998 resultados para 1995_01310720 TM-68 4302812


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A new stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) technique coupled with HPLC-UV method for quantification of diclofenac in pharmaceutical formulations has been developed and validated as a proof of concept study. Commercially available polydimethylsiloxane stir bars (Twister (TM)) were used for method development and SBSE extraction (pH, phase ratio, stirring speed, temperature, ionic strength and time) and liquid desorption (solvents, desorption method, stirring time etc) procedures were optimised. The method was validated as per ICH guidelines and was successfully applied for the estimation of diclofenac from three liquid formulations viz. Voltarol (R) Optha single dose eye drops, Voltarol (R) Ophtha multidose eye drops and Voltarol (R) ampoules. The developed method was found to be linear (r=0.9999) over 100-2000 ng/ml concentration range with acceptable accuracy and precision (tested over three QC concentrations). The SBSE extraction recovery of the diclofenac was found to be 70% and the LOD and LOQ of the validated method were found to be 16.06 and 48.68 ng/ml, respectively. Furthermore, a forced degradation study of a diclofenac formulation leading to the formation of structurally similar cyclic impurity (indolinone) was carried out. The developed extraction method showed comparable results to that of the reference method, i.e. method was capable of selectively extracting the indolinone and diclofenac from the liquid matrix. Data on inter and intra stir bar accuracy and precision further confirmed robustness of the method, supporting the multiple re-use of the stir bars. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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Pilkington Glass Activ(TM) represents a possible suitable successor to P25 TiO2, especially as a benchmark photocatalyst film for comparing other photocatalyst or PSH self-cleaning films. Activ(TM) is a glass product with a clear, colourless, effectively invisible, photocatalytic coating of titania that also exhibits PSH. Although not as active as a film of P25 TiO2, Activ(TM) vastly superior mechanical stability, very reproducible activity and widespread commercial availability makes it highly attractive as a reference photocatalytic film. The photocatalytic and photo-induced superhydrophilitic (PSH) properties of Activ(TM) are studied in some detail and the results reported. Thus, the kinetics of stearic acid destruction (a 104 electron process) are zero order over the stearic acid range 4-129 monolayers and exhibit formal quantum efficiencies (FQE) of 0.7 X 10(-5) and 10.2 x 10(-5) molecules per photon when irradiated with light of 365 +/- 20 and 254 nm, respectively; the latter appears also to be the quantum yield for Activ(TM) at 254 nm. The kinetics of stearic acid destruction exhibit Langmuir-Hinshelwood-like saturation type kinetics as a function of oxygen partial pressure, with no destruction occurring in the absence of oxygen and the rate of destruction appearing the same in air and oxygen atmospheres. Further kinetic work revealed a Langmuir adsorption type constant for oxygen of 0.45 +/- 0.16 kPa(-1) and an activation energy of 19 +/- 1 Kj mol(-1). A study of the PSH properties of Activ(TM) reveals a high water contact angle (67) before ultra-bandgap irradiation reduced to 0degrees after prolonged irradiation. The kinetics of PSH are similar to those reported by others for sol-gel films using a low level of UV light. The kinetics of contact angle recovery in the dark appear monophasic and different to the biphasic kinetics reported recently by others for sol-gel films [J. Phys. Chem. B 107 (2003) 1028]. Overall, Activ(TM) appears a very suitable reference material for semiconductor film photocatalysis. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V All rights reserved.

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Purpose. This study reports the effects of hexetidine (Oraldene(TM)) on two virulence attributes of Candida albicans, namely, in vitro and ex vivo adherence of yeast cells to buccal epithelial cells (BEG) and in vitro morphogenesis.

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The effect of polyhexamethylenebiguanide (PHMB) on adherence of Candida albicans blastospores to human buccal epithelial cells (BEG) was examined in vitro. Treatments of either blastospores or BEC with PHMB (50 and 1000 mu g ml(-1)) significantly reduced the number of adherent blastospores per BEC and increased the number of BEC devoid of blastospores.

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This paper describes the application of gene delivery vectors based on connecting together two well-defined low-generation poly(L-lysine) (PLL) dendrons using a disulfide-containing linker unit. We report that the transfection ability of these vectors in their own right is relatively low, because the low-generation number limits the endosomal buffering capacity. Importantly, however, we demonstrate that when applied in combination with Lipofectamine 2000 (TM), a vector from the cationic lipid family, these small cationic additives significantly enhance the levels of gene delivery (up to four-fold). Notably, the cationic additives have no effect on the levels of transfection observed with a cationic polymer, such as DEAE dextran. We therefore argue that the synergistic effects observed with Lipofectamine 2000 (TM) arise as a result of combining the delivery advantages of two different classes of vector within a single formulation, with our dendritic additives providing a degree of pH buffering within the endosome. As such, the data we present indicate that small dendritic structures, although previously largely overlooked for gene delivery owing to their inability to transfect in their own right, may actually be useful well-defined additives to well-established vector systems in order to enhance the gene delivery payload.

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Shape stabilised phase change materials (SSPCMs) based on a high density poly(ethylene)(hv-HDPE) with high (H-PW, Tm = 56–58 °C) and low (L-PW, Tm = 18–23 °C) melting point paraffin waxes were readily prepared using twin-screw extrusion. The thermo-physical properties of these materials were assessed using a combination of techniques and their suitability for latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) assessed. The melt processing temperature (160 °C) of the HDPE used was well below the onset of thermal decomposition of H-PW (220 °C), but above that for L-PW (130 °C), although the decomposition process extended over a range of 120 °C and the residence time of L-PW in the extruder was <30 s. The SSPCMs prepared had latent heats up to 89 J/g and the enthalpy values for H-PW in the respective blends decreased with increasing H-PW loading, as a consequence of co-crystallisation of H-PW and hv-HDPE. Static and dynamic mechanical analysis confirmed both waxes have a plasticisation effect on this HDPE. Irrespective of the mode of deformation (tension, flexural, compression) modulus and stress decreased with increased wax loading in the blend, but the H-PW blends were mechanically superior to those with L-PW.

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O consumo de substâncias psicoativas e os comportamentos aditivos no contexto escolar, constituem hoje um sério problema de saúde pública. A comunidade educativa é confrontada com enormes desafios no sentido do desenvolvimento de uma resposta única, integrada e pragmática para um fenómeno em constante evolução. A avaliação do perfil do uso de drogas numa dada população permite o desenvolvimento de programas mais realistas e ainda, quando a pesquisa é realizada sistematicamente, passa a representar um indicador fundamental para a avaliação dos resultados de intervenções eventualmente implementadas num dado período de tempo. Neste quadro, julgamos pertinente e oportuno a concretização deste estudo e o envolvimento de toda a comunidade escolar assim como parceiros estratégicos com atuação na área da saúde, educação, investigação e intervenção social. Objetivos: (1) Desenvolver avaliação diagnóstica, ao nível regional, sobre os hábitos, comportamentos de risco, consumo de álcool, tabaco e outras drogas nos adolescentes em idade escolar. (2) Criar uma estrutura observacional permanente dos comportamentos aditivos dos jovens. Método: Estudo com abordagem quantitativa do tipo descritiva, longitudinal, realizado a 1181 alunos do7º ano de escolaridade das escolas da região Alentejo. A recolha de dados foi realizada através da aplicação de questionário online. O questionário será aplicado anualmente, aos alunos do 7º e 9º ano, no sentido de possibilitar a monitorização dos comportamentos de saúde dos adolescentes relativamente aos consumos nocivos, o que permitirá que cada grupo seja sujeito ao mesmo questionário duas vezes ao longo do seu percurso escolar (no 7º e no 9º ano). Será solicitada a colaboração de todos os atores relevantes das escolas envolvidas no projeto. Resultados: A amostra é constituída por 537 rapazes e 644 raparigas. Da amostra 34,68% consumiram bebidas alcoólicas alguma vez na vida; 39,38% utilizaram o tabaco; 18,95% cheirou demoradamente substâncias como colas, vernizes e solventes por causa dos seus efeitos; 1,81% consumiu marijuana ou haxixe ou erva; 1,03% tranquilizantes ou sedativos e 0,94 % a cocaína. Dos que já fumaram tabaco 70,98% fizeram-no a primeira vez com os amigos. As bebidas mais consumidas foram a cerveja (23,93%), seguido das bebidas destiladas (13,63%) e do vinho (7,67%). 12,18% dos estudantes tomou cinco ou mais bebidas seguidas, nos últimos trinta dias. A maioria começou a consumir bebidas alcoólicas com os amigos (19,08%) ou com um familiar (18,99%). Considerando a idade dos jovens da amostra, os resultados mostram que o acesso às substâncias psicoativas ocorreu em idades bastante precoces. Conclusão: o consumo de novas substâncias psicoativas (lícitas e ilícitas), novos padrões de consumo e novas dependências, têm importantes implicações em termos de saúde pública, ocupando hoje, no quadro das prioridades de intervenção na área da promoção da saúde, um lugar de destaque. Projetos contínuos sujeitos a avaliações rigorosas são um dos caminhos para perceber se os jovens são capazes de enfrentar os riscos e os desafios que espreitam nos vários cenários por onde se movimentam. Neste quadro, o futuro das intervenções comunitárias na área da saúde dirigidas ao meio escolar deverão ter nas evidências científicas um pilar essencial.

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O consumo de substâncias psicoativas e os comportamentos aditivos no contexto escolar, constituem hoje um sério problema de saúde pública. A comunidade educativa é confrontada com enormes desafios no sentido do desenvolvimento de uma resposta única, integrada e pragmática para um fenómeno em constante evolução. A avaliação do perfil do uso de drogas numa dada população permite o desenvolvimento de programas mais realistas e ainda, quando a pesquisa é realizada sistematicamente, passa a representar um indicador fundamental para a avaliação dos resultados de intervenções eventualmente implementadas num dado período de tempo. Neste quadro, julgamos pertinente e oportuno a concretização deste estudo e o envolvimento de toda a comunidade escolar assim como parceiros estratégicos com atuação na área da saúde, educação, investigação e intervenção social. Objetivo: - Desenvolver avaliação diagnóstica, ao nível regional, sobre os hábitos, comportamentos de risco, consumo de álcool, tabaco e outras drogas nos adolescentes em idade escolar. - Criar uma estrutura observacional permanente dos comportamentos aditivos dos jovens. Método: Estudo com abordagem quantitativa do tipo descritiva, longitudinal, realizado a 1181 alunos do7º ano de escolaridade das escolas da região Alentejo. A recolha de dados foi realizada através da aplicação de questionário online. O questionário será aplicado anualmente, aos alunos do 7º e 9º ano, no sentido de possibilitar a monitorização dos comportamentos de saúde dos adolescentes relativamente aos consumos nocivos, o que permitirá que cada grupo seja sujeito ao mesmo questionário duas vezes ao longo do seu percurso escolar (no 7º e no 9º ano). Será solicitada a colaboração de todos os atores relevantes das escolas envolvidas no projecto. Resultados: A amostra é constituída por 537 rapazes e 644 raparigas. Da amostra 34,68% consumiram bebidas alcoólicas alguma vez na vida; 39,38% utilizaram o tabaco; 18,95% cheirou demoradamente substâncias como colas, vernizes e solventes por causa dos seus efeitos; 1,81% consumiu marijuana ou haxixe ou erva; 1,03% tranquilizantes ou sedativos e 0,94 % a cocaína. Dos que já fumaram tabaco 70,98% fizeram-no a primeira vez com os amigos. As bebidas mais consumidas foram a cerveja (23,93%), seguido das bebidas destiladas (13,63%) e do vinho (7,67%). 12,18% dos estudantes tomou cinco ou mais bebidas seguidas, nos últimos trinta dias. A maioria começou a consumir bebidas alcoólicas com os amigos (19,08%) ou com um familiar (18,99%). Considerando a idade dos jovens da amostra, os resultados mostram que o acesso às substâncias psicoativas ocorreu em idades bastante precoces. Conclusão: o consumo de novas substâncias psicoativas (lícitas e ilícitas), novos padrões de consumo e novas dependências, têm importantes implicações em termos de saúde pública, ocupando hoje, no quadro das prioridades de intervenção na área da promoção da 176 saúde, um lugar de destaque. Projetos contínuos sujeitos a avaliações rigorosas são um dos caminhos para perceber se os jovens são capazes de enfrentar os riscos e os desafios que espreitam nos vários cenários por onde se movimentam. Neste quadro, o futuro das intervenções comunitárias na área da saúde dirigidas ao meio escolar deverão ter nas evidências científicas um pilar essencial.

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This work is about the combination of functional ferroelectric oxides with Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes for microelectronic applications, as for example potential 3 Dimensional (3D) Non Volatile Ferroelectric Random Access Memories (NVFeRAM). Miniaturized electronics are ubiquitous now. The drive to downsize electronics has been spurred by needs of more performance into smaller packages at lower costs. But the trend of electronics miniaturization challenges board assembly materials, processes, and reliability. Semiconductor device and integrated circuit technology, coupled with its associated electronic packaging, forms the backbone of high-performance miniaturized electronic systems. However, as size decreases and functionalization increases in the modern electronics further size reduction is getting difficult; below a size limit the signal reliability and device performance deteriorate. Hence miniaturization of siliconbased electronics has limitations. On this background the Road Map for Semiconductor Industry (ITRS) suggests since 2011 alternative technologies, designated as More than Moore; being one of them based on carbon (carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene) [1]. CNTs with their unique performance and three dimensionality at the nano-scale have been regarded as promising elements for miniaturized electronics [2]. CNTs are tubular in geometry and possess a unique set of properties, including ballistic electron transportation and a huge current caring capacity, which make them of great interest for future microelectronics [2]. Indeed CNTs might have a key role in the miniaturization of Non Volatile Ferroelectric Random Access Memories (NVFeRAM). Moving from a traditional two dimensional (2D) design (as is the case of thin films) to a 3D structure (based on a tridimensional arrangement of unidimensional structures) will result in the high reliability and sensing of the signals due to the large contribution from the bottom electrode. One way to achieve this 3D design is by using CNTs. Ferroelectrics (FE) are spontaneously polarized and can have high dielectric constants and interesting pyroelectric, piezoelectric, and electrooptic properties, being a key application of FE electronic memories. However, combining CNTs with FE functional oxides is challenging. It starts with materials compatibility, since crystallization temperature of FE and oxidation temperature of CNTs may overlap. In this case low temperature processing of FE is fundamental. Within this context in this work a systematic study on the fabrication of CNTs - FE structures using low cost low temperature methods was carried out. The FE under study are comprised of lead zirconate titanate (Pb1-xZrxTiO3, PZT), barium titanate (BaTiO3, BT) and bismuth ferrite (BiFeO3, BFO). The various aspects related to the fabrication, such as effect on thermal stability of MWCNTs, FE phase formation in presence of MWCNTs and interfaces between the CNTs/FE are addressed in this work. The ferroelectric response locally measured by Piezoresponse Force Microscopy (PFM) clearly evidenced that even at low processing temperatures FE on CNTs retain its ferroelectric nature. The work started by verifying the thermal decomposition behavior under different conditions of the multiwall CNTs (MWCNTs) used in this work. It was verified that purified MWCNTs are stable up to 420 ºC in air, as no weight loss occurs under non isothermal conditions, but morphology changes were observed for isothermal conditions at 400 ºC by Raman spectroscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). In oxygen-rich atmosphere MWCNTs started to oxidized at 200 ºC. However in argon-rich one and under a high heating rate MWCNTs remain stable up to 1300 ºC with a minimum sublimation. The activation energy for the decomposition of MWCNTs in air was calculated to lie between 80 and 108 kJ/mol. These results are relevant for the fabrication of MWCNTs – FE structures. Indeed we demonstrate that PZT can be deposited by sol gel at low temperatures on MWCNTs. And particularly interesting we prove that MWCNTs decrease the temperature and time for formation of PZT by ~100 ºC commensurate with a decrease in activation energy from 68±15 kJ/mol to 27±2 kJ/mol. As a consequence, monophasic PZT was obtained at 575 ºC for MWCNTs - PZT whereas for pure PZT traces of pyrochlore were still present at 650 ºC, where PZT phase formed due to homogeneous nucleation. The piezoelectric nature of MWCNTs - PZT synthesised at 500 ºC for 1 h was proved by PFM. In the continuation of this work we developed a low cost methodology of coating MWCNTs using a hybrid sol-gel / hydrothermal method. In this case the FE used as a proof of concept was BT. BT is a well-known lead free perovskite used in many microelectronic applications. However, synthesis by solid state reaction is typically performed around 1100 to 1300 ºC what jeopardizes the combination with MWCNTs. We also illustrate the ineffectiveness of conventional hydrothermal synthesis in this process due the formation of carbonates, namely BaCO3. The grown MWCNTs - BT structures are ferroelectric and exhibit an electromechanical response (15 pm/V). These results have broad implications since this strategy can also be extended to other compounds of materials with high crystallization temperatures. In addition the coverage of MWCNTs with FE can be optimized, in this case with non covalent functionalization of the tubes, namely with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). MWCNTs were used as templates to grow, in this case single phase multiferroic BFO nanorods. This work shows that the use of nitric solvent results in severe damages of the MWCNTs layers that results in the early oxidation of the tubes during the annealing treatment. It was also observed that the use of nitric solvent results in the partial filling of MWCNTs with BFO due to the low surface tension (<119 mN/m) of the nitric solution. The opening of the caps and filling of the tubes occurs simultaneously during the refluxing step. Furthermore we verified that MWCNTs have a critical role in the fabrication of monophasic BFO; i.e. the oxidation of CNTs during the annealing process causes an oxygen deficient atmosphere that restrains the formation of Bi2O3 and monophasic BFO can be obtained. The morphology of the obtained BFO nano structures indicates that MWCNTs act as template to grow 1D structure of BFO. Magnetic measurements on these BFO nanostructures revealed a week ferromagnetic hysteresis loop with a coercive field of 956 Oe at 5 K. We also exploited the possible use of vertically-aligned multiwall carbon nanotubes (VA-MWCNTs) as bottom electrodes for microelectronics, for example for memory applications. As a proof of concept BiFeO3 (BFO) films were in-situ deposited on the surface of VA-MWCNTs by RF (Radio Frequency) magnetron sputtering. For in situ deposition temperature of 400 ºC and deposition time up to 2 h, BFO films cover the VA-MWCNTs and no damage occurs either in the film or MWCNTs. In spite of the macroscopic lossy polarization behaviour, the ferroelectric nature, domain structure and switching of these conformal BFO films was verified by PFM. A week ferromagnetic ordering loop was proved for BFO films on VA-MWCNTs having a coercive field of 700 Oe. Our systematic work is a significant step forward in the development of 3D memory cells; it clearly demonstrates that CNTs can be combined with FE oxides and can be used, for example, as the next 3D generation of FERAMs, not excluding however other different applications in microelectronics.

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Dissertação de Mestrado, Biologia Marinha, especialização em Pescas e Aquacultura, Faculdade de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente, Universidade do Algarve, 2009

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In aquaculture, application of fish hybrids has increased. This technique permits improvement of the fish production by providing specimens showing better growth rate when compared to the parental species. Indeed, sterile individuals are highly demanded because quite frequently parental fish mature before they reach the market size, which impairs their growth and decrease their economic value. Throughout the last years, the commercial and scientific interest in salmonids has increased rapidly, among them, the brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) are species that can be crossed to produce hybrids that might by cultured in the fish farms. In the present thesis, we have assessed chromosome numbers and evaluate gonadal sex in the brook trout X Arctic charr hybrid progenies. In our populations, the karyotype of the brook trout comprises 84 chromosomes: 16 bi-armed chromosomes (meta-submetacentric) and 68 one-armed chromosomes (telo-acrocentrics) and the chromosome arm number, NF= 100. Arctic charr karyotype shows variation related to the chromosome number (2n= 81-82) and stable chromosome arm number (NF= 100). 2n= 81 chromosomes consisted of 19 bi-armed and 62 one-armed chromosomes, while 2n= 82 karyotype was organized into 18 meta-submetacentric and 64 acrocentrics. The cytogenetic and histological analysis of the brook trout X Arctic charr hybrids (sparctics) was carried out to asses chromosome and chromosome arm number and gonadal sex of the studied specimens. Diploid chromosome number in the hybrids varied from 81 to 84 and individuals with 83 and 84 chromosomes were predominant. Most of the fish had chromosome arm number equal to 100. Robertsonian fusion in the Arctic charr and chromosome behaviour in the hybrid fish cells might lead to the observed variation in chromosome numbers in the hybrids. Among studied fish, 12 were males, 3 were females and 9 had intersex gonads. No correlation between chromosome number and disturbances in the gonadal development was found. This might suggest that intersex gonads might have been developed as a consequence of disturbances in the genetic sex determination process. Genetic sex determination acts properly in the parental species but in the hybrids this may not be as efficient.

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Dissertação de Mestrado, Gestão Empresarial, Faculdade de Economia, Universidade do Algarve, 2004

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Dissertação de mestrado, Psicologia da Educação, Faculdade de Ciências Humanas e Sociais, Universidade do Algarve, 2015