Abundancia, riqueza y diversidad insectil asociada al cultivo de Marango (Moringa oleifera L.).

El marango (Moringa oleífera L.) Es un árbol de la familia Moringácea que crece en el trópico, es un cultivo de gran importancia en Centroamérica. En Nicaragua durante los últimos años a crecido el interés por este cultivo debido a su potencial nutritivo en la alimentación de ganado bovino, porcino y aves. Sin embargo se ha visto afectado por muchos problemas fitosanitarios, causando éstos una drástica reducción en los rendimientos de este rubro. Con el objetivo de generar información para el manejo de estos insectos, realizamos este estudio para identificar los principales insectos asociados al cultivo de marango, describir la fluctuación poblacional de estos insectos en las diferentes épocas del año, calcular la abundancia y su riqueza y el comportamiento de cada uno de ellos. Este trabajo se realizó en el período comprendido de Mayo a Diciembre del 2013 en Managua, en dos fincas experimentales Las Mercedes y CNIA-INTA. En ambas fincas se colocaron trampas para la captura de insectos, trampas de caída libre y trampas de recipientes de plástico de un galón con agua y melaza. El total de trampas por finca fueron 24, los muestreos se realizaron semanalmente y los insectos colectados en el campo fueron llevados al laboratorio para su respectiva identificación. De acuerdo a lo resultados obtenidos, las principales familias de insectos encontrados asociados al cultivo del marango fueron las familias Formicidae, Lonchaeidae, Elateridae, Tachinidae, Syrphidae, Apidae, Coccinellidae, Scarabaeidae, Vespidae, Histeridae, Tenebrionidae y Curculionidae. Se encontró que la mayor abundancia y riqueza de insectos asociados al cultivo de marango fue encontrada en la finca CNIA INTA, también se observó que la familia Formicidae y Lonchaeidae fueron las más abundante en ambas fincas. La mayor Incidencia y Severidad del daño de termitas se encontró en la finca Las Mercedes

Host species of bees from the tribe Meliponini Nest in semi - arid Chaco forest near Las Lomitas, Formosa (Argentina)

p.85-91

Host species of bees from the tribe Meliponini Nest in semi - arid Chaco forest near Las Lomitas, Formosa (Argentina)

p.85-91

Behaviour and life history of a large carpenter bee (Xylocopa virginica) in the northern extent of its range

Large carpenter bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Xylocopa) have traditionally been thought of as exhibiting solitary or occasionally communal colony social organization. However, studies have demonstrated more complex fonns of social behaviour in this genus. In this document, I examine elements ofbehaviour and life history in a North American species at the northern extreme of its range. Xylocopa virginica was found to be socially polymorphic with both solitary and meta-social or semi-social nests in the same population. In social nests, there is no apparent benefit from additional females which do not perfonn significant work or guarding. I found that the timing of life-history events varies between years, yet foraging effort only differed in the coldest and wettest year of2004 the study. Finally, I that male X virginica exhibit female defence polygyny, with resident and satellite males. Resident males maintain their territories through greater aggression relative to satellites.

Annual Variation in Bee Community Structure in the Context of Disturbance (Niagara Region, South-Western Ontario)

This study examined annual variation in phenology, abundance and diversity of a bee community during 2003, 2004, 2006, and 2008 in recovered landscapes at the southern end of St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada. Overall, 8139 individuals were collected from 26 genera and sub-genera and at least 57 species. These individuals belonged to the 5 families found in eastern North America (Andrenidae, Apidae, Colletidae, Halictidae and Megachilidae). The bee community was characterized by three distinct periods of flight activity over the four years studied (early spring, late spring/early summer, and late summer). The number of bees collected in spring was significantly higher than those collected in summer. In 2003 and 2006 abundance was higher, seasons started earlier and lasted longer than in 2004 and 2008, as a result of annual rainfall fluctuations. Differences in abundance for low and high disturbance sites decreased with years. Annual trends of generic richness resembled those detected for species. Likewise, similarity in genus and species composition decreased with time. Abundant and common taxa (13 genera and 18 species) were more persistent than rarer taxa being largely responsible for the annual fluctuations of the overall community. Numerous species were sporadic or newly introduced. The invasive species Anthidium oblongatum was first recorded in Niagara in 2006 and 2008. Previously detected seasonal variation patterns were confirmed. Furthermore, this study contributed to improve our knowledge of temporal dynamics of bee communities. Understanding temporal variation in bee communities is relevant to assessing impacts caused on their habitats by diverse disturbances.

Bee Communities in Restored Landfill Sites of Niagara Region

This study examined the impact of habitat restoration on bee communities (Hymenoptera: Apidae) of the Niagara Region, Ontario, Canada. Bee abundance and diversity was studied in three restored landfill sites: the Glenridge Quarry Naturalization Site (GQNS) in St. Catharines, Elm Street Naturalization Site in Port Colborne, and Station Road Naturalization Site in Wainfleet during 2011 and 2012. GQNS represented older sites restored from 2001-2003. Elm and Station sites represented newly restored landfills as of 2011. These sites were compared to control sites at Brock University where bee communities are well established and again to other landfills where no stable habitat was available before restoration. The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of restoration level on bee abundance and diversity in restored landfill sites of the Niagara Region. Based on the increased disturbance hypothesis (InDH) and the intermediate disturbance hypothesis (IDH), I hypothesized that bee abundance and diversity will follow two patterns. First pattern according to InDH suggest that as the disturbance decrease the bee abundance and diversity will increased. Second pattern according to the IDH bee abundance and diversity will be the highest at the intermediate level of disturbance. A total of 7 173 bees were collected using pan traps and flower collections, from May to October 2011 and 2012. Bees were classified to five families, 21 genera and sub-genera, containing at least 78 species. In 2011 bee abundance was not significantly different among restoration levels while in 2012 bee abundance was significant difference among restoration level. According to family there were no significant difference in Halictidae and Apidae abundance among restoration level while Colletidae and Megachilidae abundance were varied among restoration levels. The bee species richness was highest in the newly restored sites followed by restored control sites, and then the control site. The current study demonstrates that habitat restoration results in rapid increases in bee abundance and diversity for newly restored sites, and, further, that it takes only 2-3 years for bee assemblages in newly restored sites to arrive at the same levels of abundance and diversity as in nearby control sites where bee communities are well established.

Assessing continental-scale risks for generalist and specialist pollinating bee species under climate change

Increased risks of extinction to populations of animals and plants under changing climate have now been demonstrated for many taxa. This study assesses the extinction risks to species within an important genus of pollinating bees (Colletes: Apidae) by estimating the expected changes in the area and isolation of suitable habitat under predicted climatic condition for 2050. Suitable habitat was defined on the basis of the presence of known forage plants as well as climatic suitability. To investigate whether ecological specialisation was linked to extinction risk we compared three species which were generalist pollen foragers on several plant families with three species which specialised on pollen from a single plant species. Both specialist and generalist species showed an increased risk of extinction with shifting climate, and this was particularly high for the most specialised species (Colletes anchusae and C. wolfi). The forage generalist C. impunctatus, which is associated with Boreo-Alpine environments, is potentially threatened through significant reduction in available climatic niche space. Including the distribution of the principal or sole pollen forage plant, when modelling the distribution of monolectic or narrowly oligolectic species, did not improve the predictive accuracy of our models as the plant species were considerably more widespread than the specialised bees associated with them.

Descriptive Sensory Analysis and Acceptance of Stingless Bee Honey

Stingless bee honey samples were evaluated by sensory descriptive analysis using free choice profile methodology. Appearance, flavor, and aroma were described and the data were treated with Generalized Procrustes Analysis. Individual descriptive terms ranged from 8 to 20. Plotting the samples in a bidimensional plan indicated that appearance attributes (color and viscosity) and sweet, sour and acid flavor were strongly correlated with x axis (Dimension 1) while coconut, wood, acid, sour, and sweet flavor aroma attributes were correlated with y axis (Dimension 2). The affective test was also performed and with the exception of the Melipona scutellaris honey, all the other samples showed good acceptance. Honeys that were described as sweeter and less acid were preferred by nontrained assessors, indicating that the regular consumer recognizes honey produced by Apis mellifera bee as a standard.

Selective preying of the sphecid wasp Trachypus boharti on the meliponine bee Scaptotrigona postica: potential involvement of caste-specific cuticular hydrocarbons

The specialist digger wasp Trachypus boharti Rubio-Espina preys exclusively on males of the stingless bee Scaptotrigona postica Latreille 1807, although the hunting attacks involve both male and worker bees of S. postica and members of its own species. To understand the mechanism of prey selection, the cuticular hydrocarbon patterns of workers and males of S. postica are analyzed in detail, and the mandibular secretion of males is examined. The cuticular profiles of males and workers are distinctively different. The major group of cuticular compounds, heptacosene isomers, is twice as abundant in workers as in males. There is no clear distinction between worker and male mandibular secretions. Such a distinct and straightforward caste-specific difference in cuticular hydrocarbons could function as a recognition cue by which T. boharti distinguishes between workers and males of S. postica.

Behavioral suites mediate group-level foraging dynamics in communities of tropical stingless bees

Competition for floral resources is a key force shaping pollinator communities, particularly among social bees. The ability of social bees to recruit nestmates for group foraging is hypothesized to be a major factor in their ability to dominate rich resources such as mass-flowering trees. We tested the role of group foraging in attaining dominance by stingless bees, eusocial tropical pollinators that exhibit high diversity in foraging strategies. We provide the first experimental evidence that meliponine group foraging strategies, large colony sizes and aggressive behavior form a suite of traits that enable colonies to improve dominance of rich resources. Using a diverse assemblage of Brazilian stingless bee species and an array of artificial ""flowers"" that provided a sucrose reward, we compared species` dominance and visitation under unrestricted foraging conditions and with experimental removal of group-foraging species. Dominance does not vary with individual body size, but rather with foraging group size. Species that recruit larger numbers of nestmates (Scaptotrigona aff. depilis, Trigona hyalinata, Trigona spinipes) dominated both numerically (high local abundance) and behaviorally (controlling feeders). Removal of group-foraging species increased feeding opportunities for solitary foragers (Frieseomelitta varia, Melipona quadrifasciata and Nannotrigona testaceicornis). Trigona hyalinata always dominated under unrestricted conditions. When this species was removed, T. spinipes or S. aff. depilis controlled feeders and limited visitation by solitary-foraging species. Because bee foraging patterns determine plant pollination success, understanding the forces that shape these patterns is crucial to ensuring pollination of both crops and natural areas in the face of current pollinator declines.

Reproductive biology of six Brazilian Myrtaceae: is there a syndrome associated with buzz-pollination?

The floral phenology and reproductive biology of six sympatric arboreal Myrtaceae species were studied in the coastal plain forest (Ubatuba, Brazil, 44 degrees 48`W 23 degrees 22`S), from September 1999 to April 2002. Flowering started in the transition from the driest to the most humid season (Sep/Oct) and lasted until March. The sequence with which the species flowered each year was consistently the same. However, the timing of flowering onset, peak, end, and overlap differed from one year to another. Myrtaceae species were classified as xenogamic according to the pollen:ovule ratios, but two of them seem to present some degree of self-compatibility. Flowers of all species opened at sunrise and lasted for I day. Bombus morio (Apidae: Bombini) was the most common visitor followed by Melipona rufiventris (Apidae: Meliponini). Buzz pollination in Myrtaceae was common at the study area and seems to be related to bees` behaviour and to some aspects of flowers` morphology.

Comparative study in stingless bees (Meliponini) demonstrates that nest entrance size predicts traffic and defensivity

Stingless bees (Meliponini) construct their own species-specific nest entrance. The size of this entrance is under conflicting selective pressures. Smaller entrances are easier to defend; however, a larger entrance accommodates heavier forager traffic. Using a comparative approach with 26 species of stingless bees, we show that species with greater foraging traffic have significantly larger entrances. Such a strong correlation between relative entrance area and traffic across the different species strongly suggests a trade-off between traffic and security. Additionally, we report on a significant trend for higher forager traffic to be associated with more guards and for those guards to be more aggressive. Finally, we discuss the nest entrance of Partamona, known in Brazil as boca de sapo, or toad mouth, which has a wide outer entrance but a narrow inner entrance. This extraordinary design allows these bees to finesse the defensivity/traffic trade-off.

Ecologia da polinização de Passiflora suberosa Linnaeus (Passifloraceae)

Passiflora suberosa Linnaeus (Passifloraceae), uma espécie de maracujá nativa no Rio Grande do Sul, é estudada em relação à biologia reprodutiva e ao processo de polinização. As avaliações são realizadas em populações cultivadas de P. suberosa presentes em áreas urbanas no Munícipio de Porto Alegre, RS. Aspectos concernentes à biologia floral foram avaliadas em uma população do Campus do Vale(UFRGS). A observação e coleta dos visitantes florais foi realizada em um jardim residencial, no bairro Passo da Areia. Avalia-se o sistema reprodutivo de P. suberosa em condições de campo através de três tratamentos: xenogamia, autogamia espontânea e autogamia manual. Um grupo de flores é marcado e deixado em condições naturais(controle) para se observar a formação de frutos. O padrão de produção e o volume de néctor produzido foram observados em flores isoladas e amostradas a cada duas horas das 8 as 18 horas. O efeito provocado pela remoção intermitente de néctar foi avaliado nas mesmas flores. A quantidade diária de néctar produzida foi avaliada utilizando-se um novo conjunto de flores a cada amostragem Para verificar o padrão de disponibilização diária de pólen, amostrou-se flores isoladas a cada 30 minutos, das 7 às 14 horas. Similarmente, flores não isoladas foram avaliadas para determinar quanto tempo o pólen permanece disponível na presença dos visitantes florais.A receptividade do estigma foi testada in vivo, por meio de polinização manual em flores emasculadas, das 8 até às 18 horas. Os visitantes florais foram monitorados de dezembro de 2001 a novembro de 2002.Observações seguidas de coleta foram realizadas a cada quinze dias, no período entre as 8 e as 14 horas. Nessas ocasiões, as flores abertas foram contadas e registrava-se a posição das pétalas, anteras e estigmas. Os visitantes florais foram observados em relação a hora da visita, contato com anteras e/ou estigmas, partes do corpo que contava as estruturas reprodutivas, presença de pólen no corpo e taxa de visita Os grãos de pólen aderidos no dorso dos insetos foram montados em lâminas microscópicas e analisadas em laboratório. Os resotados indicam que P. suberosa é autocompatível, entretanto a autofecundação espontânea não parece ser freqüente devido a posição das anteras e estigmas na flor. O polén não é disponibilizado de forma gradual, devido ao fato das cinco anteras de uma mesma flor tornarem-se deiscentes em tempos diferentes, desde a abertura da flor até o final da manhã, período em que todo o pólen está disponível. O número de flores com estigmas receptivos na população variou durante o dia, sendo o período entre 10 e 15 horas aquele em que se observou o maior número de flores receptivas. As flores P. suberosa já abriram com algum néctar disponível e continuaram produzindo. As 10 horas observou-se o volume máximo de néctar produzido durante o dia. As folhas foram visitadas principalmente por Polybia ignobilis, Pachodynerus guadulpensis, Polistes versicolor, Polistes cavapytiformis (Vespidae), por Augochloropsis sp. e Augochlorella ephyra (halictidae) e por Apis mellifera(Apidae). Ainda que todos os visitantes florais amostrados possam polinizar as flores, Polybia ignobilis, dado os seus atributos morfológicos, padrão comportamental de forrageio e a grande quantidade de pólen amostrada sobre a região dorsal do tórax, foi aquela que efetivamente contribuiu para a polinização da população de P. suberosa estudada.

Visitantes florais de Erythrina speciosa Andr. (Leguminosae)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Identification of a novel melittin isoform from Africanized Apis mellifera venom

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)