Size Effects in Micro-bending Deformation of MEMS Devices Based on the Discrete Dislocation Theory

In the present research, the discrete dislocation theory is used to analyze the size effect phenomena for the MEMS devices undergoing micro-bending load. A consistent result with the experimental one in literature is obtained. In order to check the effectiveness to use the discrete dislocation theory in predicting the size effect, both the basic version theory and the updated one are adopted simultaneously. The normalized stress-strain relations of the material are obtained for different plate thickness or for different obstacle density. The prediction results are compared with experimental results.

Conservation science in NOAA’s National Marine Sanctuaries: description and recent accomplishments

This report describes cases relating to the management of national marine sanctuaries in which certain scientific information was required so managers could make decisions that effectively protected trust resources. The cases presented represent only a fraction of difficult issues that marine sanctuary managers deal with daily. They include, among others, problems related to wildlife disturbance, vessel routing, marine reserve placement, watershed management, oil spill response, and habitat restoration. Scientific approaches to address these problems vary significantly, and include literature surveys, data mining, field studies (monitoring, mapping, observations, and measurement), geospatial and biogeographic analysis, and modeling. In most cases there is also an element of expert consultation and collaboration among multiple partners, agencies with resource protection responsibilities, and other users and stakeholders. The resulting management responses may involve direct intervention (e.g., for spill response or habitat restoration issues), proposal of boundary alternatives for marine sanctuaries or reserves, changes in agency policy or regulations, making recommendations to other agencies with resource protection responsibilities, proposing changes to international or domestic shipping rules, or development of new education or outreach programs. (PDF contains 37 pages.)

The effects of surface tension on the elastic properties of nano structures

In the absence of external loading, surface tension will induce a residual stress field in the bulk of nano structures. However, in the prediction of mechanical properties of nano structures, the elastic response of the bulk is usually described by classical Hooke’s law, in which the aforementioned residual stress was neglected in the existing literatures. The present paper investigates the influences of surface tension and the residual stress in the bulk induced by the surface tension on the elastic properties of nano structures. We firstly present the surface elasticity in the Lagrangian and the Eulerian descriptions and point out that even in the case of infinitesimal deformations the reference and the current configurations should be discriminated; otherwise the out-plane terms of surface displacement gradient, associated with the surface tension, may sometimes be overlooked in the Eulerian descriptions, particularly for curved and rotated surfaces. Then, the residual stress in the bulk is studied through the non-classical boundary conditions and used to construct the linear elastic constitutive relations for the bulk material. Finally, these relations are adopted to analyze the size-dependent properties of pure bending of Al nanowires. The present results show that surface tension will considerably affect the effective Young’s modulus of Al nanowires, which decrease with either the decrease of nanowires thickness or the increase of the aspect ratio.

Fracture of materials undergoing solid-solid phase transformation

A large number of technologically important materials undergo solid-solid phase transformations. Examples range from ferroelectrics (transducers and memory devices), zirconia (Thermal Barrier Coatings) to nickel superalloys and (lithium) iron phosphate (Li-ion batteries). These transformations involve a change in the crystal structure either through diffusion of species or local rearrangement of atoms. This change of crystal structure leads to a macroscopic change of shape or volume or both and results in internal stresses during the transformation. In certain situations this stress field gives rise to cracks (tin, iron phosphate etc.) which continue to propagate as the transformation front traverses the material. In other materials the transformation modifies the stress field around cracks and effects crack growth behavior (zirconia, ferroelectrics). These observations serve as our motivation to study cracks in solids undergoing phase transformations. Understanding these effects will help in improving the mechanical reliability of the devices employing these materials.

In this thesis we present work on two problems concerning the interplay between cracks and phase transformations. First, we consider the directional growth of a set of parallel edge cracks due to a solid-solid transformation. We conclude from our analysis that phase transformations can lead to formation of parallel edge cracks when the transformation strain satisfies certain conditions and the resulting cracks grow all the way till their tips cross over the phase boundary. Moreover the cracks continue to grow as the phase boundary traverses into the interior of the body at a uniform spacing without any instabilities. There exists an optimal value for the spacing between the cracks. We ascertain these conclusion by performing numerical simulations using finite elements.

Second, we model the effect of the semiconducting nature and dopants on cracks in ferroelectric perovskite materials, particularly barium titanate. Traditional approaches to model fracture in these materials have treated them as insulators. In reality, they are wide bandgap semiconductors with oxygen vacancies and trace impurities acting as dopants. We incorporate the space charge arising due the semiconducting effect and dopant ionization in a phase field model for the ferroelectric. We derive the governing equations by invoking the dissipation inequality over a ferroelectric domain containing a crack. This approach also yields the driving force acting on the crack. Our phase field simulations of polarization domain evolution around a crack show the accumulation of electronic charge on the crack surface making it more permeable than was previously believed so, as seen in recent experiments. We also discuss the effect the space charge has on domain formation and the crack driving force.

Biotechnologies for cancer diagnostics : cell sorting, protein analysis and imaging of cellular metabolism

This thesis presents the development of chip-based technology for informative in vitro cancer diagnostics. In the first part of this thesis, I will present my contribution in the development of a technology called “Nucleic Acid Cell Sorting (NACS)”, based on microarrays composed of nucleic acid encoded peptide major histocompatibility complexes (p/MHC), and the experimental and theoretical methods to detect and analyze secreted proteins from single or few cells.

Secondly, a novel portable platform for imaging of cellular metabolism with radio probes is presented. A microfluidic chip, so called “Radiopharmaceutical Imaging Chip” (RIMChip), combined with a beta-particle imaging camera, is developed to visualize the uptake of radio probes in a small number of cells. Due to its sophisticated design, RIMChip allows robust and user-friendly execution of sensitive and quantitative radio assays. The performance of this platform is validated with adherent and suspension cancer cell lines. This platform is then applied to study the metabolic response of cancer cells under the treatment of drugs. Both cases of mouse lymphoma and human glioblastoma cell lines, the metabolic responses to the drug exposures are observed within a short time (~ 1 hour), and are correlated with the arrest of cell-cycle, or with changes in receptor tyrosine kinase signaling.

The last parts of this thesis present summaries of ongoing projects: development of a new agent as an in vivo imaging probe for c-MET, and quantitative monitoring of glycolytic metabolism of primary glioblastoma cells. To develop a new agent for c-MET imaging, the one-bead-one-compound combinatorial library method is used, coupled with iterative screening. The performance of the agent is quantitatively validated with cell-based fluorescent assays. In the case of monitoring the metabolism of primary glioblastoma cell, by RIMChip, cells were sorting according to their expression levels of oncoprotein, or were treated with different kinds of drugs to study the metabolic heterogeneity of cancer cells or metabolic response of glioblastoma cells to drug treatments, respectively.

Response of linear, viscous damped systems to excitations having time-varying frequency

The response of linear, viscous damped systems to excitations having time-varying frequency is the subject of exact and approximate analyses, which are supplemented by an analog computer study of single degree of freedom system response to excitations having frequencies depending linearly and exponentially on time.

The technique of small perturbations and the methods of stationary phase and saddle-point integration, as well as a novel bounding procedure, are utilized to derive approximate expressions characterizing the system response envelope—particularly near resonances—for the general time-varying excitation frequency.

Descriptive measurements of system resonant behavior recorded during the course of the analog study—maximum response, excitation frequency at which maximum response occurs, and the width of the response peak at the half-power level—are investigated to determine dependence upon natural frequency, damping, and the functional form of the excitation frequency.

The laboratory problem of determining the properties of a physical system from records of its response to excitations of this class is considered, and the transient phenomenon known as “ringing” is treated briefly.

It is shown that system resonant behavior, as portrayed by the above measurements and expressions, is relatively insensitive to the specifics of the excitation frequency-time relation and may be described to good order in terms of parameters combining system properties with the time derivative of excitation frequency evaluated at resonance.

One of these parameters is shown useful for predicting whether or not a given excitation having a time-varying frequency will produce strong or subtle changes in the response envelope of a given system relative to the steady-state response envelope. The parameter is shown, additionally, to be useful for predicting whether or not a particular response record will exhibit the “ringing” phenomenon.

Cálculo de área de poligonais geodésicas ou loxodrômicas sobre o elipsóide do Sistema Geodésico WGS-84.

O cálculo da área de poligonais geodésicas é um desafio matemático instigante. Como calcular a área de uma poligonal sobre o elipsóide, se seus lados não possuem parametrização conhecida? Alguns trabalhos já foram desenvolvidos no intuito de solucionar este problema, empregando, em sua maioria, sistemas projetivos equivalentes ou aproximações sobre esferas autálicas. Tais métodos aproximam a superfície de referência elipsoidal por outras de mais fácil tratamento matemático, porém apresentam limitação de emprego, pois uma única superfície não poderia ser empregada para todo o planeta, sem comprometer os cálculos realizados sobre ela. No Código de Processo Civil, Livro IV, Título I, Capítulo VIII, Seção III artigo 971 diz, em seu parágrafo único, que não havendo impugnação, o juiz determinará a divisão geodésica do imóvel. Além deste, existe ainda a Lei 10.267/2001, que regula a obrigatoriedade, para efetivação de registro, dos vértices definidores dos limites dos imóveis rurais terem suas coordenadas georreferenciadas ao Sistema Geodésico Brasileiro (SGB), sendo que áreas de imóveis menores que quatro módulos fiscais terão garantida isenção de custos financeiros.Este trabalho visa fornecer uma metodologia de cálculo de áreas para poligonais geodésicas, ou loxodrômicas, diretamente sobre o elipsóide, bem como fornecer um programa que execute as rotinas elaboradas nesta dissertação. Como a maioria dos levantamentos geodésicos é realizada usando rastreadores GPS, a carga dos dados é pautada em coordenadas (X, Y, Z), empregando o Sistema Geodésico WGS-84, fornecendo a área geodésica sem a necessidade de um produto tipo SIG. Para alcançar o objetivo deste trabalho, foi desenvolvida parametrização diferente da abordagem clássica da Geodésia geométrica, para transformar as coordenadas (X, Y, Z) em geodésicas.

Efecto de la temperatura en el subproteoma de membrana externa de Escherichia coli

[es]En sus habitas naturales, los microorganismos están en un estado constante de adaptación a cambios tanto bióticos como abióticos. Ante situaciones de estré s, como por ejemplo cambios en nutriente s, temperatura o de osmolar idad , la s estrategias de supervivencia o adapta ción se puede n manifestar como cambios fenotípicos y genotípicos . En este estudio se analizaron algunos mecanismos de cambio asociados a la supervivencia y la composición proteica de membrana en Escherichia coli (bact eria mesófila), al ser expuesta a condiciones de ayuno y a temperaturas subó ptimas (4 y 20ºC). Al realizar un análisis comparativ o del subproteoma de membrana entre estas dos temperaturas, se observó que ante la ausencia de nutrientes, E. coli respondía de forma diferen te en la expresió n de proteí nas as ociadas a estructura (lipoproteínas), conservación de la energía y transporte, con un aumento en el nú mero de proteí nas expresadas a 20 o C. Se observó, además, una importante diferencia en la supervivencia a estas dos temperaturas, donde el número de células en el estado viable no cultivable (VNC) representaron un porcentaje importante a 20ºC

Prevalência de doença celíaca em pacientes dispépticos sem diarreia atendidos na Disciplina de Gastroenterologia e Endoscopia Digestiva do Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto da UERJ

A Doença Celíaca (DC) é uma doença autoimune que afeta o intestino delgado de indivíduos geneticamente susceptíveis após contato com o glúten. Diversos estudos têm relatado aumento da prevalência ao longo dos anos. Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência de DC em pacientes adultos sem diarreia encaminhados à Disciplina de Gastroenterologia do HUPE da UERJ para serem submetidos a Endoscopia Digestiva Alta (EDA).Comparar os resultados do histopatológico das biópsias duodenais com os resultados sorológicos, utilizando o anticorpo antitransglutaminase tecidual IgA (ATGt IgA). Métodos: Pacientes que foram encaminhados ao nosso serviço para serem submetidos a EDA entre Julho de 2008 e Julho de 2010, com idade entre 18 e 85 anos foram aceitos no estudo. Critérios de exclusão foram cirrose, neoplasias do trato gastrointestinal, HIV, uso de imunossupressores e anticoagulantes, diarreia, hemorragia digestiva e DC. Coleta de sangue para pesquisa do anticorpo ATGt IgA (utilizando KIT ORGENTEC - Alemanha), avaliação endoscópica e exame histopatológico das biópsias de segunda porção duodenal foram feitos para cada paciente. Biópsias foram avaliadas de acordo com o critério de Marsh modificado. Resultados: Trezentos e noventa e nove pacientes consecutivos (112 homens, 287 mulheres), média de idade 49,616,4 anos, variando de 18-85 anos, sem diarreia, foram prospectivamente aceitos. Os sintomas clínicos mais prevalentes foram dor abdominal em 99,5%, pirose em 41,1%, plenitude pós prandial em 30,6%, náuseas e vômitos em 21,3%. Os achados endoscópicos foram: normais em 41,6%, lesões pépticas (esofagite, gastrite, duodenite e úlceras) em 41,6%, hérnia hiatal em 5,5%, pólipos gástricos em 3%, neoplasias em 1,3% e miscelânea em 7%. DC foi endoscopicamente diagnosticada em 13 pacientes (3,3%) com mucosa duodenal exibindo serrilhamento das pregas em 8 (2%), diminuição do pregueado em 2 (0,5%) e mucosa exibindo padrão nodular e mosaico em 3 (0,75%). Os achados histopatológicos de duodeno foram normais em 96,7%, duodenites inespecíficas em 2,7% e 3 pacientes (0,75%) confirmaram DC pelos critérios de Marsh modificado (IIIa, IIIb e IIIc). O anticorpo ATGt IgA foi positivo (>10 U/ml) em 1,3% (5/399). Conclusão: Este estudo mostrou que a prevalência de DC em pacientes dispépticos sem diarreia atendidos na Disciplina de Gastroenterologia e Endoscopia do HUPE/UERJ foi de 0,75% (1:133). A acurácia diagnóstica do anticorpo ATGt IgA é boa para pacientes com Marsh III e achados endoscópicos sugestivos. Nenhum dos pacientes tinha alterações Marsh I ou II. A EDA se mostrou um excelente método de triagem para definir os pacientes com graus mais acentuados de atrofia e que se beneficiariam de biópsia e sorologia para confirmação diagnóstica. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho não justificam uma triagem rotineira de DC.

The MLH1 c.1852_1853delinsGC (p.K618A) Variant in Colorectal Cancer: Genetic Association Study in 18,723 Individuals

Colorectal cancer is one of the most frequent neoplasms and an important cause of mortality in the developed world. Mendelian syndromes account for about 5% of the total burden of CRC, being Lynch syndrome and familial adenomatous polyposis the most common forms. Lynch syndrome tumors develop mainly as a consequence of defective DNA mismatch repair associated with germline mutations in MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 and PMS2. A significant proportion of variants identified by screening these genes correspond to missense or noncoding changes without a clear pathogenic consequence, and they are designated as "variants of uncertain significance'', being the c.1852_1853delinsGC (p.K618A) variant in the MLH1 gene a clear example. The implication of this variant as a low-penetrance risk variant for CRC was assessed in the present study by performing a case-control study within a large cohort from the COGENT consortium-COST Action BM1206 including 18,723 individuals (8,055 colorectal cancer cases and 10,668 controls) and a case-only genotype-phenotype correlation with several clinical and pathological characteristics restricted to the Epicolon cohort. Our results showed no involvement of this variant as a low-penetrance variant for colorectal cancer genetic susceptibility and no association with any clinical and pathological characteristics including family history for this neoplasm or Lynch syndrome.

River Ouse: fisheries drought report 1996

The basis for undertaking this study was to examine factors and potential impacts affecting fish and fishing in relation to low flow drought conditions and what other impacts may arise as a result of further reduced flows resulting from abstraction. The study formed the basis of a three year project to concentrate on effects relating to potable water abstractions at Moor Monkton by YWS. To fully evaluate the possible effects on fisheries the study set out to encompass fish population surveys from fry to adult stock, analysis of angler catch data, reports from anglers and river reports from Environment Agency Fisheries staff. In order to evaluate any effects of drought and abstraction a three year study was instigated to examine fish populations. Fish population surveys were conducted at six sites in which the triennial rolling programme formed the basis of site selection. Multi-method sampling techniques were carried out at several sites in order to evaluate capture efficiency. Roach were prolific above the weir at Linton-on-Ouse, with gudgeon, perch and small bream also well represented. Roach dominated catches on the R.Ouse below Linton, with perch and bleak also relatively abundant. Low flows were not thought to be directly correlated to successful recruitment of coarse fish, rather the associated high temperatures during drought conditions showing a strong positive effect with most species exhibiting growth rates above their long-term average. At this stage in the study there are no clear indications that the drought has caused any deleterious effects to coarse fish populations or marked changes in species composition, with evidence of good recruitment by several species, indicating that the higher temperatures have generally been beneficial to recruitment. However, the indication that dace did not benefit as well as other coarse fish under these conditions may suggest some species are affected more than others. The successful strong recruitment of most coarse fish suggests that, in future, fisheries will be supported by the 1995 year-class.

The effect of organotin and copper sulfate on the late development and presettlement behavior of the hard clam Mercenaria mercenaria

The effect of organotin compounds and copper, commonly used as antifouling agent, were studied on Mercenaria mercernaria larvae. They were reared under usual hatchery conditions until they reached 190 um in diameter. The larvae were subjected to four compounds, tributylin chloride (TBT), monobutyltin chloride (MBT), trimethyltin chloride (TMT), cupric sulfate (CuSo4) plus control. Mortality was measured at 24, 48 h, and 96h. Behavioral and/or metamorphic changes were recorded in triplicate at 24-48 and 96 h. The appearance in swimming larvae of a functional foot was considered a sign of competence to set and was recorded as a "pediveliger". Swimming larvae were considered as larvae that have not yet reached their total development and they were recorded as "swimming". Larvae that did not show foot or swimming activity and were static but alive on the bottom were recorded as "bottom". TBT was found to completely inhibit swimming activity at sublethal concentrations throughout the period of observation. Copper and MBT inhibited swimming from 48 h, TMT did not inhibit swimming activity at any of the times recorded. The four compounds ranked in order of decreasing toxicity were TBT>TMT>CU>MBT.

Gure buruaren onarpenetik, gizakion errespetura

[eus] Gaur egungo eskoletan, oraindik ere, zoritxarrez, behar besteko garrantzirik ematen ez zaion eta sendotu behar den ikasleen autoezagutza fisikoaren inguruan, honako landa-lana diseinatu eta ikasleekin burutu egin da, hauengan aldaketa bat sortarazteko asmoarekin. Horretarako, prestatutako ariketa desberdinen bitartez, ikasleen arrazonamendu maila, baita maila emozionala ere landu egin da. Kontuan izanda, autoezagutzan, aldaketak epe luzean ematen direla, esku-hartze honen bidez ez dira aldaketa handirik edo esanguratsurik nabarmendu. Dena den, errespetuaren balorea ikasleengan transmititzea lortu egin da. Hori dela eta, landa lana burutu eta gero, egindakoaren inguruan, autokritika egin da.

Mecanismos de variabilidade de pressão arterial batimento-a-batimento e desempenho cognitivo em idosos

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os mecanismos de variabilidade da pressão arterial sistólica batimento-a-batimento através da análise espectral do componente de baixa frequência da variabilidade da pressão arterial sistólica, de medidas de velocidade da onda de pulso e de análise da pressão de incremento em idosos normotensos e hipertensos em tratamento anti-hipertensivo. Adicionalmente, investigamos a associação da variabilidade da pressão arterial com a espessura médio-intimal carotídea. Também investigamos a associação entre variabilidade da pressão arterial batimento-a-batimento e da frequência cardíaca com desempenho cognitivo. A pressão arterial foi medida continuamente através de fotopletismografia em posição supina e semi-ereta passiva. A variabilidade da pressão arterial foi estimada pelo desvio padrão das medidas batimento-a-batimento. Medidas de velocidade de onda de pulso, de pressão de incremento e ultrassonografia das artérias carótidas para medidas da espessura médio-intimal foram realizadas. O componente de baixa frequência da variabilidade da pressão arterial sistólica em posição supina e semi-ereta apresentou uma associação positiva independente coma variabilidade nos modelos de regressão linear múltipla ajustado pela velocidade de onda de pulso ou pela pressão de incremento.O componente de baixa frequência do barorreflexo em posição supina apresentou uma associação negativa independente com a variabilidade da pressão arterial sistólica e nos mesmos modelos. Não foi demonstrada associação entre a variabilidade da pressão arterial sistólica com espessura médio-intimal das artérias carótidas. Não foi demonstrada associação da variabilidade da pressão arterial sistólica batimento-a-batimento ou da frequência cardíaca com desempenho cognitivo global. Foi demonstrada associação positiva e independente do componente de baixa frequência do espectro de variabilidade da pressão arterial e da frequência cardíaca com domínios cognitivos relacionados ao lobo frontal. Em conclusão, a modulação simpática do tono vascular arterial, a função vascular miogênica e a desregulação do barorreflexo correlacionam-se com a variabilidade da pressão arterial batimento-a-batimento, o que não foi observado em relação `a rigidez arterial,pressão de incremento eespessura médio-intimal carotídea. A variabilidade da pressão arterial sistólica e da frequência cardíaca não apresentaram correlação com o desempenho cognitivo global, mas apresentaram associação positiva e independente com escores de função executiva.

Survey protocol for invasive species

This protocol was developed by the Biogeography Branch of NOAA’s Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment to support invasive species research by the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument. The protocol’s objective is to detect Carijoa riisei and Hypnea musciformis in deepwater habitats using visual surveys by technical divers. Note: This protocol is designed to detect the presence or absence of invasive species. A distinct protocol is required to collect information on abundance and impact, or monitor changes over time.