999 resultados para 63, 22 p.
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Vegeu el resum a l'inici del document de l'arxiu adjunt
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How should scholarships be distributed among the (public) higher education students? We raise this situation as a redistribution problem. Following the approach developed in Fleurbaey (1994) and Bossert (1995), redistribution should be based on the notion of solidarity and it re-allocates resources taking into account only agents relevant characteristics. We also follow Luttens (2010a), who considers that compensation of relevant characteristics must be based on a lower bound on what every individual deserves. In doing so, we use the so-called fair bound (Moulin (2002)) to define an egalitarian redistribution mechanism and characterize it in terms of non-negativity, priority in lower bound and solidarity. Finally, we apply our approach to the scholarships redistribution problem. Keywords: Redistribution mechanism, Lower bounds, Scholarship, Solidarity. JEL classification: C71, D63, D71
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Recently, White (2007) analysed the international inequalities in Ecological Footprints per capita (EF hereafter) based on a two-factor decomposition of an index from the Atkinson family (Atkinson (1970)). Specifically, this paper evaluated the separate role of environment intensity (EF/GDP) and average income as explanatory factors for these global inequalities. However, in addition to other comments on their appeal, this decomposition suffers from the serious limitation of the omission of the role exerted by probable factorial correlation (York et al. (2005)). This paper proposes, by way of an alternative, a decomposition of a conceptually similar index like Theils (Theil, 1967) which, in effect, permits clear decomposition in terms of the role of both factors plus an inter-factor correlation, in line with Duro and Padilla (2006). This decomposition might, in turn, be extended to group inequality components (Shorrocks, 1980), an analysis that cannot be conducted in the case of the Atkinson indices. The proposed methodology is implemented empirically with the aim of analysing the international inequalities in EF per capita for the 1980-2007 period and, amongst other results, we find that, indeed, the interactive component explains, to a significant extent, the apparent pattern of stability observed in overall international inequalities. Key words: ecological footprint; international environmental distribution; inequality decomposition
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BACKGROUND Endocannabinoids and temperament traits have been linked to both physical activity and body mass index (BMI) however no study has explored how these factors interact in females. The aims of this cross-sectional study were to 1) examine differences among distinct BMI groups on daytime physical activity and time spent in moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), temperament traits and plasma endocannabinoid concentrations; and 2) explore the association and interaction between MVPA, temperament, endocannabinoids and BMI. METHODS Physical activity was measured with the wrist-worn accelerometer Actiwatch AW7, in a sample of 189 female participants (43 morbid obese, 30 obese, and 116 healthy-weight controls). The Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised questionnaire was used to assess personality traits. BMI was calculated by bioelectrical impedance analysis via the TANITA digital scale. Blood analyses were conducted to measure levels of endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-related compounds. Path-analysis was performed to examine the association between predictive variables and MVPA. RESULTS Obese groups showed lower MVPA and dysfunctional temperament traits compared to healthy-weight controls. Plasma concentrations of 2-arachidonoylglyceryl (2-AG) were greater in obese groups. Path-analysis identified a direct effect between greater MVPA and low BMI (b=-0.13, p=.039) and high MVPA levels were associated with elevated anandamide (AEA) levels (b=0.16, p=.049) and N-oleylethanolamide (OEA) levels (b=0.22, p=.004), as well as high Novelty seeking (b=0.18, p<.001) and low Harm avoidance (b=-0.16, p<.001). CONCLUSIONS Obese individuals showed a distinct temperament profile and circulating endocannabinoids compared to controls. Temperament and endocannabinoids may act as moderators of the low MVPA in obesity.
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El projecte COIM-BEST ha investigat com, per mitj de la formaci, es pot millorar la coordinaci entre mltiples agncies per fer front a les situacions crtiques que es produeixen en les grans emergncies. Entre les conclusions de lestudi COIM-BEST, que ja ha rebut bones valoracions per part de la comissi europea, es destaca la necessitat duna bona coordinaci entre els cossos i agents que participen en la gesti de les grans crisis, generar una confiana entre aquests actors, harmonitzar la formaci i una bona articulaci de les categories de comandament que es fan crrec de la direcci de la gesti de lemergncia. El projecte COIM-BEST s'emmarca en el Programa per a la prevenci, preparaci i gesti de les conseqncies del terrorisme i altres riscos relacionats amb la seguretat (CIPS) de la Direcci General de Justcia, Llibertat i Seguretat de la Comissi Europea i compta amb la collaboraci de lInstitut de Seguretat Pblica de Catalunya, la Fondazione per la Ricerca sulle Migrazione e Integrazione delle Tecnologie (FORMIT), el Global Law Enforcement Institute i la Universitat Politcnica de Catalunya
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A mesura que el suport del creixement econmic constitueix un objectiu fonamental de la formulaci de poltiques econmiques, cal assenyalar que aquest tipus de creixement est limitat naturalment per un planeta finit. Aquest article argumenta que, des del punt de vista de la justcia intergeneracional, la realitzaci d'un concepte de desmaterialitzaci i, com a efecte, d'una economia que no creix (en el sentit de dissociaci absoluta del creixement econmic i consum d'energia i materials) es pot justificar. Per tant, el creixement pot ser tamb entesa com la millora de la qualitat de vida sobretot en comptes d'ampliar quantitats escarpats de sortida. Per tant, una drstica reducci del cabal de material es necessita, sobretot en els pasos d'alts ingressos. Desprs de presentar alguns crtica de les propostes, en el focus d'aquest article es dibuixen en els arguments de per qu la poltica econmica en el futur han de ser etiquetats com "ecolgic" i, a continuaci, les opcions de posar en acci les idees del teric presentat marc en tasques manejables poltiques seran discutides. En aquest cas, s'argumentar que l'enfocament clssic de internalitzaci d'efectes externs sovint seguides de decisions de poltica econmica ortodoxa no s completament capa de reflectir canvis ecolgics en les estructures de preus dels mercats. Per tant, formal (industrial i l'establiment de la poltica de consum) i institucions informals (llars) representen punts clau de la poltica econmica sostenible, assenyalant l'individu com aix com la responsabilitat col lectiva per omplir aquest buit substancial.
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El document s el resultat d'una investigaci ms mplia sobre la construcci de l'Arc Mediterrani. El seu objectiu s posar en relleu el notable grau de desenvolupament de la cooperaci regional en la matria, a travs d'una anlisi detallada de les diferents figures institucionalitzades de cooperaci territorial existents (o haver existit) a la zona. L'anlisi s'ha dut a terme des d'un punt de vista temtic, basat en els objectius prioritaris d'aquestes institucions. En concret, les xifres estudiades es limiten a les institucions formals o les associacions de col laboraci de carcter especfic, com ara euroregions o les agrupacions europees d'inters econmic, ents com les figures de major institucionalitzaci dels espais transnacionals a nivell europeu. En canvi, hem deixat de banda altres figures, com Interreg (finanat pel FEDER), ja que no sn entitats correctament. Encara que de vegades els acords de cooperaci establerts per als projectes d'Interreg han donat lloc a algunes de les entitats estudiades aqu.
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Creat el 1990, el Fons Com Euskadi-Aquitnia ha demostrat la seva eficincia en matria de finanament de projectes ransfronterers. Entre els factors que expliquen aquests resultats cal destacar els vincles transfronterers locals previs sobre els quals s'erigeix el Fons. La voluntat comuna de crear un eix regional central a la costa atlntica i l'equilibri de les forces oltiques basques i aquitanes afavoreixen tamb la cooperaci. No obstant aix, el Fons s'enfronta actualment a un dilema important: d'una banda seguir impulsant els projectes locals que neixen espordicament, i per altra institucionalitzar a nivell regional aquestes col laboracions per a formar xarxes duradores.
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Gaireb 182 milions d'ciutadans de la Uni Europea (= 37,5% de la poblaci total) viuen en aproximadament 130 regions frontereres i transfrontereres. Aquestes regions contribueixen significativament al procs d'integraci europea. Aquesta importncia es documenta pel paquet dels Fons Estructurals 2007-2013, que ha estat presentat per la Comissi Europea i que va ser aprovat recentment pel Parlament Europeu. Considerant que la UE ha gastat uns 4875 milions per a la cooperaci transfronterera, transnacional i interregional en el marc de la iniciativa Interreg per al perode 2000-2006, la cooperaci territorial europea es convertir en un dels tres objectius dels fons estructurals i rebr 7750000000 (5,57 milions d'euros per a la cooperaci transfronterera noms) per al perode 2007-2013 (Comissi Europea, 2006a, 2006b). A part d'aix, un nou conjunt de normes per a l'establiment d'una "agrupaci europea de cooperaci territorial" (AECT) ha estat adoptat i que facilitar la cooperaci transboundray, transnacional i interregional a la UE. Aquest treball s'ocupar de les estructures de la institucionalitzaci, la presa de decisions i l'execuci i les poltiques de la "Gran Regi" / "Groregion" (d'ara endavant: GR o Gran Regi).
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Malgrat els esforos de la UE en la promoci de la democrcia i un comproms com per la democrcia i els drets humans al EMP, no hi ha signes de convergncia cap al model liberal democrtic propugnat per la UE. No obstant aix, l'abast i la intensitat de la cooperaci multilateral, transnacional i bilateral han augmentat constantment en tota la regi des de mitjans de 1990. La cooperaci en el camp de la promoci de la democrcia es caracteritza per la forta dinmica de normativa sectorial, i la diferenciaci geogrfica, per est clarament situada en un marc regional i altament estandarditzat. Si b la convergncia poltica o la poltica sembla poc probable en el curt o mitj termini, democrcia i drets humans estan fermament establerts en una agenda regional com
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On Friday May 16, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Cuba summoned the newly-appointed chargedaffairs of the European Commission in Havana and announced the withdrawal of the application procedure for membership in the Cotonou Agreement of the Africa, Caribbean, and Pacific (ACP) countries, and in fact renouncing to benefit from European development aid.1 In a blistering note published in the Granma official newspaper of the Cuban Communist Party, the government blamed the EU Commission for exerting undue pressure, its alleged alignment with the policies of the United States, and censure for the measures taken by Cuba during the previous weeks.2 In reality, Cuba avoided an embarrasin flat rejection for its application. This was the anti-climatic ending for a long process that can be traced back to the end of the Cold War, in a context where Cuba has been testing alternative grounds to substitute for the overwhelming protection of the Soviet Union
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Cmo se podra comprometer la Comunidad Internacional, en un mundo globalizado, para la resolucin de conflictos?. En el siglo XXI, pasa necesariamente por un cuestionamiento de los mtodos tradicionalmente empleados para la resolucin de conflictos y la seguridad (frente a nuevos escenarios nuevas estrategias). stas toman forma en las doctrinas de la prevencin, transformacin, resolucin de conflictos, gestin de crisis, y seguridad multidimensional/colectiva. Trasladndolo a Europa, la implantacin de polticas comunes en las zonas en conflicto, urge cada da ms. No existe una accin exterior colectiva ante el estallido de una crisis, porque al final siempre acaban prevaleciendo las decisiones de los Estados ms poderosos. Es este mismo proceso decisional, anclado en las posturas realistas, el que bloquea o retarda todo intento de reaccin comn. Mientras, la violencia se sucede y asistimos impotentes a escenarios blicos o escaladas, bajo la mirada atrapada de Occidente. La UE se enfrenta a un desafo cada vez ms presente, por conseguir una accin globalizadora en materia de derechos humanos, porque frente a la globalizacin econmica surge la necesidad de contrarestar sus efectos, globalizando tambin los derechos humanos. Cabra revisar las respuestas y capacidades europeas ante el estallido de una crisis.
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The present working paper aims at assessing the Common Strategy on the Mediterranean, taking into account its possible articulation as a coherent instrument of the European Foreign Policy. The study wants to answer some questions related to this instrument. The Common Strategy on the Mediterranean is an excellent case study and is a potential source of several questions about the external action of the European Union. Specifically, the present study has in mind two main questions to answer. Firstly, which are the main reasons behind the adoption of this instrument of the European Foreign Policy? In other words, which was/is the rationale for the existence of this Common Strategy? Secondly, which is the real impact of the Common Strategy? Which are its real achievements?
