Arquitetura da água - Cais palafítico da Carrasqueira

Permitindo uma forma de habitar lugares de grande relação com a água, erguem-se um pouco por todo o mundo, sobre as águas de rios, barragens e lagos estruturas palafíticas. Em Portugal, em 1964 na aldeia da Carrasqueira, extremo sul do estuário do Sado, um cais palafítico começava a ser construído por pescadores-agricultores, que ali viviam, para combater mudanças de maré e aceder tanto a água como a terra. O barco, o abrigo e o caminho são os três elementos fundamentais da arquitetura palafítica aqui encontrada, em que a qualidade da água e da terra são determinantes para o assentamento da estrutura neste local. O rio Sado define-se como o limite geográfico e paisagístico da ocupação, é gerador de características únicas que permitem o desenvolvimento de um novo tipo de habitar que surge sobretudo de uma aproximação ao local e aos materiais que dele provêm. A Carrasqueira traduz o paradigma de uma cultura em adaptação contínua às circunstâncias adversas do meio ambiente. A pouca informação sobre o cais e a unicidade construtiva encontrado na estrutura, faz com que seja de elevada pertinência o estudo, sob o ponto de vista construtivo, da arquitetura palafítica da vila piscatória da Carrasqueira, enquanto matéria mutável sensível às mudanças ambientais e espontâneas. Pretende-se clarificar e identificar as singularidades da arquitetura de expressão espontânea da Carrasqueira, intrinsecamente ligada tanto à água do rio Sado, como à terra que a limita e corporiza. Para o estudo construtivo serão elaborados:  Mapas de desenvolvimento do cais;  Um registo fotográfico das estruturas;  Desenhos, realizados originalmente no decorrer desta investigação no local, de forma a criar um maior entendimento da forma de construção entre as diferentes peças e partes de cada uma das estruturas.  Construção de uma estrutura palafítica.  Vídeo, enquanto registo das fases do trabalho prático mostra parte do trabalho desenvolvido no processo construtivo. A produção dos documentos mencionados testemunha um tipo de vida invulgar na História da Arquitetura Portuguesa. O contacto com locais, pescadores, trabalhadores e gentes da terra também ajudará a entender os sistemas construtivos utilizados, pelo conhecimento construtivo por experiência própria, e proximidade das matérias-primas; ABSTRACT: Allowing life in floodplain areas, palaffitic structures take advantage from water, and appear a bit all over the world. The stilts portray a way of living changing and giving identity to the places and population. In Portugal, 1964 year, in Carrasqueira village, located on the southwest Sado’s river, facing the river side and land, a palaffitic piers was built, to fight the tide changing and allowed the population to get as close as they could to water and reach the land easier when they were coming from the fishing activity. The continuously adaptation of lifestyle in order to follow and adjust themselves to nature shows how strong and unique this culture and people are. The boat, the shelter and the paths are the three fundamental elements used in Carrasqueira’s palaffitic architecture. Water and land, construction and nature, this beautiful balance is only possible because of the river and its qualities. Also the time roles an important paper in the process, it changes with the growing of the main materials. This investigation has the goal to study the palaffitic piers of Carrasqueira by the constructivist point of view, as a spontaneous structure that began with the available materials and was continuously changing and adjusting to fit the land, the lifestyle and the needs of the population that was living there. Clarifying and identifying the singularities of this construction is what the study wants to achieve. Maps, photography’s and intensive drawings will be making on the process. A palaffitic structure will be build and the part of the building process will be available for watch on a short-video, filmed by then. The contact with locals will probably assume the biggest part of the work in main to understand their way of thinking and the process of their work.

Estudo de reatores eletroquímicos para remoção de Cu2+ , Zn2+, Fenol e BTEX em água produzida

The production of water has become one of the most important wastes in the petroleum industry, specifically in the up stream segment. The treatment of this kind of effluents is complex and normally requires high costs. In this context, the electrochemical treatment emerges as an alternative methodology for treating the wastewaters. It employs electrochemical reactions to increase the capability and efficiency of the traditional chemical treatments for associated produced water. The use of electrochemical reactors can be effective with small changes in traditional treatments, generally not representing a significant additional surface area for new equipments (due to the high cost of square meter on offshore platforms) and also it can use almost the same equipments, in continuous or batch flow, without others high costs investments. Electrochemical treatment causes low environmental impact, because the process uses electrons as reagent and generates small amount of wastes. In this work, it was studied two types of electrochemical reactors: eletroflocculation and eletroflotation, with the aim of removing of Cu2+, Zn2+, phenol and BTEX mixture of produced water. In eletroflocculation, an electrical potential was applied to an aqueous solution containing NaCl. For this, it was used iron electrodes, which promote the dissolution of metal ions, generating Fe2+ and gases which, in appropriate pH, promote also clotting-flocculation reactions, removing Cu2+ and Zn2+. In eletroflotation, a carbon steel cathode and a DSA type anode (Ti/TiO2-RuO2-SnO2) were used in a NaCl solution. It was applied an electrical current, producing strong oxidant agents as Cl2 and HOCl, increasing the degradation rate of BTEX and phenol. Under different flow rates, the Zn2+ was removed by electrodeposition or by ZnOH formation, due the increasing of pH during the reaction. To better understand the electrochemical process, a statistical protocol factor (22) with central point was conducted to analyze the sensitivity of operating parameters on removing Zn2+ by eletroflotation, confirming that the current density affected the process negatively and the flow rate positively. For economical viability of these two electrochemical treatments, the energy consumption was calculated, taking in account the kWh given by ANEEL. The treatment cost obtained were quite attractive in comparison with the current treatments used in Rio Grande do Norte state. In addition, it could still be reduced for the case of using other alternative energy source such as solar, wind or gas generated directly from the Petrochemical Plant or offshore platforms

Extração de boro de água produzida sintética por sistema microemulsionado

Boron is a semi-metal present in certain types of soils and natural waters. It is essential to the healthy development of plants and non-toxic to humans, depending on its concentration. It is used in various industries and it s present in water production coming from oil production. More specifically in Rio Grande do Norte, one of the largest oil producers on shore of Brazil, the relationship water/oil in some fields becomes more than 90%. The most common destination of this produced water is disposal in open sea after processing to meet the legal specification. In this context, this research proposes to study the extraction of boron in water produced by microemulsion systems for industrial utilization. It was taken into account the efficiency of extraction of boron related to surfactant (DDA and OCS, both characterized by FT-IR), cosurfactant (butanol and isoamyl alcohol), organic phase (kerosene and heptanes) and aqueous phase (solution of boron 3.6 ppm in alkaline pH). The ratio cosurfactant/ surfactant used was four and the percentage of organic phases for all points of study was set at 5%. It was chosen points with the highest percentage of aqueous phase. Each system was designed for three points of different compositions in relation to the constituents of a pseudoternary diagram. These points were chosen according to studies of phase behavior in pseudoternary diagrams made in previous studies. For this research, points were chosen in the Winsor II region. The excess aqueous solution obtained in these systems was separated and analyzed by ICP OES. For the data set obtained, the better efficiency in the extraction of boron was obtained using the system with DAC, isoamyl alcohol and heptanes, which extracted 49% in a single step. OCS was not viable to the extraction of boron by microemulsion system in the conditions defined in this study

Projeto, construção e análise de um prototipo vibracional em escala de bancada aplicável ao tratamento de água de produção de petróleo bruto, mediante inovadora operação híbrida de adsorção e auto-flotação

A self-flotator vibrational prototype electromechanical drive for treatment of oil and water emulsion or like emulsion is presented and evaluated. Oil production and refining to obtain derivatives is carried out under arrangements technically referred to as on-shore and off-shore, ie, on the continent and in the sea. In Brazil 80 % of the petroleum production is taken at sea and area of deployment and it cost scale are worrisome. It is associated, oily water production on a large scale, carrier 95% of the potential pollutant of activity whose final destination is the environment medium, terrestrial or maritime. Although diversified set of techniques and water treatment systems are in use or research, we propose an innovative system that operates in a sustainable way without chemical additives, for the good of the ecosystem. Labyrinth adsor-bent is used in metal spirals, and laboratory scale flow. Equipment and process patents are claimed. Treatments were performed at different flow rates and bands often monitored with control systems, some built, other bought for this purpose. Measurements of the levels of oil and grease (OGC) of efluents treaty remained within the range of legal framework under test conditions. Adsorbents were weighed before and after treatment for obtaining oil impregna-tion, the performance goal of vibratory action and treatment as a whole. Treatment technolo-gies in course are referenced, to compare performance, qualitatively and quantitatively. The vibration energy consumption is faced with and without conventional flotation and self-flotation. There are good prospects for the proposed, especially in reducing the residence time, by capillary action system. The impregnation dimensionless parameter was created and confronted with consecrated dimensionless parameters, on the vibrational version, such as Weber number and Froude number in quadratic form, referred to as vibrational criticality. Re-sults suggest limits to the vibration intensity

Efeitos do relevo e da proximidade do mar na evapotranspiração de referência no Perímetro de Rega do Roxo

O conhecimento da evapotranspiração de referência (ET0) é essencial para um adequado planeamento da rega. O seu cálculo requer dados climáticos não raras vezes insuficientes em quantidade ou com cobertura inadequada nas áreas sob estudo. O sistema de informação geográfico SAGA disponibiliza um conjunto de algoritmos que foram usados no cálculo da ET0 (a partir da fórmula de Hargreaves aplicada a um modelo digital do terreno com células de 25x25 m), no Perímetro de Rega do Roxo (8250 ha), distribuído pelos concelhos de Aljustrel, Ferreira do Alentejo e Santiago do Cacém. As estações meteorológicas da Barragem do Roxo (a leste do perímetro) e de Alvalade do Sado (a oeste) foram usadas como referência. As diferenças entre as ET0 mensais obtidas no perímetro atingiram apenas 3 mm numa parte considerável do ano, mas foram superiores a 6 mm em Dezembro, reflectindo,em qualquer caso, as pequenas variações da topografia e do relevo, influentes factores climáticos no Alentejo. A duplicação de valores de ET0 decorrente do uso de duas estações meteorológicas revelou a influência da proximidade do mar na distribuição da ET0. O “factor oásis” resultante das superfícies aquáticas presentes no perímetro de rega não foi considerado, pelo que os resultados obtidos deverão ser corrigidos através de alterações nos algoritmos que permitam tê-lo em conta.

Efeitos do relevo e da proximidade do mar na evapotranspiração de referência no Perímetro de Rega do Roxo

O conhecimento da evapotranspiração de referência (ET0) é essencial para um adequado planeamento da rega. O seu cálculo requer dados climáticos não raras vezes insuficientes em quantidade ou com cobertura inadequada nas áreas sob estudo. O sistema de informação geográfico SAGA disponibiliza um conjunto de algoritmos que foram usados no cálculo da ET0 (a partir da fórmula de Hargreaves aplicada a um modelo digital do terreno com células de 25x25 m), no Perímetro de Rega do Roxo (8250 ha), distribuído pelos concelhos de Aljustrel, Ferreira do Alentejo e Santiago do Cacém. As estações meteorológicas da Barragem do Roxo (a leste do perímetro) e de Alvalade do Sado (a oeste) foram usadas como referência. As diferenças entre as ET0 mensais obtidas no perí- metro atingiram apenas 3 mm numa parte considerável do ano, mas foram superiores a 6 mm em Dezembro, reflectindo,em qualquer caso, as pequenas variações da topografia e do relevo, influentes factores climáticos no Alentejo. A duplicação de valores de ET0 decorrente do uso de duas estações meteorológicas revelou a influência da proximidade do mar na distribuição da ET0. O “factor oásis” resultante das superfícies aquáticas presentes no perímetro de rega não foi considerado, pelo que os resultados obtidos deverão ser corrigidos através de alterações nos algoritmos que permitam tê-lo em conta.

Efeitos do relevo e da proximidade do mar na evapotranspiração de referência no Perímetro de Rega do Roxo,

O conhecimento da evapotranspiração de referência (ET0) é essencial para um adequado planeamento da rega. O seu cálculo requer dados climáticos não raras vezes insuficientes em quantidade ou com cobertura inadequada nas áreas sob estudo. O sistema de informação geográfico SAGA disponibiliza um conjunto de algoritmos que foram usados no cálculo da ET0 (a partir da fórmula de Hargreaves aplicada a um modelo digital do terreno com células de 25x25 m), no Perímetro de Rega do Roxo (8250 ha), distribuído pelos concelhos de Aljustrel, Ferreira do Alentejo e Santiago do Cacém. As estações meteorológicas da Barragem do Roxo (a leste do perímetro) e de Alvalade do Sado (a oeste) foram usadas como referência. As diferenças entre as ET0 mensais obtidas no perí- metro atingiram apenas 3 mm numa parte considerável do ano, mas foram superiores a 6 mm em Dezembro, reflectindo,em qualquer caso, as pequenas variações da topografia e do relevo, influentes factores climáticos no Alentejo. A duplicação de valores de ET0 decorrente do uso de duas estações meteorológicas revelou a influência da proximidade do mar na distribuição da ET0. O “factor oásis” resultante das superfícies aquáticas presentes no perímetro de rega não foi considerado, pelo que os resultados obtidos deverão ser corrigidos através de alterações nos algoritmos que permitam tê-lo em conta.

Classificação de água de coco processada e natural por meio de HCA, PCA e teores de íons metálicos determinados por ICP OES

Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry was used to determine Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Zn and Cu in samples of processed and natural coconut water. The sample preparation consisted in a filtration step followed by a dilution. The analysis was made employing optimized instrumental parameters and the results were evaluated using methods of Pattern Recognition. The data showed common concentration values for the analytes present in processed and natural samples. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) indicated that the samples of different kinds were statistically different when the concentrations of all the analytes were considered simultaneously.

Sulfetos volatilizáveis por acidificação e metais extraídos simultaneamente na avaliação de sedimentos de água doce

This paper discusses the historical and methodological fundaments of the dynamics and quantification of acid volatile sulfides (AVS) and simultaneously extracted metals (SEM) in aquatic sediments. It also discusses the SEM/AVS relationship, which involves several controversial aspects such as sulfide stability, sulfide-organic matter interaction, and the inability to predict the toxicity of organic compounds in the environment. This relationship is an important tool for the inference of metal bioavailability. The use of ecotoxicological tests with target organisms regulated by international standards is also a relevant aspect.

Efeitos da cobertura do solo com filme de polietileno azul no consumo de água da cultura da alface cultivada em estufa

The covering of the soil is an agricultural practice that intends to control the harmful herbs, to reduce the losses of water by evaporation of the soil, and to facilitate the harvest and the commercialization, once the product is cleaner and healthier. However, when the soil is covered important microclimatic parameters are also altered, and consequently the germination of seeds, the growth of roots, the absorption of water and nutrients, the metabolic activity of the plants and the carbohydrates storage. The current trial intended to evaluate the effect of soil covering with blue colored film on consumptive water-use in a lettuce crop (Lactuca sativa, L.). The experiment was carried out in a plastic greenhouse in Araras - São Paulo State, Brazil from March 3rd, 2001 to May 5th, 2001. The consumptive water-use was measured through two weighing lysimeter installed inside the greenhouse. Crop spacing was 0.25 m x 0.25 m and the color of the film above soil was blue. Leaf area index (IAF), was measured six times (7; 14; 21; 28; 35; 40 days after transplant) and the water-use efficiency (EU) was measured at the end. The experimental design was subdivided portions with two treatments, bare soil and covered soil. The average consumptive water-use was 4.17 mm day-1 to the bare soil treatment and 3.11 mm day-1 to the covered soil treatment. The final leaf area index was 25.23 to the bare soil treatment and 24.39 to the covered soil treatment, and there was no statistical difference between then.

Teores de nutrientes na alface irrigada com água residuária aplicada por sistemas de irrigação

A trial was carried out to evaluate the chemical composition in the aerial part of lettuce, cv. 'Elisa', irrigated with wastewater treated with constructed wetland and source deposit water, grown on a Rhodic Hapludox Soil, using the irrigation systems sprinkle, subsurface drip and surface drip irrigation. The experiment was carried out from August 17th to October 3rd of 2001 and the chemical analyses of the lettuce were accomplished to 47 days after transplanting of the seedling. The aerial part of the lettuce was analyzed as for the levels of total nitrogen, nitrate, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, iron, manganese, copper, zinc, sodium, boron, cobalt and molybdenum. The sodium and the sulfur presented higher levels than the maximum suitable in the aerial part of the lettuce and the smallest level of magnesium, while other chemical elements analyzed were normal and appropriate considering the standard for well-nourished plants, not being influenced by the water type. The sodium was the chemical element that presented the highest levels in the aerial part of the lettuce in the treatments irrigated with wastewater, presenting significant difference in relationship to the treatments irrigated with source deposit water in the three irrigation systems. The use of the different irrigation systems by the application of wastewater treated with constructed wetland did not interfere in the levels of nutrients in the aerial part of the lettuce.

Influência da temperatura do ar de secagem no calor latente de vaporização de água em feijão macassar (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.), variedade sempre-verde

In order to determine the energy needed to artificially dry an agricultural product the latent heat of vaporization of moisture in the product, H, must be known. Generally, the expressions for H reported in the literature are of the form H = h(T)f(M), where h(T) is the latent heat of vaporization of free water, and f(M) is a function of the equilibrium moisture content, M, which is a simplification. In this article, a more general expression for the latent heat of vaporization, namely H = g(M,T), is used to determine H for cowpea, always-green variety. For this purpose, a computer program was developed which automatically fits about 500 functions, with one or two independent variables, imbedded in its library to experimental data. The program uses nonlinear regression, and classifies the best functions according to the least reduced chi-squared. A set of executed statistical tests shows that the generalized expression for H used in this work produces better results of H for cowpea than other equations found in literature.

Adequação de engates rápidos de aspersores como conectores de mangueira para distribuição de água em sulcos de irrigação

As a way to reduce water losses in furrow irrigation systems, used in fresh market tomato production, farmers are improperly distributing water into the field using plastic hose. The objective of this work was to study the suitability of using quick coupler sprinkler as hose connectors for water distribution in tomato plantation. The first step of the study was to assess the current hose field operation for tomato growers. Subsequently, four models of quick couplers sprinklers available in the market were tested in laboratory to determine the coefficient of resistance, the equivalent tube length, the head loss curve and the linking efficiency. As result, a structural design for hose connectors was presented using the model of coupling with the best hydraulic performance. Additionally, some technical recommendations on its use in irrigation water distribution are highlighted. Despite the requirement for additional field trials, the proposed system has potential to optimize the water use efficiency, to improve workers ergonomic conditions, and ensure good profitability to the producer.

Variação sazonal da fotossíntese, condutância estomática e potencial da água na folha de laranjeira 'Valência'

Seasonal variation in environmental conditions may influence gas exchange rates as well as water relations in perennial species. This work was carried out to evaluate photosynthetic rates (A), transpiration (E), stomatal conductance (g) and leaf water potential (psi f ) in 'Valencia' orange trees grafted on four different rootstocks. Measurements were made twice a day: from 9h00 to 11h00 a.m. and from 1h00 to 3h00 p.m., during January, March and July. A and g were significantly lower and psif was significantly more negative, in the afternoon. The decrease in A may be related to the reduction in g, due to the increase in the vapor pressure deficit between the air and the leaf (VPDair-leaf ) in the afternoon, when temperatures are higher. In spite of the partial stomatal closure in the afternoon, the values for E were approximately the same as those measured in the morning, due to the increase in the VPDair-leaf . A decrease in A and g could also be noted from January to July, that is, from the hot and humid summer months, to the colder and drier winter ones. It was suggested that the decrease in A and g observed from January through March, may be related to the decrease in plant growth rates, which could have influenced the source-sink relationships, since the climatic conditions for both months were similar. The decrease in A and g showed in July, seems to be related to the decrease in both the night temperature and the growth rate of plants.

PREDIÇÃO DA ATIVIDADE DE ÁGUA E RELAÇÃO ENTRE A ATIVIDADE DE ÁGUA E A DEPRESSÃO DO PONTO DE CONGELAMENTO DE SUCOS DE FRUTAS

This work proposes to determine the water activity and the freezing point depression of tangerine, pineapple and lemon juices at various concentrations (10-55oBrix) and to achieve a correlation between these properties. The freezing point depression was determined with a LAKTRON cryoscope and common laboratory materials. The water activity was determined with a DECAGON CX-2 hygrometer in the temperature range of 15 to 30oC. With the results, the adjustment to CHEN (1987) water activity prediction equation to non-electrolyte mixtures was verified, through the calculation of the variation coefficient (CV). Being CV smaller than 3% for the proposed model, it can be said that the experimental data have adjusted well to the prediction equation. The water activity and the freezing point depression was correlated for tangerine, pineapple and lemon juices and r2 values were higher than 99%. Therefore, it is possible to obtain the water activity by knowing the freezing point depression of studied juices.