-positive patients with periportal echogenicity (3-6mm); and G4 - 9 hepatosplenic patients with periportal echogenicity (> 6mm). Hepatomegaly detected by physical examination of the abdomen evaluated in the midclavicular line was verified in G1, G2 and G3, respectively, in 11.1, 12.1 and 26.3%. In G1, G2 and G3, periportal thickening occurred only in schistosomal patients (8.5%). Mild pathological alterations in patients that cannot yet be detected by clinical examination were detectable in the liver by ultrasound and can be due to fibrosis. The degree of mild periportal fibrosis was diminished in 57.9% of patients 12 months after treatment of schistosomiasis with oxamniquine. At ultrasonography, the mean liver left lobe measurement of G3 was larger than that of G1, and that of G4 larger than that of G1 and G2. The mean size of the spleen of G4 was significantly larger than that of the other three groups, and that of G3 larger than that of G1 and G2.

Serum levels of interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gama in infants with and without dengue

This study compared the serum levels of IL-6, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma, in children under 1 year of age with and without dengue. Sera were collected from a total of 41 children living in the Department of Antioquia, Colombia (27 patients with dengue and 14 controls). The results showed higher cytokine levels in children with dengue than without dengue, with statistically significant differences for IL-6 and IFN-gamma. No statistically significant differences were found between clinical forms, although IL-6 and IFN-gamma levels were higher in dengue fever cases than in dengue hemorrhagic fever cases. On the other hand, TNF-alpha levels were higher in dengue hemorrhagic fever than in dengue fever. The levels of IL-6 and TNF-alpha were higher in secondary infection than in primary infection, although IFN-gamma levels were higher in primary infection. These results suggest that IL-6, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma are involved in dengue infection independently of the clinical form.

Uso do teste ML Flow em escolares diagnosticados com hanseníase no município de Paracatu, Minas Gerais

A detecção da hanseníase no município de Paracatu é elevada em menores de quinze anos, abrangendo cerca de 6,8/10.000 hab. em 2003 e é classificada como hiperendêmica. O estudo objetiva analisar a aplicação do teste sorológico do PGL-1 (ML Flow) em 56 de 68 pacientes escolares da rede pública, diagnosticados com hanseníase através da busca ativa de casos no município de Paracatu - MG (2004 a 2006), sendo 71%, paucibacilares. Cerca de 85,2% dos pacientes residiam na área urbana, 55,8% eram do sexo feminino e a doença predominava no grupo de 10 a 14 anos (IC95%:0,49-0,89%) e χ²=7,376, sendo que 15 (26,7%) com resultado do ML Flow positivo. Cinco pacientes tinham incapacidades do Grau 1, da forma clínica Dimorfa (40% ML Flow positivo). O percentual de casos de hanseníase entre os contatos intradomiciliares foi de 46,4%, sendo que 44,9% deles com resultado do teste do ML Flow positivo. O estudo sugere incorporar o teste ML Flow nos serviços de saúde, uma vez que o mesmo auxilia na classificação operacional da doença, controle de contatos intradomiciliares com resultado do teste positivo, visando à detecção precoce dos casos suspeitos de hanseníase.

Electrohysterogram signal component cataloging with spectral and time-frequency methods

The Electrohysterogram (EHG) is a new instrument for pregnancy monitoring. It measures the uterine muscle electrical signal, which is closely related with uterine contractions. The EHG is described as a viable alternative and a more precise instrument than the currently most widely used method for the description of uterine contractions: the external tocogram. The EHG has also been indicated as a promising tool in the assessment of preterm delivery risk. This work intends to contribute towards the EHG characterization through the inventory of its components which are: • Contractions; • Labor contractions; • Alvarez waves; • Fetal movements; • Long Duration Low Frequency Waves; The instruments used for cataloging were: Spectral Analysis, parametric and non-parametric, energy estimators, time-frequency methods and the tocogram annotated by expert physicians. The EHG and respective tocograms were obtained from the Icelandic 16-electrode Electrohysterogram Database. 288 components were classified. There is not a component database of this type available for consultation. The spectral analysis module and power estimation was added to Uterine Explorer, an EHG analysis software developed in FCT-UNL. The importance of this component database is related to the need to improve the understanding of the EHG which is a relatively complex signal, as well as contributing towards the detection of preterm birth. Preterm birth accounts for 10% of all births and is one of the most relevant obstetric conditions. Despite the technological and scientific advances in perinatal medicine, in developed countries, prematurity is the major cause of neonatal death. Although various risk factors such as previous preterm births, infection, uterine malformations, multiple gestation and short uterine cervix in second trimester, have been associated with this condition, its etiology remains unknown [1][2][3].

50 anos de pesquisas em limnologia na Amazônia

Constitui-se o presente trabalho da transcrição integral da palestra realizada pelo Dr. Harald Sioli (1910-2004) no Seminário da Amazônia, em 10 de agosto de 1990, quando numa última viagem ao Amazonas, ao completar 80 anos de idade, foi homenageado pelos colegas e a convite do INPA falou sobre "50 anos de pesquisas em limnologia na Amazônia" que, segundo suas próprias palavras, foram "os dias mais decisivos de minha vida". O texto pode ser dividido em duas partes: a primeira se refere à história pessoal - da chegada ao Brasil, de como descobriu a Amazônia e sobreviveu, no interior do Amazonas e Pará, à 2.ª Guerra Mundial, até se tornar pesquisador do INPA e firmar o Convênio INPA/Max Planck. A segunda parte fala da sua pesquisa em limnologia, fazendo contrapontos com pesquisa e pesquisadores brasileiros e estrangeiros, os do passado e os contemporâneos, assim como da convivência com os caboclos que, no seu entender, "vivem com a floresta e não contra a floresta". A transcrição da palestra, foi feita por Elci Silva, e Antonio Alvarez e preservada por Terezinha Soares, então lotados na Assessoria de Tecnologia e Extensão - ASTE que à época organizava o Seminário da Amazônia. A publicação foi autorizada pessoalmente pelo Dr. Sioli, ainda em 2000, através de correspondência em que ele afirmava "ficarei muito satisfeito se ainda puder ser um pouco útil na luta pela sobrevivência da Amazônia, daquela minha segunda pátria". Está, enfim, sendo publicada. E ainda que Haraldi Sioli já não esteja entre nós, representa uma homenagem da Acta Amazonica à memória daquele que dedicou tantos anos ao conhecimento e à preservação da Amazônia.

Analysis and selection of indicators for a sustainability assessment method for school buildings based on SBTool ‐ PT

Nowadays, the sustainability of buildings has an extreme importance. This concept goes towards the European aims of the Program Horizon 2020, which concerns about the reduction of the environmental impacts through such aspects as the energy efficiency and renewable technologies, among others. Sustainability is an extremely broad concept but, in this work, it is intended to include the concept of sustainability in buildings. Within the concept that aims the integration of environmental, social and economic levels towards the preservation of the planet and the integrity of the users, there are, currently, several types of tools of environmental certification that are applicable to the construction industry (LEED, BREEAM, DGNB, SBTool, among others). Within this context, it is highlighted the tool SBTool (Sustainable Building Tool) that is employed in several countries and can be subject to review in institutions of basic education, which are the base for the formation of the critical masses and for the development of a country. The main aim of this research is to select indicators that can be used in a methodology for sustainability assessment (SBTool) of school buildings in Portugal and in Brazil. In order to achieve it, it will also be analyzed other methodologies that already incorporate parameters directly related with the schools environment, such as BREEAM or LEED.