On Site Stripping Voltammetric Determination of Zn(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II) in Water Samples of the Cananeia-Iguape Estuarine-Lagoon Complex in Sao Paulo State, Brazil

Estuarine systems play an important role in the retention of toxic trace elements owing to the affinity of these elements with particles dissolved in water. This work presents the use of a voltammetric sensor to monitor heavy metal (Zn (II), Cd(II) and Pb (II)) concentrations in the Cananeia-Iguape Estuarine-Lagoon region (Sao Paulo State, Brazil). Lower concentrations were found in the Southern estuarine system (Cananeia City) and increased concentrations observed in the Northern sector (Iguape City) were promoted by anthropogenic activities, with particular influence from the historical introduction of mining wastes and inputs from agricultural, industrial and domestic effluents. The proposed method is reliable, inexpensive and fast, can simultaneously provide information on the concentration of these metallic ions and can be easily used for field measurements aboard oceanographic ships.

On site stripping voltammetric determination of Zn(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II) in water samples of the Cananéia-Iguape Estuarine-Lagoon complex in São Paulo state, Brazil

Estuarine systems play an important role in the retention of toxic trace elements owing to the affinity of these elements with particles dissolved in water. This work presents the use of a voltammetric sensor to monitor heavy metal (Zn (II), Cd(II) and Pb (II)) concentrations in the Cananéia-Iguape Estuarine-Lagoon region (São Paulo State, Brazil). Lower concentrations were found in the Southern estuarine system (Cananéia City) and increased concentrations observed in the Northern sector (Iguape City) were promoted by anthropogenic activities, with particular influence from the historical introduction of mining wastes and inputs from agricultural, industrial and domestic effluents. The proposed method is reliable, inexpensive and fast, can simultaneously provide information on the concentration of these metallic ions and can be easily used for field measurements aboard oceanographic ships.

Effect of pH-induced nanopowder deagglomeration on sintering, microstructure and dielectric properties of Ba0.77Ca0.23TiO3 ceramics

Ba0.77Ca0.23TiO3 ceramics were produced in this work starting from nanopowders synthesized via a polymeric precursor method. By adjusting the pH values of the precursor solutions above 7, it was possible to prepare powders weakly aggregated and with a smaller particle size, both facts which traduced into an enhanced nanopowders' sintering process at comparatively lower temperatures. Irrespective of the initial pH value, highly-dense and second phase-free ceramics were obtained following optimal sintering parameters (temperature and time) extracted from dilatometric and density measurements. By considering these and other sintering conditions, moreover, polycrystalline materials with an average grain size varying from 0.35 to 8 mm were produced, the grain growth process involving liquid phase-assisted sintering for heat treatments achieved at 1320 °C. The study of grain size effects on the ferroelectric properties of these materials was conducted, the results being discussed in the light of previous debates, including grain size-dependent degree of tetragonal distortion in such materials, as verified in this work.

Autonomia privata e abuso di posizione dominante

Oggetto della ricerca sono l’esame e la valutazione dei limiti posti all’autonomia privata dal divieto di abuso della posizione dominante, come sancito, in materia di tutela della concorrenza, dall’art. 3 della legge 10 ottobre 1990, n. 287, a sua volta modellato sull’art. 82 del Trattato CE. Preliminarmente, si è ritenuto opportuno svolgere la ricognizione degli interessi tutelati dal diritto della concorrenza, onde individuare la cerchia dei soggetti legittimati ad avvalersi dell’apparato di rimedi civilistici – invero scarno e necessitante di integrazione in via interpretativa – contemplato dall’art. 33 della legge n. 287/1990. È così emerso come l’odierno diritto della concorrenza, basato su un modello di workable competition, non possa ritenersi sorretto da ragioni corporative di tutela dei soli imprenditori concorrenti, investendo direttamente – e rivestendo di rilevanza giuridica – le situazioni soggettive di coloro che operano sul mercato, indipendentemente da qualificazioni formali. In tal senso, sono stati esaminati i caratteri fondamentali dell’istituto dell’abuso di posizione dominante, come delineatisi nella prassi applicativa non solo degli organi nazionali, ma anche di quelli comunitari. Ed invero, un aspetto importante che caratterizza la disciplina italiana dell’abuso di posizione dominante e della concorrenza in generale, distinguendola dalle normative di altri sistemi giuridici prossimi al nostro, è costituito dal vincolo di dipendenza dal diritto comunitario, sancito dall’art. 1, quarto comma, della legge n. 287/1990, idoneo a determinare peculiari riflessi anche sul piano dell’applicazione civilistica dell’istituto. La ricerca si è quindi spostata sulla figura generale del divieto di abuso del diritto, onde vagliarne i possibili rapporti con l’istituto in esame. A tal proposito, si è tentato di individuare, per quanto possibile, i tratti essenziali della figura dell’abuso del diritto relativamente all’esercizio dell’autonomia privata in ambito negoziale, con particolare riferimento all’evoluzione del pensiero della dottrina e ai più recenti orientamenti giurisprudenziali sul tema, che hanno valorizzato il ruolo della buona fede intesa in senso oggettivo. Particolarmente interessante è parsa la possibilità di estendere i confini della figura dell’abuso del diritto sì da ricomprendere anche l’esercizio di prerogative individuali diverse dai diritti soggettivi. Da tale estensione potrebbero infatti discendere interessanti ripercussioni per la tutela dei soggetti deboli nel contesto dei rapporti d’impresa, intendendosi per tali tanto i rapporti tra imprenditori in posizione paritaria o asimmetrica, quanto i rapporti tra imprenditori e consumatori. È stato inoltre preso in considerazione l’aspetto dei rimedi avverso le condotte abusive, alla luce dei moderni contributi sull’eccezione di dolo generale, sulla tutela risarcitoria e sull’invalidità negoziale, con i quali è opportuno confrontarsi qualora si intenda cercare di colmare – come sembra opportuno – i vuoti di disciplina della tutela civilistica avverso l’abuso di posizione dominante. Stante l’evidente contiguità con la figura in esame, si è poi provveduto ad esaminare, per quanto sinteticamente, il divieto di abuso di dipendenza economica, il quale si delinea come figura ibrida, a metà strada tra il diritto dei contratti e quello della concorrenza. Tale fattispecie, pur inserita in una legge volta a disciplinare il settore della subfornitura industriale (art. 9, legge 18 giugno 1998, n. 192), ha suscitato un vasto interessamento della dottrina. Si sono infatti levate diverse voci favorevoli a riconoscere la portata applicativa generale del divieto, quale principio di giustizia contrattuale valevole per tutti i rapporti tra imprenditori. Nel tentativo di verificare tale assunto, si è cercato di individuare la ratio sottesa all’art. 9 della legge n. 192/1998, anche in considerazione dei suoi rapporti con il divieto di abuso di posizione dominante. Su tale aspetto è d’altronde appositamente intervenuto il legislatore con la legge 5 marzo 2001, n. 57, riconoscendo la competenza dell’Autorità garante per la concorrenza ed il mercato a provvedere, anche d’ufficio, sugli abusi di dipendenza economica con rilevanza concorrenziale. Si possono così prospettare due fattispecie normative di abusi di dipendenza economica, quella con effetti circoscritti al singolo rapporto interimprenditoriale, la cui disciplina è rimessa al diritto civile, e quella con effetti negativi per il mercato, soggetta anche – ma non solo – alle regole del diritto antitrust; tracciare una netta linea di demarcazione tra i reciproci ambiti non appare comunque agevole. Sono stati inoltre dedicati brevi cenni ai rimedi avverso le condotte di abuso di dipendenza economica, i quali involgono problematiche non dissimili a quelle che si delineano per il divieto di abuso di posizione dominante. Poste tali basi, la ricerca è proseguita con la ricognizione dei rimedi civilistici esperibili contro gli abusi di posizione dominante. Anzitutto, è stato preso in considerazione il rimedio del risarcimento dei danni, partendo dall’individuazione della fonte della responsabilità dell’abutente e vagliando criticamente le diverse ipotesi proposte in dottrina, anche con riferimento alle recenti elaborazioni in tema di obblighi di protezione. È stata altresì vagliata l’ammissibilità di una visione unitaria degli illeciti in questione, quali fattispecie plurioffensive e indipendenti dalla qualifica formale del soggetto leso, sia esso imprenditore concorrente, distributore o intermediario – o meglio, in generale, imprenditore complementare – oppure consumatore. L’individuazione della disciplina applicabile alle azioni risarcitorie sembra comunque dipendere in ampia misura dalla risposta al quesito preliminare sulla natura – extracontrattuale, precontrattuale ovvero contrattuale – della responsabilità conseguente alla violazione del divieto. Pur non sembrando prospettabili soluzioni di carattere universale, sono apparsi meritevoli di approfondimento i seguenti profili: quanto all’individuazione dei soggetti legittimati, il problema della traslazione del danno, o passing-on; quanto al nesso causale, il criterio da utilizzare per il relativo accertamento, l’ammissibilità di prove presuntive e l’efficacia dei provvedimenti amministrativi sanzionatori; quanto all’elemento soggettivo, la possibilità di applicare analogicamente l’art. 2600 c.c. e gli aspetti collegati alla colpa per inosservanza di norme di condotta; quanto ai danni risarcibili, i criteri di accertamento e di prova del pregiudizio; infine, quanto al termine di prescrizione, la possibilità di qualificare il danno da illecito antitrust quale danno “lungolatente”, con le relative conseguenze sull’individuazione del dies a quo di decorrenza del termine prescrizionale. In secondo luogo, è stata esaminata la questione della sorte dei contratti posti in essere in violazione del divieto di abuso di posizione dominante. In particolare, ci si è interrogati sulla possibilità di configurare – in assenza di indicazioni normative – la nullità “virtuale” di detti contratti, anche a fronte della recente conferma giunta dalla Suprema Corte circa la distinzione tra regole di comportamento e regole di validità del contratto. È stata inoltre esaminata – e valutata in senso negativo – la possibilità di qualificare la nullità in parola quale nullità “di protezione”, con una ricognizione, per quanto sintetica, dei principali aspetti attinenti alla legittimazione ad agire, alla rilevabilità d’ufficio e all’estensione dell’invalidità. Sono poi state dedicate alcune considerazioni alla nota questione della sorte dei contratti posti “a valle” di condotte abusive, per i quali non sembra agevole configurare declaratorie di nullità, mentre appare prospettabile – e, anzi, preferibile – il ricorso alla tutela risarcitoria. Da ultimo, non si è trascurata la valutazione dell’esperibilità, avverso le condotte di abuso di posizione dominante, di azioni diverse da quelle di nullità e risarcimento, le sole espressamente contemplate dall’art. 33, secondo comma, della legge n. 287/1990. Segnatamente, l’attenzione si è concentrata sulla possibilità di imporre a carico dell’impresa in posizione dominante un obbligo a contrarre a condizioni eque e non discriminatorie. L’importanza del tema è attestata non solo dalla discordanza delle pronunce giurisprudenziali, peraltro numericamente scarse, ma anche dal vasto dibattito dottrinale da tempo sviluppatosi, che investe tuttora taluni aspetti salienti del diritto delle obbligazioni e della tutela apprestata dall’ordinamento alla libertà di iniziativa economica.

Very Long Baseline Interferometry in Italy Wide-field VLBI imaging and astrometry and prospects for an Italian VLBI network including the Sardinia Radio Telescope

In this thesis the use of widefield imaging techniques and VLBI observations with a limited number of antennas are explored. I present techniques to efficiently and accurately image extremely large UV datasets. Very large VLBI datasets must be reduced into multiple, smaller datasets if today’s imaging algorithms are to be used to image them. I present a procedure for accurately shifting the phase centre of a visibility dataset. This procedure has been thoroughly tested and found to be almost two orders of magnitude more accurate than existing techniques. Errors have been found at the level of one part in 1.1 million. These are unlikely to be measurable except in the very largest UV datasets. Results of a four-station VLBI observation of a field containing multiple sources are presented. A 13 gigapixel image was constructed to search for sources across the entire primary beam of the array by generating over 700 smaller UV datasets. The source 1320+299A was detected and its astrometric position with respect to the calibrator J1329+3154 is presented. Various techniques for phase calibration and imaging across this field are explored including using the detected source as an in-beam calibrator and peeling of distant confusing sources from VLBI visibility datasets. A range of issues pertaining to wide-field VLBI have been explored including; parameterising the wide-field performance of VLBI arrays; estimating the sensitivity across the primary beam both for homogeneous and heterogeneous arrays; applying techniques such as mosaicing and primary beam correction to VLBI observations; quantifying the effects of time-average and bandwidth smearing; and calibration and imaging of wide-field VLBI datasets. The performance of a computer cluster at the Istituto di Radioastronomia in Bologna has been characterised with regard to its ability to correlate using the DiFX software correlator. Using existing software it was possible to characterise the network speed particularly for MPI applications. The capabilities of the DiFX software correlator, running on this cluster, were measured for a range of observation parameters and were shown to be commensurate with the generic performance parameters measured. The feasibility of an Italian VLBI array has been explored, with discussion of the infrastructure required, the performance of such an array, possible collaborations, and science which could be achieved. Results from a 22 GHz calibrator survey are also presented. 21 out of 33 sources were detected on a single baseline between two Italian antennas (Medicina to Noto). The results and discussions presented in this thesis suggest that wide-field VLBI is a technique whose time has finally come. Prospects for exciting new science are discussed in the final chapter.

Characterisation and field deployment of a novel quantitative Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (ToF-AMS)

Das Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (ToF-AMS) der Firma Aerodyne ist eine Weiterentwicklung des Aerodyne Aerosolmassenspektrometers (Q-AMS). Dieses ist gut charakterisiert und kommt weltweit zum Einsatz. Beide Instrumente nutzen eine aerodynamische Linse, aerodynamische Partikelgrößenbestimmung, thermische Verdampfung und Elektronenstoß-Ionisation. Im Gegensatz zum Q-AMS, wo ein Quadrupolmassenspektrometer zur Analyse der Ionen verwendet wird, kommt beim ToF-AMS ein Flugzeit-Massenspektrometer zum Einsatz. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird anhand von Laborexperimenten und Feldmesskampagnen gezeigt, dass das ToF-AMS zur quantitativen Messung der chemischen Zusammensetzung von Aerosolpartikeln mit hoher Zeit- und Größenauflösung geeignet ist. Zusätzlich wird ein vollständiges Schema zur ToF-AMS Datenanalyse vorgestellt, dass entwickelt wurde, um quantitative und sinnvolle Ergebnisse aus den aufgenommenen Rohdaten, sowohl von Messkampagnen als auch von Laborexperimenten, zu erhalten. Dieses Schema basiert auf den Charakterisierungsexperimenten, die im Rahmen dieser Arbeit durchgeführt wurden. Es beinhaltet Korrekturen, die angebracht werden müssen, und Kalibrationen, die durchgeführt werden müssen, um zuverlässige Ergebnisse aus den Rohdaten zu extrahieren. Beträchtliche Arbeit wurde außerdem in die Entwicklung eines zuverlässigen und benutzerfreundlichen Datenanalyseprogramms investiert. Dieses Programm kann zur automatischen und systematischen ToF-AMS Datenanalyse und –korrektur genutzt werden.

Coronal plane segmental flexibility in thoracic adolescent idiopathic scoliosis assessed by fulcrum-bending radiographs

Knowledge about segmental flexibility in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis is crucial for a better biomechanical understanding, particularly for the development of fusionless, growth-guiding techniques. Currently, there is lack of data in this field. The objective of this study was, therefore, to compute segmental flexibility indices (standing angle minus corrected angle/standing angle). We compared segmental disc angles in 76 preoperative sets of standing and fulcrum-bending radiographs of thoracic curves (paired, two-tailed t tests, p < 0.05). The mean standing Cobb angle was 59.7 degrees (range 41.3 degrees -95 degrees ) and the flexibility index of the curve was 48.6\% (range 16.6-78.8\%). The disc angles showed symmetric periapical distribution with significant decrease (all p values <0.0001) for every cephalad (+) and caudad (-) level change. The periapical levels +1 and -1 wedged at 8.3 degrees and 8.7 degrees (range 3.5 degrees -14.8 degrees ), respectively. All angles were significantly smaller on the-bending views (p values <0.0001). We noted mean periapical flexibility indices of 46\% (+1), 49\% (-1), 57\% (+2) and 81\% (-2), which were significantly less (p < 0.001) than for the group of remote levels 105\% (+3), 149\% (-3), 231\% (+4) and 300\% (-4). The discal and bony wedging was 60 and 40\%, respectively, and mean values 35 degrees and 24 degrees (p < 0.0001). Their relationship with the Cobb angle showed a moderate correlation (r = 0.56 and 0.45). Functional, radiographic analysis of idiopathic thoracic scoliosis revealed significant, homogenous segmental tethering confined to four periapical levels. Future research will aim at in vivo segmental measurements in three planes under defined load to provide in-depth data for novel therapeutic strategies.

Mapping HIV/STI behavioural surveillance in Europe

Used in conjunction with biological surveillance, behavioural surveillance provides data allowing for a more precise definition of HIV/STI prevention strategies. In 2008, mapping of behavioural surveillance in EU/EFTA countries was performed on behalf of the European Centre for Disease prevention and Control.

Expansive nasopalatine duct cysts with nasal involvement mimicking apical lesions of endodontic origin: a report of two cases

The nasopalatine duct cyst (NPDC) is the most frequent nonodontogenic cyst of the jaws and can be misinterpreted as an apical lesion of endodontic origin.

Evolution of the Southern Kenya Rift from Miocene to present with a focus on the Magadi area

The Kenya (a.k.a., Gregory) Rift is a geologically active area located within the eastern branch of the larger East African Rift System (EARS). The study area is located in the southern Kenya Rift between 1° South and the Kenya-Tanzania border (covering approximately 1.5 square degrees, semi-centered on Lake Magadi) and is predominantly filled with extrusive igneous rocks (mostly basalts, phonolites and trachytes) of Miocene age or younger. Sediments are thin, less than 1.5Ma, and are confined to small grabens. The EARS can serve both as an analogue for ancient continental rifting and as a modern laboratory to observe the geologic processes responsible for rifting. This study demonstrates that vintage (as in older, quality maps published by the Kenya Geological Survey, that may be outdated based on newer findings) quarter-degree maps can be successfully combined with recently published data, and used to interpret satellite (mainly Landsat 7) images to produce versatile, updated digital maps. The study area has been remapped using this procedure and although it covers a large area, the mapping retains a quadrangle level of detail. Additionally, all geologic mapping elements (formations, faults, etc.) have been correlated across older map boundaries so that geologic units don't end artificially at degree boundaries within the study area. These elements have also been saved as individual digital files to facilitate future analysis. A series of maps showing the evolution of the southern Kenya rift from the Miocene to the present was created by combining the updated geologic map with age dates for geologic formations and fault displacements. Over 200 age dates covering the entire length of the Kenya Rift have been compiled for this study, and 6 paleo-maps were constructed to demonstrate the evolution of the area, starting with the eruption of the Kishalduga and Lisudwa melanephelinites onto the metamorphic basement around 15Ma. These eruptions occurred before the initial rift faulting and were followed by a massive eruption of phonolites between 13-10 Ma that covered most of the Kenya dome. This was followed by a period of relative quiescence, until the initial faulting defined the western boundary of the rift around 7Ma. The resulting graben was asymmetrical until corresponding faults to the east developed around 3Ma. The rift valley was flooded by basalts and trachytes between 3Ma and 700ka, after which the volcanic activity slowed to a near halt. Since 700ka most of the deposition has been comprised of sediments, mainly from lakes occupying the various basins in the area. The main results of this study are, in addition to a detailed interpretation of the rift development, a new geologic map that correlates dozens of formations across old map boundaries and a compilation of over 300 age dates. Specific products include paleomaps, tables of fault timing and displacement, and volume estimates of volcanic formations. The study concludes with a generalization of the present environment at Magadi including discussions of lagoon chemistry, mantle gases in relation to the trona deposit, and biology of the hot springs. Several biologic samples were collected during the 2006 field season in an attempt to characterize the organisms that are commonly seen in the present Lake Magadi environment. Samples were selected to represent the different, distinctive forms that are found in the hotsprings. Each sample had it own distinctive growth habit, and analysis showed that each was formed by a different cyanobacterial. Actual algae was rare in the collected samples, and represented by a few scattered diatoms.

Differential optical densities of intraretinal spaces

PURPOSE: To test the hypothesis that hyporeflective spaces in the neuroretina found on optical coherence tomography (OCT) examination have different optical reflectivities according to whether they are associated with exudation or degeneration. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of eyes with idiopathic perifoveal telangiectasia (IPT), diabetic macular edema (DME), idiopathic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC), retinitis pigmentosa (RP), or cone dystrophy (CD) and eyes of healthy control subjects. OCT scans were performed. Raw scan data were exported and used to calculate light reflectivity profiles. Reflectivity data were acquired by projecting three rectangular boxes, each 50 pixels long and 5 pixels wide, into the intraretinal cystoid spaces, centrally onto unaffected peripheral RPE, and onto the prefoveolar vitreous. Light reflectivity in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), vitreous, and intraretinal spaces for the different retinal conditions and control subjects were compared. RESULTS: Reflectivities of the vitreous and the RPE were similar among the groups. Hyporeflective spaces in eyes with exudation (DME, RP, and CSC) had higher reflectivity compared with the mean reflectivity of the vitreous, whereas the cystoid spaces in the maculae of the eyes without exudation (CD and IPT) had a lower reflectivity than did the normal vitreous. CONCLUSIONS: Analysis of the light reflectivity profiles may be a tool to determine whether the density of hyporeflective spaces in the macula is greater or less than that of the vitreous, and may be a way to differentiate degenerative from exudative macular disease.