Acquired non-Chagas megacolon associated with the use of psychiatric medication: case report and differential diagnosis with Chagas megacolon

A case of acquired megacolon in a 62-year-old man with acute abdomen due to sigmoid volvulus is reported. The case was associated with the use of psychiatric medications. The aim in this report was to emphasize the differential diagnosis with Chagas megacolon. Anatomopathological examination did not show any evidence of denervation, ganglionitis and/or myositis, and the serological test for Chagas disease was negative.

Bioprocess design of canine adenovirus vectors for gene therapy applications

The potential of human adenovirus vectors as vehicles for gene transfer with clinical applications in vaccination, cancer treatment and in many monogenic and acquired diseases has been demonstrated in several studies and clinical trials. However, the clinical use of these vectors can be limited by pre-existing humoral and cellular anti-capsid immunity. One way to circumvent this bottleneck while keeping the advantages of using adenovirus vectors is using non-human viruses such as Canine Adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2). Moreover, CAV-2 vectors present attractive features to develop potential treatment of neurodegenerative and ocular disorders. While the interest in CAV-2 vectors increases, scalable and robust production processes are required to meet the need for preclinical and possibly clinical uses.(...)

Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carrying SCCmec type IV in southern Brazil

INTRODUCTION: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important pathogen commonly associated with nosocomial infections. However, it has also been associated with community-acquired skin and soft tissue infections (CA-MRSA). There are few data on the identification and prevalence of CA-MRSA infections in Brazil. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study of 104 patients with community-acquired skin infections attending two health care centers in Porto Alegre, southern Brazil. MRSA isolates were characterized by molecular methods, including detection of the mecA gene by PCR, gene SCCmec typing, Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) detection, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). RESULTS: From the 104 samples, 58 Staphylococcus aureus isolates were obtained, of which five (8.6%) had a CA-MRSA-resistant profile. All five isolates had the mecA gene and amplified to SCCmec type IV. Analysis of chromosomal DNA by PFGE revealed the presence of two clusters related to international clones (OSPC and USA 300), with a Dice similarity coefficient >80%. The study was complemented by MLST, which detected three different strains: ST30, ST8, and ST45, the latter not presenting any relation with the clones compared in PFGE. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of CA-MRSA reveals an important change in the epidemiology of this pathogen and adds new elements to the knowledge of the molecular biology of infections by MRSA with SCCmec type IV in southern Brazil.

Serologic assessment of yellow fever immunity in the rural population of a yellow fever-endemic area in Central Brazil

IntroductionThe yellow fever epidemic that occurred in 1972/73 in Central Brazil surprised the majority of the population unprotected. A clinical-epidemiological survey conducted at that time in the rural area of 19 municipalities found that the highest (13.8%) number of disease cases were present in the municipality of Luziânia, State of Goiás.MethodsThirty-eight years later, a new seroepidemiological survey was conducted with the aim of assessing the degree of immune protection of the rural population of Luziânia, following the continuous attempts of public health services to obtain vaccination coverage in the region. A total of 383 volunteers, aged between 5 and 89 years and with predominant rural labor activities (75.5%), were interviewed. The presence of antibodies against the yellow fever was also investigated in these individuals, by using plaque reduction neutralization test, and correlated to information regarding residency, occupation, epidemiological data and immunity against the yellow fever virus.ResultsWe found a high (97.6%) frequency of protective titers (>1:10) of neutralizing antibodies against the yellow fever virus; the frequency of titers of 1:640 or higher was 23.2%, indicating wide immune protection against the disease in the study population. The presence of protective immunity was correlated to increasing age.ConclusionsThis study reinforces the importance of surveys to address the immune state of a population at risk for yellow fever infection and to the surveillance of actions to control the disease in endemic areas.

Outbreak of laboratory-acquired Brucella abortus in Brazil: a case report

Human brucellosis is an occupational disease affecting workers in slaughterhouses, butcher shops and the milk and dairy product industry as well as individuals who work in clinical or research laboratories. We report the first outbreak of a Brucella abortus infection in a Brazilian laboratory and compare the data obtained with reports available in the literature. Exposure was a result of damage to a biological safety cabinet and failure of the unidirectional airflow ventilation system. An epidemiological investigation identified 3 seroconverted individuals, 1 of whom had clinical manifestations and laboratory results compatible with infection at the time of exposure (n=11; attack rate=9.1%).

An immunity based configuration for multilayer single featured biometric authentication algorithms

Immune systems have been used in the last years to inspire approaches for several computational problems. This paper focus on behavioural biometric authentication algorithms’ accuracy enhancement by using them more than once and with different thresholds in order to first simulate the protection provided by the skin and then look for known outside entities, like lymphocytes do. The paper describes the principles that support the application of this approach to Keystroke Dynamics, an authentication biometric technology that decides on the legitimacy of a user based on his typing pattern captured on he enters the username and/or the password and, as a proof of concept, the accuracy levels of one keystroke dynamics algorithm when applied to five legitimate users of a system both in the traditional and in the immune inspired approaches are calculated and the obtained results are compared.

Cardiac abnormalities in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. A prospective study with a clinical-pathological correlation in twenty-one adult patients

OBJECTIVE - To evaluate the cardiac abnormalities and their evolution during the course of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, as well as to correlate clinical and pathological data. METHODS - Twenty-one patients, admitted to the hospital with the diagnosis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, were prospectively studied and followed until their death. Age ranged from 19 to 42 years (17 males). ECG and echocardiogram were also obtained every six months. After death, macro- and microscopic examinations were also performed. RESULTS - The most frequent causes of referral to the hospital were: diarrhea or repeated pneumonias, tuberculosis, toxoplasmosis or Kaposi sarcoma. The most frequent findings were acute or chronic pericarditis (42%) and dilated cardiomyopathy (19%). Four patients died of cardiac problems: infective endocarditis, pericarditis with pericardial effusion, bacterial myocarditis and infection by Toxoplasma gondii. CONCLUSION - Severe cardiac abnormalities were the cause of death in some patients. In the majority of the patients, a good correlation existed between clinical and anatomical-pathological data. Cardiac evaluation was important to detect early manifestations and treat them accordingly, even in asymptomatic patients.

Regulación de la función de macrófagos por Cryptococcus neoformans y Cryptococcus gattii y su participación en la generación de la inmunidad adaptativa antifúngica. Regulation of macrophage function by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii and their role in the antifungal adaptative immunity.

La criptococosis es causada por la inhalación de levaduras encapsuladas de Cryptococcus neoformans o Cryptococcus gattii. Representa una de las tres infecciones graves por oportunistas en pacientes con SIDA y existe aproximadamente un 6 por ciento de incidencia de criptococosis clínica en pacientes con transplante de órganos sólidos. Estas dos especies difieren la fisiopatogenia durante la infección. El factor de virulencia principal de Cryptococcus sp. es la presencia del polisacárido capsular, glucuronoxilomanano (GXM), de alto peso molecular, que es continuamente secretado por las levaduras. Los macrófagos son células centrales en la respuesta innata al hongo, los cuales deben ser activados por linfocitos T helper 1 para un eficiente control de la infección. Sin embargo, estas células también son suceptibles al parasitismo intracelular, permitiendo la infección persistente y la diseminación a sitios extrapulmonares. Este proyecto propone investigar la capacidad de levaduras de C. neoformans, C. gattii y de los polisacáridos capsulares para modular la respuesta proinflamatoria de los macrófagos. Queremos estudiar si el tratamiento de macrófagos con levaduras o polisacárido puede inducir perfiles supresores de la respuesta protectiva T helper 1, tales como linfocitos T helper 2 o T reguladores, favoreciendo la sobrevida intracelular del hongo. Además, pensamos que C. neoformans o C. gattii podrían inducir un activación diferencial de macrófagos lo que condicionaría la respuesta adaptativa, lo que podría explicar las diferencias en la fisiopatogenia de estas dos especies. Procedimientos experimentales -Microorganismos y obtención de GXM: se trabajará con C. neoformans variedad grubii, cepa ATCC 62067 y C. gattii serotipo B, cepa NIH112B. Se obtendrán polisacáridos capsulares (GXM) de C. neoformans y C. gattii por precipitación con etanol y y acomplejamiento selectivo con CTAB. - Obtención de macrófagos murinos y cultivos celulares: se obtendrán macrófagos por lavados peritoneales y/o alveolares de ratones BALB/c. Los macrófagos se cultivarán por 24 h en ausencia o presencia de levaduras muertas o vivas (sin opsonizar u opsonizadas) de C. neoformans o C. gattii o en presencia de GXM purificado. -Objetivo 1. Estudio de la modulación de las propiedades proinflamatorias de Mac: en sobrenadantes de los cultivos se medirán las citoquinas por ELISA de captura y en lisados celulares, la expresión de las enzimas (iNOS, arginasa, IDO) por western blot. Se analizará por citometría de flujo la expresión de MCHII y moléculas CD80, CD86, CD40, CTLA-4. -Objetivo 2. Estudios in vitro de la capacidad de macrófagos tratados con levaduras o GXM para inducir linfocitos Th1, Th2 o Treg: los macrófagos preincubados con GXM o levaduras, se incubarán con linfocitos autólogos estimulados con anti-CD3. Se medirá la proliferación celular y el perfil de citoquinas por citomtría de flujo. Células T CD4+ CD25- serán purificadas de suspenciones esplénicas de ratones normales. Luego las células serán incubadas con macrófagos (sin tratar o tratados con levaduras o GXM) y estimulados con anti-CD3. Se analizará la proliferación celular con CFSE y expresión de CD4, CD25 y Foxp3 . - Objetivo 3. Estudios in vivo de la capacidad de levaduras o GXM para inducir linfocitos Th1, Th2 o Treg . Rol de los macrófagos in vivo: Los ratones serán inyectados con 100000 levaduras o con 200 µg de GXM puro vía endovenosa y luego de 7, 14, 30 y 40 días se evaluarán las poblaciones celulares de bazo, por citometría de flujo usando marcaciones simultáneas para CD4, CD8, CD25, Foxp3 y citoquinas intracelulares. Para investigar la participación in vivo de los macrófagos, se depletaran estas células inyectando los animales con PBS-liposomas o clodronato (DMDP)-liposomas por vía endovenosa o inhalatoria (200- 300 µl por ratón). Luego de 24 h, los animales se infectarán con levaduras o inocularán con GXM y se evaluarán los perfiles de células T esplénicos o de nódulos linfaticos.

Fisiología de la Transferencia Pasiva de Inmunidad en Equinos. Physiology of the Transfer of Passive Immunity in Equine.

El reconocimiento temprano de anormalidades en la transferencia pasiva de inmunidad en equinos es importante para un manejo satisfactorio de los potrillos. La placenta de la yegua, epiteliocorial, no permite el pasaje de inmunoglobulinas.(Igs). La ingesta de calostro es vital ya que provee las Igs necesarias para alcanzar una concentración sérica de IgG mayor a 800 mg por ciento. Se considerara falla parcial con niveles de IgG entre 400 y 800 mgpor ciento; y total con niveles menores a 400 mg por ciento. La absorción de las Igs es máxima hasta 8 hs después del nacimiento y disminuye hasta hacerse nula a las 24 hs posparto. Los objetivos son: a) estudiar la cinética de la transferencia pasiva de Igs determinando la concentración de IgG sérica en potrillos en el primer trimestre de vida. b) relacionar la concentración de IgG del suero y calostro de la yegua con la concentración sérica de IgG en el potrillo. c) Relacionar en calostro la concentración de inmunoglobulina G con la densidad específica y la determinación semicuantitativa de inmunoglobulina G. d) Relacionar en el suero del potrillo a las 18 - 24 hs posparto la concentración de inmunoglobulina G con la densidad específica y la determinación semicuantitativa de inmunoglobulina G. Material y método: Diseño de estudio: de cohorte, observacional, descriptivo. Animales: 70 yeguas y 70 potrillos de raza Puro Polo. Calostros: 70 muestras Toma de muestras: Yeguas: se tomará una muestra de sangre en el periparto y una muestra de calostro posparto, antes del calostrado del potrillo. Potrillos: se tomarán muestras de sangre seriadas: al nacimiento (precalostrado), 6 hs posparto, 12 hs, 18 hs y 24 hs posparto y a los 21, 60 y 90 días posparto. Determinación de IgG (Suero y calostro): a) Técnica de inmunodifusión radial simple, los resultados se expresará en mg por ciento, en muestras seriadas en intervalos de tiempo preestablecidos. b)Refractometría (con refractómetro Modelo RHC-200/ATC- Arcano). c) Test de gluteralehído, Inmuno -G test. Análisis estadístico: Comparaciones de medias con prueba t apareada o de diferencia de medias, Se considera p significativa < 0,05. Se realizará un análisis de componentes principales. Se correlacionará la concentración de Ig G de suero y calostro de la yegua con la concentración en suero de potrillo. Con los resultados de este trabajo se determinarán los valores de inmunoglobulina en las yeguas y potrillos y su comportamiento en el tiempo, y se validará la sensibilidad y especificidad de las técnicas diagnósticas utilizadas. Los resultados permitirán obtener conocimientos para un manejo racional, desde la perspectiva inmunológica, de los potrillos, al establecer mediante técnicas cuantitativas y semicuantitativas los niveles de Igs séricos alcanzados, favoreciendo un diagnóstico precoz de inmunodeficiencia por fracaso de la transferencia de anticuerpos que pondría en riesgo la vida del potrillo.

Acquired resistance of mice against S. mansoni and lung granulomatous reaction induced by BCG

Studies carried out in Sw outbred mice showed that there is no correlation between the degree of lung granulomatous reaction and the level of acquired resistance against S. mansoni infection induced by BCG.