Studies of aberrant phyllotaxy1 Mutants of Maize Indicate Complex Interactions between Auxin and Cytokinin Signaling in the Shoot Apical Meristem

One of the most fascinating aspects of plant morphology is the regular geometric arrangement of leaves and flowers, called phyllotaxy. The shoot apical meristem (SAM) determines these patterns, which vary depending on species and developmental stage. Auxin acts as an instructive signal in leaf initiation, and its transport has been implicated in phyllotaxy regulation in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Altered phyllotactic patterns are observed in a maize (Zea mays) mutant, aberrant phyllotaxy1 (abph1, also known as abphyl1), and ABPH1 encodes a cytokinin-inducible type A response regulator, suggesting that cytokinin signals are also involved in the mechanism by which phyllotactic patterns are established. Therefore, we investigated the interaction between auxin and cytokinin signaling in phyllotaxy. Treatment of maize shoots with a polar auxin transport inhibitor, 1-naphthylphthalamic acid, strongly reduced ABPH1 expression, suggesting that auxin or its polar transport is required for ABPH1 expression. Immunolocalization of the PINFORMED1 (PIN1) polar auxin transporter revealed that PIN1 expression marks leaf primordia in maize, similarly to Arabidopsis. Interestingly, maize PIN1 expression at the incipient leaf primordium was greatly reduced in abph1 mutants. Consistently, auxin levels were reduced in abph1, and the maize PIN1 homolog was induced not only by auxin but also by cytokinin treatments. Our results indicate distinct roles for ABPH1 as a negative regulator of SAM size and a positive regulator of PIN1 expression. These studies highlight a complex interaction between auxin and cytokinin signaling in the specification of phyllotactic patterns and suggest an alternative model for the generation of altered phyllotactic patterns in abph1 mutants. We propose that reduced auxin levels and PIN1 expression in abph1 mutant SAMs delay leaf initiation, contributing to the enlarged SAM and altered phyllotaxy of these mutants.

Language Dominance in Early and Late Bilinguals

The proposed presentation is a progress report from a project which is aimed at establishing some phonetic correlates of language dominance in various kinds of bilingual situations. The current object of study is Swedish students starting in classes which prepare for the International Baccalaureate (IB) programme. The IB classes in Sweden are taught in English, except for classes in Swedish and foreign languages. This means that after they enter the programme the students are exposed to and speak a good deal more English than previously.The assumption made by many students that they will, on the one hand not “damage” their Swedish, and on the other will dramatically improve their English simply by attending an English-medium school will be tested. The linguistic background of the students studied and their reasons for choosing the IB programme will be established. Their English and Swedish proficiency will be tested according to various parameters (native-like syntax, perceived foreign accent, the timing of vowels and consonants in VC sequences, vocabulary mobilisation) on arrival at the school, and again after one and three years at the school. The initial recordings are now underway.In a preliminary study involving just three young people who were bilingual in Swedish and English, the timing of the pronunciation of (C)VC syllables in Swedish and English was studied. The results of this investigation indicate that it may be possible to establish language dominance in bilingual speakers using timing data. It was found that the three subjects differed systematically in their pronunciation of the target words. One subject (15 years old), who was apparently native-like in both languages, had the V-C timing of both Swedish and English words of a native speaker of English. His brother (17 years old), who had a noticeable Swedish accent in English, pronounced both Swedish and English words in this respect like a native speaker of Swedish. The boys’ sister (9 years old) apparently had native-like timing in both languages.

Temporal indicators of language dominance in bilingual children

In the field of bilingualism it is of particular interest to stablish which, if any, of a speaker’s languages is dominant. Earlier research has shown that immigrants who acquire a new language tend to use elements of the timing patterns of the new language in their native language. It is shown here that measurements of timing in the two languages spoken by bilingual children can give information about the relative dominance of the languages for the individual speaker.

Modelling dominance in a flexible intercross analysis

The aim of this paper is to develop a flexible model for analysis of quantitative trait loci (QTL) in outbred line crosses, which includes both additive and dominance effects. Our flexible intercross analysis (FIA) model accounts for QTL that are not fixed within founder lines and is based on the variance component framework. Genome scans with FIA are performed using a score statistic, which does not require variance component estimation. RESULTS: Simulations of a pedigree with 800 F2 individuals showed that the power of FIA including both additive and dominance effects was almost 50% for a QTL with equal allele frequencies in both lines with complete dominance and a moderate effect, whereas the power of a traditional regression model was equal to the chosen significance value of 5%. The power of FIA without dominance effects included in the model was close to those obtained for FIA with dominance for all simulated cases except for QTL with overdominant effects. A genome-wide linkage analysis of experimental data from an F2 intercross between Red Jungle Fowl and White Leghorn was performed with both additive and dominance effects included in FIA. The score values for chicken body weight at 200 days of age were similar to those obtained in FIA analysis without dominance. CONCLUSION: We have extended FIA to include QTL dominance effects. The power of FIA was superior, or similar, to standard regression methods for QTL effects with dominance. The difference in power for FIA with or without dominance is expected to be small as long as the QTL effects are not overdominant. We suggest that FIA with only additive effects should be the standard model to be used, especially since it is more computationally efficient.

Recursos digitais no diagnóstico radiográfico de reabsorção radicular externa apical : estudo in vitro simulando movimentação ortodôntica

Para avaliar, in vitro, o desempenho diagnóstico de imagens radiografadas convencionais digitalizadas através da obtenção de medidas de cmprimento radicular, da comparação de pares de imagens e da subtração digital em dentes submetidos a reabsorções radiculares externas apicais e à movimentação ortodôntica simulada, 28 incisivos centrais superiores, em cujas coroas foi colado um bracket, tiveram seu comprometimento radicular medido através de paquímetro digital e foram radiografados associados e um simulador de tecidos ósseo e moles, como auxílio de posicionadores individualizados, pela técnica periapical da bissetriz. Os dentes foram novamente medidos e radiografados após desgastes apicais seqüênciais de aproximadamente 0,5 m (R1) e 1 nn(R2), variando sua inclinação no sentido vestibulo-palatno (0º, 5º, 10º e 15º). As radiografias foram digitalizadas e submetidas incialmente à análise quantitativa do comprimento dentário, através de régua eletrônica. Após, pares de imagens do mesmo dente (inicial x inclinação) foram exibidos, em monitor, a um observador, que as avaliou quanto à presença ou à ausência de imagem compatível com reabsorção apical, atribuindo-lhes escores de 1 a 5. As imagens resultantes da subtração dos mesmos pares de radiografias foram avaliados pelos mesmos critérios. As medidas lineares de comprimento radicular foram reprodutíveis (r = 0,93), diferindo significativamente entre as duas etapas de reabsorção (R1: 0,59 0,19 mm; R2:1,14 0,37 mm) porém não diferindo significativamente em função da inclinação do dente. A avaliação de pares de imagens apresentou correlaçao média (r = 0,46) quando repetida em 20% da amostra, não apresentando diferenças estatisticamente significativas nos escores atribuídos às imagens de acordo coma inclinação dos dentes (Teste não paramétrico de Friedman, R1:p = 0,704 e R2:p = 0,508). A avaliação por subtração digital de imagens apresentou correlação média (r = 0,485) quando repetida em 20% da amostra, não diferiu significativamente (Teste não paramétrico de Friedman), em ambas as etapas de reabsorção, apenas para as inclinações 0º e 5º. Tais resultados permitem concluir que os rescursos testados tiveram desempenhos diferentes de Reabsorções Radiculares Externas Apicais (RREA) simuladas, pois os valores médios das medidas de comprimento do dente, para cada nível de reabsorção, não variaram, significativamente em função da inclinação do mesmo, permitindo a identificação e quantificação da RREA, na comparação de pares de imagens exibidas lado a lado na telado computador, os escores atribuídos também não variam signficativamente para as diferentes inclinaçãoes, permitindo a identificação da RREA; e, na avaliação qulitativa de imagens de subtração, os escores atribuídos permitiram a identificação da RREA apenas quando os dentes foram inclinados em até 5º.

Avaliação, in vitro, da reprodutibilidade de uma metodologia de obtenção de radiografias periapicais para diagnóstico de reabsorção radicular externa apical, em dentes submetidos à movimentação ortodôntica simulada

Para avaliar, in virtro, uma metodologia que visa a reprodutividade de radiografias periapicais, obtidas com posicionadores individualizados através de registros oclusais, de incisivos centrais superiores, submetidos à movimentação ortodôntica simulada - através da obtenção de medidas lineares do comprimento dos dentes, da comparação visual de imagens observadas lado a, nomonitor; e da subtração radiogrráfica digital qualitativa ded imagens - foram utilizados 29 dentes incisivos centrais extraídos de humanos. Os dentes foram radiografados em um simulador de tecidos ósseo e moles, em diferentes inclinações no sentido vestíbulo-palatino (0º incial, 0º contrle, -10º, -5º, +5º e 10º). As radiografias foram digitalizadas e submetidas, inicialmente, à análise quantitativa do comprimento dentário, através de régua eletrônica. Posteriormente, pares de imagens domesmo dente (inicial X inclinação) foram exibidos a um observador, que as avaliou quanto apresença ou ausência de imagem compatível com reabsorção apical, atribuindo-lhes escores de 1 a 5. As imagens resultantes da subtração dos mesmos pares de radiografias foram avaliadas pelos mesmos critérios. As medidas lineares de copmprimento dentário foram reprodutíveis (r=0,99) tanto na repetição das avaliações quanto na comparação entre as imagens 0º incial e 0º controle, não diferindo significativamente (ANOVA, p+ 0,827) nas radiografias com diferentes angulações. A avaliação por subtração digital de imagens apresentou boa correlação (r=0,798) quando repetida em 20% da amostrra, não diferindo, signitivamente (Teste não paramétrico dee Friedmann, p = 0,379), em relação aos escores atribuídos às imagens provenientes de diferentes angulações. A avaliação de pares de imagens apresentou em média correlação (r=0,413) quando repetida em 20% da amostra, porém também não apresentou diferenças estatisticamente significativas (Teste não paramétrico de Friedman, p=0,700) nos escores atribuídos às imagens de acordo com a inclinação os dentes. Tais resultados permitem concluir que a metodologia proposta para a obtenção, in vitro, de radiografias periapicais de incisivos superiores, através do uso de um posicionador individualizado por registro oclusal, resultou em imagens reprodutíveis de comprimento dentário, mesmo quando a movimentação ortodôntica foi simulada através da inclinação do dente em até 20% nos sentido vestibulo-palatino, quando avaliadas através das medidas de comprimento dentário e da subtração digital.

Avaliação do selamento apical em canais radiculares obturados com cimentos à base de resina epóxica, na presença ou ausência da lama dentinária

A presente pesquisa avaliou a infiltração apical longitudinal nos canais radiculares preparados quimicamente com ou sem EDTA a 17% e obturados com dois tipos de cimentos obturadores à base de resina epóxica (AH Plus e Sealer 26); bem como avaliou a infiltração transversal em diferentes terços da raiz. Foram selecionados 80 caninos humanos permanentes, superiores e inferiores, em que foram realizados os preparos químicos-mecânicos; sendo as amostras divididas, aleatoriamente, em quatro grupos de 20 dentes. No grupo 1, os dentes foram irrigados com NaClO a 1% e obturados com cones de guta-percha e cimento Sealer 26; no grupo 2, os dentes foram irrigados com NaClO a 1% seguido de irrigação com EDTA a 17%; no grupo 3, os dentes foram irrigados com NaClO a 1% e obturados com cones de guta-percha e cimento AH Plus; no grupo 4, os dentes foram irrigados com NaClO a 1% seguido de irrigação com EDTA a 17% e obturados com cones de guta-percha e cimento AH Plus. As amostras foram fixadas em uma lâmina de cera, colocadas num recipiente raso contendo nanquim, durante 14 dias. Após, as amostras sofreram o processo de diafanização permitindo a visualização de forma tridimensional da estrutura dentária. Logo a seguir, foi utilizado microscópio estereoscópico para medir a infiltração longitudinal apical com auxílio de uma tela milimetrada. Com relação à infiltração transversal, após a diafanização e a medição da infiltração longitudinal apical, as amostras foram seccionadas com gilete, em três fatias, nos três terços (cervical, médio e apical). Cada fatia de dente foi colocada no microscópio estereoscópio e, em cima dessa fatia, colocada a tela milimetrada. Observaram-se, nos cortes transversais, a área total da amostra e a área infiltrada pelo corante e estabeleceu-se a porcentagem de infiltração em cada terço da raiz. Partiu-se para a análise dos resultados através dos testes estatísticos ANOVA e do teste Qui-Quadrado. Concluiu-se que não houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os cimentos e ou entre os grupos estudados quanto à infiltração longitudinal apical e transversal. Ambos os cimentos apresentaram um bom selamento longitudinal apical e transversal, e o EDTA não influenciou esses resultados.

Balance of payments dominance: its implications for macroeconomic policy

This paper defines “balance of payments dominance” as a macroeconomic regime in which the short-term macroeconomic dynamics is essentially determined by external shocks, positive or negative. It argues that this is the predominant regime in emerging and developing countries. Trade shocks play an important role but the major procyclical shocks are associated with boom-bust cycles in external financing. Policy challenges are associated not only with the management of such shocks but also with the need to enhance the space for countercyclical macroeconomic policies, as boom-bust cycles tend to pressure macroeconomic policies to behave in a procyclical way. Under these conditions, the best bet is to design policies to reduce external vulnerabilities through a mix of administered exchange rate policies, very active foreign exchange reserve management, reduced reliance on external borrowing, and macroprudential regulations, including those directly affecting capital flows. Countercyclical fiscal policy can also play a role but face strong economic and political economy challenges.

Balance of payments dominance : its implocations for macroeconomic policy

This paper defines “balance of payments dominance” as a macroeconomic regime in which the short-term macroeconomic dynamics is essentially determined by external shocks, positive or negative. It argues that this is the predominant regime in emerging and developing countries. Trade shocks play an important role but the major procyclical shocks are associated with boom-bust cycles in external financing. Policy challenges are associated not only with the management of such shocks but also with the need to enhance the space for countercyclical macroeconomic policies, as boom-bust cycles tend to pressure macroeconomic policies to behave in a procyclical way. Under these conditions, the best bet is to design policies to reduce external vulnerabilities through a mix of administered exchange rate flexibility, very active foreign exchange reserve management, reduced reliance on external borrowing, and macroprudential regulations, including those directly affecting capital flows. Countercyclical fiscal policy can also play a role but face strong economic and political economy challenges.

Contested dominance modifies the anovulatory consequences of social subordination in female marmosets

Dominance status among female marmosets is reflected in agonistic behavior and ovarian function. Socially dominant females receive submissive behavior from subordinates, while exhibiting normal ovulatory function. Subordinate females, however, receive agonistic behavior from dominants, while exhibiting reduced or absent ovulatory function. Such disparity in female fertility is not absolute, and groups with two breeding females have been described. The data reported here were obtained from 8 female-female pairs of captive female marmosets, each housed with a single unrelated male. Pairs were classified into two groups: “uncontested” dominance (UD) and “contested” dominance (CD), with 4 pairs each. Dominant females in UD pairs showed significantly higher frequencies (4.1) of agonism (piloerection, attack and chasing) than their subordinates (0.36), and agonistic behaviors were overall more frequently displayed by CD than by UD pairs. Subordinates in CD pairs exhibited more agonistic behavior (2.9) than subordinates in UD pairs (0.36), which displayed significantly more submissive (6.97) behaviors than their dominants (0.35). The data suggest that there is more than one kind of dominance relationship between female common marmosets. Assessment of progesterone levels showed that while subordinates in UD pairs appeared to be anovulatory, the degree of ovulatory disruption in subordinates of CD pairs was more varied and less complete. We suggest that such variation in female-female social dominance relationships and the associated variation in the degree and reliability of fertility suppression may explain variations of the reproductive condition of free-living groups of common marmosets

Bacteriologic investigation of the effects of sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine during the endodontic treatment of teeth with apical periodontitis

SIQUEIRA JR. et al. Bacteriologic investigation of the effects of sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine during the endodontic treatment of teeth with apical periodontitis. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod., v. 104, n. 1, p. 122-130, 2007.

Dominance of legume trees alters nutrient relations in mixed species forest restoration plantings within seven years

Failures in reforestation are often attributed to nutrient limitation for tree growth. We compared tree performance and nitrogen and phosphorus relations in adjacent mixed-species plantings of contrasting composition, established for forest restoration on Ultisol soil, originally covered by tropical semi-deciduous Atlantic Forest in Southeast Brazil. Nutrient relations of four tree species occurring in both planting mixtures were compared between a legume-dominated, species-poor direct seeding mixture of early-successional species ("legume mixture"), and a species-diverse, legume-poor mixture of all successional groups ("diverse mixture"). After 7 years, the legume mixture had 6-fold higher abundance of N(2)-fixing trees, 177% higher total tree basal area, 22% lower litter C/N, six-fold higher in situ soil resin-nitrate, and 40% lower in situ soil resin-P, compared to the diverse mixture. In the legume mixture, non-N(2)-fixing legume Schizolobium parahyba (Fabaceae-Caesalpinioideae) had significantly lower proportional N resorption, and both naturally regenerating non-legume trees had significantly higher leaf N concentrations, and higher proportional P resorption, than in the diverse mixture. This demonstrate forms of plastic adjustment in all three non-N(2)-fixing species to diverged nutrient relations between mixtures. By contrast, leaf nutrient relations in N(2)-fixing Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Fabaceae-Mimosoideae) did not respond to planting mixtures. Rapid N accumulation in the legume mixture caused excess soil nitrification over nitrate immobilization and tighter P recycling compared with the diverse mixture. The legume mixture succeeded in accelerating tree growth and canopy closure, but may imply periods of N losses and possibly P limitation. Incorporation of species with efficient nitrate uptake and P mobilization from resistant soil pools offers potential to optimize these tradeoffs.

Morphological Features of the Apical Region in the Principal Cells of Mongrel Dog Epididymis

The epithelial principal cells are the predominant cell type of the epididymis. These cells have been shown to be both secretory and endocytic cells. The apical region of the cytoplasm of principal cells in the mongrel dog are located close to the cell apex and tubular lumen, and shown microvilli at the luminal border and present a endocytic apparatus, that consists of coated pits and vesicles, endosomes of varying size, multivesicular bodies, and lysosomes. The endosomes, multivesicular bodies and lysosomes contained the electron-dense patches. These results suggest that principal cells of the epididymis in the dog as possess a highly developed endocytic apparatus play a role in endocytosis. These cells function are similarly to the related in other mammals, in performing endocytosis.

Poda apical, densidade de plantas e cobertura plástica do solo na produtividade do tomateiro em cultivo protegido

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Lack of influence of the Schneiderian membrane in forming new bone apical to implants simultaneously installed with sinus floor elevation: an experimental study in monkeys

Aim: To describe the early healing processes around the implants installed after elevation of the sinus mucosa applying the lateral access technique without the use of grafting material.Material and methods: Immediately after the elevation of the maxillary sinus Schneiderian membrane by the lateral approach in eight monkeys, implants were installed without the use of grafting material. The healing of the tissue around the implants was evaluated after 4, 10, 20 and 30 days. Ground sections were prepared and analyzed histologically.Results: After 4 days of healing, the formation of coagulum and provisional matrix was documented within the elevated area. At 10-day interval, sprouts of woven bone were in continuity with the parent bone, and partly in contact with the implant surface at the base of the augmented area. While bone-to-implant contact increased after 20 and 30 days, the area underneath the Schneiderian membrane appeared reduced in volume and condensed toward the apex of the implants. The sinus mucosa was to some extent collapsed onto the implant surface and on the newly formed bone.Conclusions: The void initially occupied by the coagulum after sinus membrane elevation shrank substantially during the observation period. A lack of influence of the Schneiderian membrane in bone formation apical to implants was documented in the early phase of healing.