977 resultados para 11.5BC46-2


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本文选择东灵山地区具有代表性的11种植物,研究了植物叶片养分元素动态特征以及各个层次物种、生活型和生境等对植物叶片养分元素再吸收的影响。主要结论如下: 1、不同物种间、以及相同物种在不同森林类型内的叶片C素含量变化程度较小;11个物种之间叶片N素养分浓度差很大,但各种植物叶片的N素含量的季节变化比较一致,大多数情况下表现为单峰型或双峰变化曲线;各种森林类型中11种植物叶片P的最高含量都出现在生长初期,以后开始下降。 2、在物种水平、养分再吸收是一种重要的养分保存机制,N素和P素再吸收率大约为50%,对这两种养分元素而言,相同生境下生长的不同植物种的养分再吸收率不同,存在显著差异,而同一植物种不同生境下养分再吸收率之间也存在差异,而S素的差异则不显著。 3、同一生活型在不同的森林类型中养分再吸收率差异不明显,同一森林类型中不同生活型的养分再吸收率差异也不明显;高养分再吸收率不是低养分环境所选择的优势性状,低养分环境中的物种主要通过延长叶片寿命和加强低养分浓度状况下的物质合成来适应低养分环境。 4、除了土壤pH值外,土壤容重、土壤有机质、土壤全氮、土壤阳离子交换量在三种生境下都表现出一定的差异性。华北落叶松林生境下的土壤养分含量较丰富,其次是落叶阔叶混交林,辽东栎林相对前二种生境其土壤养分相对低一些,但在三种生境之间养分元素再吸收率差异不显著,植物养分再吸收没有或微弱地受控于土壤养分获得的能力。

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地上净初级生产力(ANPP)是陆地生态系统碳循环的重要组成部分,但由于估测ANPP的方法不同使得对ANPP的估测值存在很大的不确定性。本文采用3种方法(群落中所有种群当年最大地上生物量之和(ANPPC1)、当年群落最大地上生物量(ANPPC2)以及每年固定日期(8月30日)的地上生物量(ANPPC3))在种群、功能群和群落水平上分别对连续19年(1980~1998)的内蒙古羊草和大针茅草原生态系统功能(如ANPP、植物多样性和水分利用效率(WUE))的动态变化进行了比较分析,同时探讨了不同估测方法下气候和放牧对ANPP的影响,在此基础上利用DNDC模型进行了ANPP的模拟和敏感性分析研究,主要结果包括: 在羊草和大针茅草原群落中,不同主要植物种群或功能群多年平均地上最大生物量出现的时间不同,而同一植物种群或功能群的年地上最大生物量出现的时间存在年际间的变化。采用当年最大地上生物量和8月30日固定日期的地上生物量作为群落ANPP的这两种方法高估了建群种或禾草功能群在群落中的作用。 羊草草原群落多年平均ANPPC1、ANPPC2和 ANPPC3分别是257.5、190.1和166.0 g.m-2;相应的大针茅草原多年平均ANPPC1、ANPPC2和 ANPPC3分别是180.4、132.8和122.5 g.m-2。就群落生产力而言,后两种常用的方法二和方法三分别低估了草原群落ANPP 14.2%~40.0%和15.5~59.0%。本文研究表明尽管ANPPC1与ANPPC2和ANPPC3之间存在显著的差异,但二者之间存在极显著的相关性:羊草草原的ANPPC1= 59.587+1.061×ANPPC2(r2=0.865, p<0.001),ANPPC1= 92.329+1.017×ANPPC3(r2=0.569, p<0.001);大针茅草原的ANPPC1= 32.918+1.114×ANPPC2(r2=0.814, p<0.001),ANPPC1= 76.120+0.875×ANPPC3(r2=0.499, p=0.001)。 种群、功能群和群落地上净初级生产力与气候因子间的关系因不同的估测方法而异。羊草草原的建群种羊草种群仅ANPPS3与8月和11月份的平均温度间存在显著相关性,而大针茅草原群落的建群种大针茅种群的ANPPS1和ANPPS2与3月份平均最高气温间呈负相关关系。在羊草草原群落,杂类草功能群ANPPF1和ANPPF2与3月份气温呈负相关关系;而灌木半灌木功能群ANPPF1和ANPPF2与3月份降水呈负相关关系。在大针茅草原群落,禾草功能群ANPPF1与5月份最高平均气温呈显著负相关关系。羊草草原群落ANPPC1和ANPPC3分别与11月份最低温度和平均温度存在显著负相关关系;大针茅草原群落ANPPC1与2和6月份月降水量间相关性显著,ANPP2与5月和11月份月平均最低温度呈显著负相关关系,而4~9月份,1和4月份平均最低温度对群落ANPPC3起决定作用。 在羊草和大针茅草原群落,由方法一得到的群落水分利用效率、Shannon植物多样性指数和均匀度指数与方法二或方法三得到的相应的指数间存在显著的差异,方法二和方法三得到的值间差异不显著。群落地上净初级生产力与相应估测方法的植物Shannon多样性指数和均匀度指数之间相关性不显著。 放牧条件下羊草或大针茅草原群落中的建群种羊草和大针茅在群落中的相对地上生物量较围栏内的相应植物种群的降低,而糙隐子草种群在群落中的比例上升。不同的放牧管理条件下,群落中植物种群地上现存量的季节动态发生变化。群落的植物组成及植物种群地上生物量在群落中总生物量的比例发生了明显的变化。利用遥感来估测地上净初级生产力时,分别低估了羊草和大针茅草原ANPP 52%和27%。 DNDC模型可以很好地模拟内蒙古典型草原生态系统的地上生物量,通过敏感性分析表明降水是草原植物生长的主要限制因子,在降水量增加或降低至日降水的30%时,模拟的地上生物量显著地高于或低于实测地上生物量值。在多年平均降水量为347mm的情况下,随着土壤粘粒含量的增加,地上生物量逐渐降低,与北美草原一致。

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我国北方温带草原是欧亚大陆草原生物群区的重要组成部分,对于区域和全球的碳循环和平衡起着重要的作用。频繁的自然或人为干扰能够改变草原生态系统的群落结构和生态系统功能,从而影响生态系统为人类提供的产品和服务。本研究选取位于内蒙古多伦县的半干旱温带草原,研究火烧、氮素添加和地形以及它们的综合作用对该地区植物生产力、植物多样性、盖度和土壤呼吸的影响;另外,我们比较研究了由于地形因素而存在于草原地区的林地群落与其邻近草地的碳氮库和循环;旨在探讨我国北方温带草原地区人为干扰对草原生态系统结构与功能的影响以及该地区林地和草地碳氮库和循环的差异机理,以期为模型模拟本地区的生态系统碳循环提供理论依据和数据支持,具体研究结果如下: 1. 2006–2008 年,通过研究植物多样性和盖度对地形、火烧和氮素添加及其交互作用的响应,结果表明:半干旱草原植物物种数、香农威纳指数、均一性指数和盖度均表现出显著的年际变化。坡下的物种数、香农威纳指数和均一性指数均低于坡上。坡下较高的羊草(Leymus chinensis)、冰草(Artemisia frigida)、唐松草(Thalictrum petaloideum)和冷蒿(Agropyron cristatum)的盖度导致坡下的群落总盖度、禾本科草和非禾本科草盖度分别比坡上高22.5%、9.6%和13.2%。春季火烧提高了物种数、香农威纳指数和均一性指数。火烧对群落总盖度影响较小是由于火烧后非禾本科草冷蒿盖度的降低抵消了禾本科草羊草、冰草和针茅(Stipa kryroii)盖度的增加。施氮肥后物种数、香农威纳指数和均一性指数均降低。禾本科草羊草、冰草和针茅以及非禾本科草唐松草盖度的增加导致施肥后群落总盖度、禾本科草和非禾本科草的盖度分别增加了23.6%、35.1%和21.2%。火烧对禾本科草和非禾本科草盖度的作用受地形和氮素添加的影响。地形、火烧和氮素添加对植物盖度的影响主要受土壤水分调控。 2. 2005–2008 年,通过研究净初级生产力(NPP)对火烧、氮素添加和地形及其交互作用的响应,结果表明:半干旱草原的NPP 具有显著的年际变化。火烧后地上净初级生产力(ANPP)、地下净初级生产力(BNPP)和BNPP/ANPP 分别增加了12.8%、22.2%和14.9%。ANPP 的提高是由于火烧后禾本科植物(主要是羊草、冰草和针茅)生物量的增加。与之相反,火烧降低了非禾本科草,特别是冷蒿的生物量。氮素添加提高了ANPP (54.8%) ,对BNPP 没有影响,导致施氮肥后BNPP/ANPP 显著降低(33.4%)。禾本科草羊草、冰草和针茅以及非禾本科草唐松草生物量的增加,是氮素添加提高ANPP 的主要原因。坡下的ANPP 和BNPP 分别比坡上高14.1%和8.2%,但地形对BNPP/ANPP 没有影响。坡下ANPP 的提高主要是由于坡下禾本科草羊草、冰草以及非禾本科草唐松草、冷蒿的生物量高于坡上。氮素添加和地形影响ANPP 和BNPP/ANPP 对火烧的响应。火烧、氮素添加和地形对NPP 和植物碳分配39%–75%的综合效应可由这三个因素的简单加和效应来解释。 3. 通过研究2005 和2006 年生长季内土壤呼吸对地形、火烧和氮素添加的响应,结果表明:坡下的季节平均土壤呼吸比坡上高6.0%。春季火烧在整个生长季内促进土壤呼吸,平均增幅达23.8%。另外,火烧对土壤呼吸的效应受到季节和地形的影响。施用氮肥增加了11.4% 的土壤呼吸。火烧和地形对土壤呼吸的影响主要受土壤水分和植物生长的调控;而施氮肥后土壤呼吸的增加,主要是由于氮素添加促进植物生长后根系活性和呼吸的提高。 4. 2006–2007 年,通过对林地群落及其邻近草原生态系统土壤温度、土壤水分、土壤机械组成、地上和地下生物量、凋落物现存量、土壤碳氮储量、土壤呼吸、氮矿化和土壤微生物生物量的比较研究,结果表明:林地的土壤温度比草地低5°C,而其土壤水分却比草地高3.1%(绝对差异)。尽管林地(11,928.1 g m–2)和草地(11,362.2 g m–2)的土壤碳储量差异不显著,由于林地较高的植物生产力导致其碳储量高于草地。与草地相比,林地具有较高的凋落物现存量及碳氮含量、土壤无机氮含量、矿化氮的累积量、微生物生物量碳、微生物生物量氮、土壤呼吸和微生物呼吸。草地和林地的氮矿化速率没有显著差异。由地形因素引起的水分差异对于调控林地和草地生态系统碳氮库和循环(土壤碳氮储量、BNPP、矿化氮的累积量)具有重要作用。林地与草地生态系统碳储量的差异影响了我国北方草原地区碳的评估。

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  本实验对三种萝藦科植物通光散(Marsdenia tenacissima)、黑水藤(Biondia insignis Tsiang)和徐长卿(Cynanchum Paniculatum)中的C21甾体化合物进行了研究。从通光散藤茎乙酸乙酯提取物的水解产物中,分离得到两类八个C21甾类甙元。经光谱鉴定,它们的结构分别为11α-O-(2-甲基)-丁酰基-12β-O-顺芷酰通光藤甙元乙(1),11α-O-乙酰基-12β-O-乙酰基通光藤甙元乙(2),11α-O-(2-甲基)-丁酰基-12β-O-乙酰基通光藤甙元乙(3), 11α-O-苯甲酰基-12β-O-乙酰基通光藤甙元乙(4), 11α-O-顺芷酰基-12β-O-乙酰基通光藤甙元乙(5)11α-O-顺芷酰基-12β-O-顺芷酰基通光藤甙元乙(6),12β-O-乙酰基通光藤甙元甲(7)和12β-O-顺芷酰基通光藤甙元甲(8)。其中,化合物2和8为新化合物。从黑水藤乙醇提取物的水解产物中,分离得到了两个C21甾体化合物。经1D、2D NMR技术鉴定,分别为(3β,14β,15β,17β)-3, 14-二羟基-15,16-裂-孕甾-5-烯-15-醛-16-半缩醛-20-酮(1)和白前甙元C(2)。其中1为15,16-裂环的新骨架类型的C21甾体化合物,命名为黑水藤甙元甲。从采购于昆明、浙江、湖南三地药材市场的徐长卿的根及根茎中,分离得到了18个化合物(其中昆明徐长卿6个,浙江徐长卿9个,湖南徐长卿3个)。经光谱数据分析,这些化合物被鉴定为:cynapanoside-C (1), cynapanoside-A (2), 白前甙元B 3-O-β-D-磁嘛吡喃糖甙(3),白前甙元C 3-O-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖基-(1 → 4)-α-L-2-脱氧洋地黄吡喃糖基-(1 → 4)-β-D-洋地黄吡喃糖基-(1 → 4)-β-D-夹竹吡喃糖甙(4),白前甙元C3-O-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖基-(1 → 4)-α-D-夹竹桃吡喃糖基-(1 → 4)-β-D-洋地黄吡喃糖基-(1 → 4)-β-D-夹竹桃吡喃糖甙(5),白前甙元C 3-O-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖基-(1 → 4)-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖基-(1 → 4)-α-D-夹竹桃吡喃糖基-(1 → 4)-β-D-洋地黄吡喃糖基-(1 → 4)-β-D-夹竹桃吡喃糖甙(6),cynatratoside-B (7),cynatratoside-C (8);glaucoside A(9),新白薇甙元B 3-O-β-L-磁嘛吡喃糖基-(1 → 4)-β-D-洋黄吡喃糖基-(1 → 4)-β-D-夹竹桃吡喃糖甙(10),白前甙元 A 3-O-α-L-磁嘛吡喃糖基-(1 → 4)-β-D-洋地黄吡喃糖基-(1 → 4)-β-D-磁嘛吡喃糖甙(11),白前甙元 B 3-O-α-L-磁糖基吡喃糖基-(1 → 4)-β-D-磁嘛吡喃糖基-(1 → 4)-β-D-磁嘛吡喃糖甙(12),白前甙元D 3-O-α-L-磁嘛吡喃糖基(1 → 4)-β-D-洋地黄吡喃糖基-(1 → 4)-β-D-磁嘛吡喃糖甙(13),白前甙元 C 3-O-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖基-(1 → 4)-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖基-(1 → 4)-α-L-2-脱氧洋地黄吡喃糖基-(1 → 4)-β-D-磁嘛吡喃糖基-(1 → 4)-β-D-夹竹桃吡喃糖甙(14),白前甙元 C 3-O-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖基-(1 → 4)-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖基-(1 → 4)-α-L-磁嘛吡喃糖基-(1 → 4)-β-D-洋地黄吡喃糖基-(1 → 4)-β-D-夹竹桃吡喃糖甙(15),白前甙元 B 3-O-α-D-夹竹桃吡喃糖基-(1 → 4)-β-D-洋地黄吡喃糖基-(1 → 4)-β-D-磁嘛吡喃糖甙(16),白前甙元 D 3-O-α-D-夹竹桃吡喃糖基-(1 → 4)-β-D-洋地黄吡喃糖基-(1 → 4)-β-D-磁嘛吡喃糖甙(17),白前甙元月B 3-O-α-L-磁嘛吡喃糖基-(1 → 4)-β-D-洋地黄吡喃糖基-(1 → 4)-β-D-磁嘛吡喃糖甙(18)。其中,化合物3-6,10-18为新化合物,10的甙元为一个新甙元,命名为新白薇甙无B。

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本发明涉及环境科学或环境工程及水生生物实验研究用采样设备,特别是一种较浅水域环境及生物样品采集的采样装置。具体为包括撑架19固定架10、采样器2、风扇3、绳索8及插销7,撑架19两侧设有浮子5,带有采样器2的固定架10固接于撑架19的上方;在浮子5上安装有驱动其移动的风扇3,风扇3通过插销7与浮子5上的蓄电池9电连接;撑架19 的一侧固接有固定杆11,绳索8为两根,分别与采样器2及插销7相连接。本发明适用范围较广,其结构组成简单,操作便捷,可以应用于河道、海滩、池塘等较浅水域沉积物、水样及水体生物样品等的样品采集。而且本发明不需要大型动力设施及繁杂的日常维护,因此操作方便快捷,应用功能较强。

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随着工农业生产的迅速发展,重金属污染问题越来越严重。由于重金属能 够在土壤、水体等环境中不断积累,并且通过食物链而进入人体内蓄积,因此对 人类健康构成潜在的危害。当人体内重金属含量过量时,会导致各种疾病的发生。 所以对痕量重金属污染物进行监测和分析,在食品安全、临床诊断和环境监测等 方面具有重要的现实意义。因此,研究快速、准确、灵敏、方便的检测重金属的 新方法十分必要。 近年来,化学修饰电极由于能够赋予电极新的、特定的功能,在提高电化 学选择性和灵敏度方面有着独特的优越性,因而成为电分析化学领域研究的热 点,并且被广泛应用于重金属元素的测定。但是,由于电极材料的限制,灵敏度 虽然有所改进,却始终很难达到一个新的高度。要提高化学修饰电极对重金属检 测的灵敏度,必须加入一些辅助的方法。 最近,纳米材料在很多分析方法中得到广泛应用,这些材料表现出很多它 们在常规尺度时所没有的独特的性质,如量子尺寸效应、表面效应、小尺寸效应、 量子隧道效应以及介电限域效应等。因此,作为一种新型的电极材料在电化学检 测和分析方面受到人们的日益关注。由于纳米材料本身具有大的比表面积和高的 表面自由能,这种纳米材料修饰电极的灵敏度得到大幅度提高。 离子载体是一类具有一个特定空腔的大环分子,能够从溶液中实现对某一 特定离子的萃取使之进入到有机相中。离子载体是电位型传感器敏感膜中的核心 成分,尽管它具有很高的选择性,但是除了电位分析外,在其它方面的用途却很 少被关注,可能是由于其本身的非导电性能所致。本论文采用纳米材料所特有的 对重金属离子强大的吸附性能和离子载体优良的选择性,制备了纳米材料及离子 载体修饰玻碳电极并用来对实际水样中痕量的重金属进行检测。主要内容包括以 下几个方面: 1.制备新型碳纳米管/铋膜复合修饰电极,研究了重金属钴在电极上的电化 学性能。结果表明,这种新型复合修饰电极的灵敏度得到显著提高,能实现最低 检测限为8´10-11 M的钴的吸附富集溶出。 2.利用羟基磷灰石的强吸附能力和碳纳米管的优异电化学性能,制备了新型 新型纳米材料及离子载体化学修饰电极的制备及其在痕量重金属污染物检测中的应用 II 的碳纳米管-纳米羟基磷灰石的双纳米复合材料,并将其用于金属镉的富集溶出。 结果表明,双纳米复合材料具有比单一材料更优异的性能,更有助于金属镉的富 集溶出。采用碳纳米管-纳米羟基磷灰石的双纳米复合材料修饰电极,能实现最 低检测限为4´10-9 M的镉的富集溶出,灵敏度得到明显提高。 3. 将导电性好、抗氧干扰能力强的铋膜与对重金属具有良好选择性的离子 载体相结合,制备了基于铋膜/离子载体的新型修饰电极,研究了金属铅在其表 面的富集溶出。结果表明,这种新型修饰电极的灵敏度和选择性都大为提高,具 有更高的溶出峰电流和更好的抗干扰能力,可以实现最低检测限为4.4´10-11 M 的铅的富集溶出。 4. 利用羟基磷灰石的强吸附能力和其三维多孔结构、离子载体对重金属离 子优异的选择性以及Nafion 膜良好的离子交换作用和化学稳定性,制备了基于 纳米材料和离子载体的新型化学修饰电极。这种方法不仅有助于提高对金属铅的 选择性和灵敏度,而且大大提高了富集效率。采用该新型化学修饰电极,能够实 现最低检测限为1´10-9 M的铅的富集溶出。

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本发明属于生物医学领域。大蹼铃蟾皮肤肽,是从中国两栖类动物大蹼铃蟾皮肤分泌物中分离得到的一种单链多肽,分子量2674.2,等电点9.8,多肽全序列一级结构为:NH2—GIGTKILGGVKTALKGALKELASTYAN-NH2。其制备方法是将活体大蹼铃蟾用水清洗干净,置于带盖的玻璃容器中,滴加无水乙醚,密闭容器3—5分钟,可见大量的泡沫状物质从大蹼铃蟾皮肤分泌出来,收集分泌物,离心去除沉淀、冷冻干燥后,经离子交换、凝胶过滤柱层析分离纯化后得到。大蹼铃蟾皮肤肽作为制备治微生物感染疾病药物、肿瘤治疗药物的应用。具有显著的抑制细菌和真菌生长、肿瘤细胞抑制活性高等优点。

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The northern Arabian Sea Isopod fauna is keyed out, excluding the gulfs fauna. Some terrestrial species are also included. Previous accounts and recent collections from Pakistan mainly at Karachi have turned up 7 suborders, 18 families, 76 genera and 12 1 species. There 5 are new records from Pakistan. For each species, there is an illustration and information of its reporter from the area and on its host, if parastic. The source of illustration is also given.

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PLEASE ALSO CHECK THE FULL TEXT ABSTRACT. Toxin production and toxin profiles of four Raphidophytes grown under different salinities were compared to investigate the influence of salinity on cellular content of neurotoxin. In Chatonella andqua CaTx-1, CaTx-11, and CaTx-111 peaked at 25 pplt with yields of 0.99, 0.42, and 2.90 pg/ceU, but the highest yields (2.35 pg/cell) of CaTx-IV was attained at 30 ppt. On the other hand, Chatonella marina yielded higher proportions of CmTx-1 (0.55 pg/ceH) and CmTx-111 (2.50 pg/cell) at 25 ppt. However, CmTx-IV was present in its highest amount (1.65 pg/cell) at 30 ppt, as seen in C anriqua. A smaH amount of CmTx-11 was also detected at 20-35 ppt. The toxin compositions indicate that H. akashiwo is more sensitive to higher salinities than the other three raphidophytes. Substantial compositional change was observed in case of H. akashiwo. HaTx-11 (corresponding to PbTx-9) was detected only as a trace at 20 and 25 ppt. Toxin HaTx-IV (corresponding to oxidized PbTx-2) was most dominant and peaked at 20 ppt with a yield of 0.3 pg/cell. Considerable amounts of HaTx-1 and III (corresponding to PbTx-2 and 3) were also detected. At higher salinities of above 25 ppt HaTx-11 was not detected. F. japonica gave highest yields of FjTx-11 (PbTx-2) and FjTx-IV (Oxidized PbTx-2) at 20 ppt with yields of 0.95, 1.54 pg/cell while the production of toxic profiles FjTx-1 (PbTx- 1) and FjTx-111 (PbTx-3) peaked at 25 ppt with yields of 0.99, 2.54 pg/ceU. A sharp decrease in all toxins profiles (CaTx, CmTx, HaTX and FjTx) was found at salinities of above 30 ppt.

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The coastal development and human activities along the Suez Gulf leading to sedimentation, degrade the quality of water, disturbing the natural structure and functions of aquatic communities. The Suez Gulf is a large semi-closed area with a 346 km long coastline on the western beach side. The prevailing physicochemical parameters in shallow intertidal waters were measured seasonally over the year. Benthic faunas in the sampling sites were studied indicating their regional distribution in relation to the impact of different environmental parameters in the intertidal region. The concentration of copper in seawater reached high level at St. IV (4.57 ug/1), which is exposed to sewage and petroleum hydrocarbons. The grain size of the sediment is a determining factor for the organic carbon concentration and the sandy substrate enhances organic matter degradation processes. A large number of oil fields are present along the western coast of the Suez Gulf, therefore, cadmium and organic matter appeared to be high. The values of pH did not vary greatly among the different sampling sites. It was high at EI-Ein, El-Sukhna and Ras-Shukeir due to the disposal of mainly acidic sewage and industrial effluents of the two stations Adabiya and Ras-Gharib respectively. The macrobenthos included 71 species embraced mainly from Mollusca (53.5% Gastropoda and 12.7% Bivalvia) and the other invertebrates included 7 groups namely, Rhizostoma, Polychaeta, Cirripedia, Amphipoda, Isopoda, Decapoda and Echinodermata. The distribution of benthos is affected by the temperature and salinity of seawater. The concentration of organic matter in seawater and in sediments in shallow waters shows high values in the central part of the Gulf of Suez.

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The present paper investigates the occurrence and abundance of brachyuran larvae in the Manora Channel during August- December 1993. The fortnightly planktonic sampling was carried out in Manora Channel which is bordered by mangroves, during day time from surface and subsurface waters at shallow depth using Bongo net of 300 micron mesh size. Analysis of samples revealed presence of brachyuran larvae of 12 species belonging to 6 families. Of these 4 species are confirmed: Serenella indica, Dotilla blanfordi, Metopograpsus thukuhar and Clistocoeloma lanatum, 2 provisionally identified species are: Pilumnus ?karachiensis and Pinnotheres ?pisum, 2 species are identified upto generic level: Philyra sp. and Pinnotheres sp., and 1 Ocypodid species and 3 Xanthid species are identified upto family level. This study based on identification, occurrence and abundance of brachyuran larvae in the area, also gives percentage composition of brachyuran larvae collected during 1993, in the Manora Channel.

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A comparative study was carried out between the two biggest creeks along the Arabian Gulf coast of the United Arab Emirates to evaluate impacts of sewage and industrial effluents on their hydrochemical characteristics. Surface and bottom water samples were collected from Abu Dhabi and Dubai creeks during the period from October 1994 to September 1995. The hydrochemical parameters studied were: temperature (21.10-34.00°C), salinity (37.37-47.09%), transparency (0.50-10.0 m), pH (7.97-8.83), dissolved oxygen (1.78-13.93 mg/l) and nutrients ammonia (ND- 13.12,ug-at N/1), nitrite (ND-6.66 ,ug-at N/1), nitrate (ND- 41.18 ,ug-at N/1), phosphate (ND- 13.06 ,ug-at P/1), silicate (0.68-32.50 ,ug-at Si/1), total phosphorus (0.26- 21.48 ,ug-at P/1), and total silicon (0.95- 40.32 ,ug-at Si/1). The present study indicates clearly that seawater of Abu-Dhabi Creek was warmer (28.l2°C) than Dubai (27.56°C) resulting in a higher rate of evaporation. Owing to more evaporation, salinity levels showed higher levels at Abu Dhabi (43.33%) compared to Dubai (39.03%) seawater. The study also revealed higher secchi disc readings at Abu Dhabi Creek (4.68 m) as compared to Dubai Creek (2.60 m) suggesting more transparency at Abu Dhabi Creek. Whereas, seawater of Dubai exhibited higher levels of pH (1.03 times), and dissolved oxygen (1.05 times) than Abu Dhabi seawater due to an increase in productivity. Meantime, seawater of Dubai showed higher tendency to accumulate ammonia (8.22 times), nitrite (10.93 times), nitrate (5.85 times), phosphate (10.64 times), silicate (1.60 times), total phosphorus (3.19 times), and total silicon (1.54 times) compared to Abu Dhabi seawater due to the enrichment of seawater at Dubai with domestic sewage waters which has distinctly elevated the levels of the nutrient salts particularly in inner-most parts of the creek leading to eutrophication signs. The changes occurred in the receiving creek water of Dubai as a result of waste-water disposal that have also reflected on the atomic ratios of nit: Effect of pollution rogen: phosphorus: silicon.

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Currently our government and the private sectors are very much interested in the establishment of marine aquaculture. For the successful operation in aquaculture of finfishes and shellfishes, the basic requirement is the suitable diet, apart from proper environment. For the larvae, juveniles and adult stages of the culturing organisms the live Artemia is the ideal food. The aquaculturists the worldover are using live food for their culturing organisms, as the live food played an important role in the dietary management of aquaculture of finfishes and shellfishes (Sorgeloos and Kulasekarapandian, 1984), particularly during larval stages. The live nauplii of Artemia are used in aquaculture of finfishes and shellfishes due to being nutritionally balanced, non polluting, economically bearable, viable and readily acceptable to the culturing species. The adult Artemia is also used for feeding the aquarium fishes particularly so when there is a clear abundance of this resource which is cheaper and can economically compete with alternative artificial diet. By the use of Artemia the aquaculturists may obtain optimum growth and survival rate of the organisms. The life cycle of Artemia is very short, which is completed within two weeks especially during dry season in highly saline waters, the two weeks old Artemia starts producing cysts. These cysts become ready to harvest within a week.

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Excirolana orienta/is (Dana, 1853) belonging to the Cirolanidae, hitherto unknown from Pakistan, is collected from the rocky intertidal region of Manora Island, Karachi coast The specimens are fully described and illustrated. A list of the known species of the genus Excirolana is also provided since the genus is also first time reported from here.

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从超数排卵的14只母兔获得438枚受精卵, 卵龄16-22h。显微操作在带微分干涉和相差的Nikon倒置显微镜下进行。注射针的尖端外径0.5#mu#m, 离尖端40和80#mu#m处的外径分别为4.2和6.5#mu#m。注射用外源基因是绵羊生长激素基因与MT-1启动基因藕连的线状DNA溶液(1ng/#mu#l)。140枚注射的受精卵和未注射的145枚受精卵(对照), 在Ham^sF-10培养液(补充生长因子)中培养(38℃, 5%的CO_(2))。结果培养48h后, 注射组卵裂发育率分别是: 未卵裂7.9%(11/140)、卵裂至2-4细胞期11.0%(16/140)、卵裂至8-16细胞期80.7%(113/140)。对照组相应的卵裂率分别是4.1%(6/145)、12.4%(18/145)和83.4%(121/145)。两组卵裂发育率相近。