A comparison of two computer-assisted remedial reading programs for adolescent unskilled readers : component reading skills and repeated reading

This study compared the relative effectiveness of two computerized remedial reading programs in improving the reading word recognition, rate, and comprehension of adolescent readers demonstrating significant and longstanding reading difficulties. One of the programs involved was Autoskill Component Reading Subskills Program, which provides instruction in isolated letters, syllables, and words, to a point of rapid automatic responding. This program also incorporates reading disability subtypes in its approach. The second program, Read It Again. Sam, delivers a repeated reading strategy. The study also examined the feasibility of using peer tutors in association with these two programs. Grade 9 students at a secondary vocational school who satisfied specific criteria with respect to cognitive and reading ability participated. Eighteen students were randomly assigned to three matched groups, based on prior screening on a battery of reading achievement tests. Two I I groups received training with one of the computer programs; the third group acted as a control and received the remedial reading program offered within the regular classroom. The groups met daily with a trained tutor for approximately 35 minutes, and were required to accumulate twenty hours of instruction. At the conclusion of the program, the pretest battery was repeated. No significant differences were found in the treatment effects of the two computer groups. Each of the two treatment groups was able to effect significantly improved reading word recognition and rate, relative to the control group. Comprehension gains were modest. The treatment groups demonstrated a significant gain, relative to the control group, on one of the three comprehension measures; only trends toward a gain were noted on the remaining two measures. The tutoring partnership appeared to be a viable alternative for the teacher seeking to provide individualized computerized remedial programs for adolescent unskilled readers. Both programs took advantage of computer technology in providing individualized drill and practice, instant feedback, and ongoing recordkeeping. With limited cautions, each of these programs was considered effective and practical for use with adolescent unskilled readers.

Étude des mécanismes psychophysiologiques de la modulation volontaire de la douleur par le biofeedback et la respiration.

Bien que la douleur soit une expérience subjective universelle, la façon de la percevoir et de l’interpréter est modulée par une multitude de facteurs. Plusieurs interventions cognitives se sont montrées efficaces pour réduire la douleur dans des conditions cliniques et expérimentales. Cette thèse s’intéressera particulièrement aux mécanismes psychophysiologiques impliqués dans les stratégies de modulation volontaire de la douleur. Ces stratégies sont intéressantes puisqu’elles encouragent une prise en charge par l’individu, lui permettant de jouer un rôle actif dans la régulation de sa douleur. La première étude s’intéresse à l’efficacité du biofeedback comme moyen de modulation volontaire de la douleur. Il s’agissait de déterminer si le fait de présenter une rétroaction de l’amplitude du réflex RIII (évoqué par une stimulation électrique du nerf sural) au cours d’un entraînement de plusieurs essais permettrait au participant d’adopter des stratégies de modulation de la douleur et d’activer volontairement des mécanismes de contrôle descendant de la douleur. De façon à évaluer spécifiquement les changements induits par le biofeedback, la modulation du réflexe RIII et de la douleur était comparée dans trois groupes (biofeedback valide, faux biofeedback et groupe contrôle sans rétroaction). Dans les trois groupes, il était suggéré aux participants d’utiliser des stratégies cognitives de modulation de la douleur (attention, modulation de la respiration, réévaluation cognitive et imagerie mentale) afin d’augmenter ou de diminuer leur réflexe RIII comparativement à leur niveau de base. Les résultats de notre étude indiquent que les participants des 3 groupes ont réussi à moduler leur réflexe RIII (p<0,001) ainsi que leurs évaluations de douleur (p<0,001) (intensité et désagrément). Les résultats de notre étude montrent que l’entraînement au biofeedback n’était pas nécessaire pour obtenir une modulation du réflexe RIII et de la douleur, ce qui suggère que l’utilisation de stratégies cognitives pourrait être suffisante pour déclencher des mécanismes de contrôle de la douleur. La deuxième étude découle de la première et s’intéressait à l’influence de la fréquence et de la phase respiratoire sur la nociception spinale, l’activité cérébrale et la perception de douleur. Le contrôle volontaire de la respiration est un moyen commun de régulation des émotions et est fréquemment utilisé en combinaison avec d’autres techniques (ex. : relaxation, méditation) dans le but de réguler la douleur. Les participants étaient invités à synchroniser leur respiration à des indices sonores indiquant le moment de l’inspiration et de l’expiration. Trois patrons de respiration étaient proposés (respiration à 0,1Hz avec une inspiration de 4 secondes, respiration à 0,1Hz avec une inspiration de 2 secondes et respiration à 0,2Hz avec une inspiration de 2 secondes. La moitié des stimulations étaient données durant l’inspiration et l’autre moitié durant l’expiration. Afin d’évaluer l’effet de ces manipulations, l’amplitude du RIII, l’évaluation subjective d’intensité de la douleur et de l’anxiété suscitée par le choc en plus des potentiels évoqués étaient mesurés. Les résultats de cette étude démontrent que les évaluations d’intensité de la douleur n’étaient pas affectées par le patron respiratoire (p=0,3), mais étaient statistiquement plus basses durant l’inspiration comparativement à l’expiration (p=0,02). Un effet de phase (p=0,03) était également observé sur les potentiels évoqués durant la condition de respiration à 0,1hHz avec une inspiration de 2 secondes comparativement au patron de respiration de 0,2Hz. Paradoxalement, l’amplitude du réflexe RIII était augmenté durant l’inspiration (p=0,02) comparativement à l’expiration. Ces résultats montrent que la manipulation de la fréquence et de la phase respiratoires (par une synchronisation imposée) a un effet marginal sur les évaluations de douleur et sur l’activité cérébrale et spinale évoquée par une stimulation électrique (douleur aigüe). Cela suggère que d’autres mécanismes contribuent aux effets analgésiques observés dans la relaxation et la méditation. Plus largement, nos résultats font état de la nécessité d’études plus approfondies avec une méthodologie plus rigoureuse afin de contrôler les effets non spécifiques aux traitements évalués. Une meilleure connaissance des mécanismes sous-tendant chaque stratégie permettrait de mieux cibler les clientèles susceptibles d’y répondre et de mieux considérer le ratio coût bénéfice de chaque traitement.

Förderung des Leseverständnisses durch Lesestrategien: Eine Interventionsstudie in der Grundschule

Anliegen dieser Dissertation ist die Untersuchung des Einflusses eines Lesestrategietrainings auf die Entwicklung des Leseverständnisses in den Klassen 2 und 4. In einer experimentellen Studie mit Prä-Post-Test-Design wurde die Wirksamkeit eines 25 Sitzungen umfassenden Trainings der Strategien Vorhersagen, kleinschrittiges Wiederholen und Zusammenfassen den Effekten einer lesefernen Kontrollbedingung gegenübergestellt. Die Lesestrategien wurden peergestützt vermittelt, d. h. in Dyaden aus einem leseschwächeren und einem lesestärkeren Kind. In drei Teilstudien wurden Fragestellungen zur differenzierten Analyse der Trainingswirksamkeit untersucht: (1) Wird die Trainingswirksamkeit durch die Effizienz der Worterkennungsprozesse beeinflusst?, (2) Kann die Entwicklung der Leseflüssigkeit durch das Lesestrategietraining gefördert werden? und (3) Können leseschwache Kinder von der Zusammenarbeit mit lesestärkeren Tutor(inn)en hinsichtlich der Verbesserung ihres Leseverständnisses profitieren?. Die Ergebnisse dieser Dissertation sprechen dafür, dass das eingesetzte peergestützte Lesestrategietraining das Leseverständnis und die Leseflüssigkeit von Zweit- und Viertklässler(inne)n unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen positiv beeinflussen konnte. Die Leseleistungen vor dem Training, die Effizienz der Worterkennungsprozesse und die Rolle im dyadischen Lernen erwiesen sich als relevante Einflussfaktoren für die Wirksamkeit des Strategietrainings. Zweitklässler(innen), die aufgrund guter Prä-Test Leseleistungen die Tutor(inn)enrolle erhielten, konnten ihr Leseverständnis gegenüber Kindern mit gleichen Leseleistungen in der Kontrollbedingung signifikant steigern. Leseschwache Zweitklässler(innen) hingegen schienen nur bei (relativ) effizienten Worterkennungsprozessen die Lesestrategien zur Steigerung ihres globalen Leseverständnisses nutzen zu können, wobei sie keinen Zugewinn aus der dyadischen Zusammenarbeit ziehen konnten. Bei ineffizienten Worterkennungsprozessen hatte das Strategietraining negative Auswirkungen auf das allgemeine Leseverständnis. Anders in Klasse 4: Kinder, die aufgrund unterdurchschnittlicher Leseleistungen im Prä-Test als Tutand(inn)en am Training teilnahmen, verbesserten ihr Leseverständnis und konnten dabei von der Zusammenarbeit mit lesestarken Tutor(inn)en profitieren. Für die Tutor(inn)en in Klasse 4 zeigte sich kein Effekt des Strategietrainings gegenüber der Kontrollgruppe. In beiden Klassenstufen stellte sich im Verlauf des Strategietrainings eine schnellere Entwicklung der Leseflüssigkeit der schwachen Leser(innen) ein. Zusammengefasst erzielte das Training die größten Effekte für gute Leser(innen) in Klasse 2 und schwache Leser(innen) in Klasse 4 – beide Gruppen konnten ihr Leseverständnis praktisch bedeutsam gegenüber Kindern mit gleichen Leseleistungen in der Kontrollbedingung steigern.

Utilisation of Giant African snail (Achatina fulica) meal as protein source by laying hens

A 12-week experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of substituting Giant African snail meal for fish meal in laying hens diet. Four diets were formulated to contain snail meal as replacement for fish meal at 0 (control), 33, 67 and 100%. A total of 120 Shaver Brown pullets aged 18 weeks were allocated to the dietary treatments in a randomised design. Each treatment consisted of three replicates and ten birds per replicate. Feed intake increased only for the 33% treatment as compared to the 67% replacement diet but did not differ from the other treatments. There were no significant treatment effects on egg performance parameters observed (egg production, egg weight, total egg mass, feed conversion ratio and percent shell). The overall feed cost of egg production reduced on the snail meal-based diets. The organoleptic evaluation of boiled eggs revealed no difference between the treatments. Based on these results it was concluded that total replacement of fish meal with cooked snail meat meal does not compromise laying performance or egg quality. The substitution is beneficial in terms of production cost reduction and the reduction of snails will have a beneficial impact especially where these snails are a serious agricultural pest. The manual collection and processing of snails can also become a source of rural income.

Cambios en el régimen de pensiones en Colombia y su efecto en el margen intensivo de la oferta laboral

En Colombia, como en muchos países de América Latina, en los años 80 y 90 se hicieron cambios importantes en los regímenes de pensiones. Este trabajo hace un análisis de uno de esos cambios en Colombia. El cambio consistió en aumentar el tiempo de cotización necesario para reclamar los beneficios pensionales y la inclusión del salario dentro de la fórmula del monto de pensiones. Para este propósito se estudia el impacto sobre la oferta laboral de un cambio exógeno en estas condiciones usando un diseño de regresión discontinua. Se encuentra un efecto positivo sobre las horas promedio trabajadas en la semana.

El programa Proniño en Colombia: su efecto en la reducción del trabajo infantil

El objetivo de este documento es evaluar empíricamente el efecto que tiene una mayor o menor exposición del programa Proniño de la Fundación Telefónica en la cantidad de horas trabajadas de los niños, niñas y adolescentes. Tomando información desde el 2010 y hasta el 2012 se evalúa empíricamente el impacto en la duración a la exposición del tratamiento, eliminando el sesgo de selección por duración a través de la metodología de Propensity Score Matching. Los resultados muestran que la exposición al tratamiento sí logra reducir el número de horas trabajadas de los niños, niñas y adolescentes, alcanzando los niveles más altos de reducción cuando el tiempo de exposición al programa es más amplio; en este caso, tres años y particularmente para el grupo de edad comprendido entre los 12 a 14 años. Finalmente se evidencia que el programa es más efectivo en la reducción del número de horas trabajadas a la semana de los niños (hombres) que de las niñas (mujeres).

Measuring and testing for the systemically important financial institutions

This paper analyzes the measure of systemic importance ∆CoV aR proposed by Adrian and Brunnermeier (2009, 2010) within the context of a similar class of risk measures used in the risk management literature. In addition, we develop a series of testing procedures, based on ∆CoV aR, to identify and rank the systemically important institutions. We stress the importance of statistical testing in interpreting the measure of systemic importance. An empirical application illustrates the testing procedures, using equity data for three European banks.

Parametric pension reform and the intensive margin of labor supply, evidence from Colombia

We analyze the effect of a parametric reform of the fully-funded pension regime in Colombia on the intensive margin of the labor supply. We take advantage of a threshold defined by law in order to identify the causal effect using a regression discontinuity design. We find that a pension system that increases retirement age and the minimum weeks during which workers must contribute to claim pension benefits causes an increase of around 2 hours on the number of weekly worked hours; this corresponds to 4% of the average number of weekly worked hours or around 14% of a standard deviation of weekly worked hours. The effect is robust to different specifications, polynomial orders and sample sizes.

Evaluating the century C model using long-term fertilizer trials in the Indo-Gangetic Plains, India

The GEFSOC Project developed a system for estimating soil carbon (C) stocks and changes at the national and sub-national scale. As part of the development of the system, the Century ecosystem model was evaluated for its ability to simulate soil organic C (SOC) changes in environmental conditions in the Indo-Gangetic Plains, India (IGP). Two long-term fertilizer trials (LTFT), with all necessary parameters needed to run Century, were used for this purpose: a jute (Corchorus capsularis L.), rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) trial at Barrackpore, West Bengal, and a rice-wheat trial at Ludhiana, Punjab. The trials represent two contrasting climates of the IGP, viz. semi-arid, dry with mean annual rainfall (MAR) of < 800 mm and humid with > 1600 turn. Both trials involved several different treatments with different organic and inorganic fertilizer inputs. In general, the model tended to overestimate treatment effects by approximately 15%. At the semi-arid site, modelled data simulated actual data reasonably well for all treatments, with the control and chemical N + farm yard manure showing the best agreement (RMSE = 7). At the humid site, Century performed less well. This could have been due to a range of factors including site history. During the study, Century was calibrated to simulate crop yields for the two sites considered using data from across the Indian IGP. However, further adjustments may improve model performance at these sites and others in the IGP. The availability of more longterm experimental data sets (especially those involving flooded lowland rice and triple cropping systems from the IGP) for testing and validation is critical to the application of the model's predictive capabilities for this area of the Indian sub-continent. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Selenium supplementation of lactating dairy cows: Effect on selenium concentration in blood, milk, urine and feces

The objectives were to determine effects of graded levels of selenized yeast derived from a specific strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (CNCM I-3060) on animal performance and in selenium concentrations in the blood, milk, feces, and urine of dairy cows compared with sodium selenite; and to provide preliminary data on the proportion of selenium as selenomethionine in the milk and blood. Twenty Holstein cows were used in a 5 × 5 Latin square design study in which all cows received the same total mixed rations, which varied only in source or concentration of dietary selenium. There were 5 experimental treatments. Total dietary selenium of treatment 1, which received no added selenium, was 0.15 mg/kg of dry matter, whereas values for treatments 2, 3, and 4, derived from selenized yeast, were 0.27, 0.33, and 0.40 mg/kg of dry matter, respectively. Treatment 5 contained 0.25 mg of selenium obtained from sodium selenite/kg of dry matter. There were no significant treatment effects on animal performance, and blood chemistry and hematology showed few treatment effects. Regression analysis noted significant positive linear effects of increasing dietary selenium derived from selenized yeast on selenium concentrations in the milk, blood, urine, and feces. In addition, milk selenium results indicated improved bioavailability of selenium from selenized yeast, compared with sodium selenite. Preliminary analyses showed that compared with sodium selenite, the use of selenized yeast increased the concentration of selenomethionine in the milk and blood. There was no indication of adverse effects on cow health associated with the use of selenized yeast.

Splanchnic metabolism of nutrients and hormones in steers fed alfalfa under conditions of increased absorption of ammonia and L-arginine supply across the portal-drained viscera

Effects of increased ammonia and/or arginine absorption on net splanchnic (portal-drained viscera [PDV] plus liver) metabolism of nonnitrogenous nutrients and hormones in cattle were examined. Six Hereford x Angus steers (501 +/- 1 kg BW) prepared with vascular catheters for measurements of net flux across the splanchnic bed were fed a 75% alfalfa:25% (as-fed basis) corn and soybean meal diet (0.523 MJ of ME/[kg BW(0.75.)d]) every 2 h without (27.0 g of N/kg of DM) and. with 20 g of urea/kg of DM (35.7 g of N/kg of DM) in a split-plot design. Net flux measurements were made immediately before and after a 72-h mesenteric vein infusion Of L-arginine (15 mmol/h). There were no treatment effects on PDV or hepatic 02 consumption. Dietary urea had no effect on splanchnic metabolism of glucose or L-lactate, but arginine infusion decreased net hepatic removal Of L-lactate when urea was fed (P < 0.01). Net PDV appearance of n-butyrate was increased by arginine infusion (P < 0.07), and both dietary urea (P < 0.09) and arginine infusion (P < 0.05) increased net hepatic removal of n-butyrate. Dietary urea also increased total splanchnic acetate output (P < 0.06), tended to increase arterial glucagon concentration (P < 0.11), and decreased arterial ST concentration (P < 0.03). Arginine infusion increased arterial concentration (P < 0.07) and net PDV release (P < 0.10) and tended to increase hepatic removal (P < 0.11) of insulin, as well as arterial concentration (P < 0.01) and total splanchnic output (P < 0.01) of glucagon. Despite changes in splanchnic N metabolism, increased ammonia and arginine absorption had little measurable effect on splanchnic metabolism of glucose and other nonnitrogenous components of splanchnic energy metabolism.

Effect of corn silage from an herbicide-tolerant genetically modified variety on milk production and absence of transgenic DNA in milk

Data from 60 multiparous Holstein cows were used in a 12-wk continuous design feeding trial. Cows were allocated to 1 of 4 experimental treatments (T1 to T4). In T1 and T2, the total mixed ration (TMR) contained either corn silage from the genetically modified (GM) variety Chardon Liberty Link, which is tolerant to the herbicide glufosinate ammonium, or its near isogenic nonGM counterpart, whereas the TMR used in T3 and T4 contained corn silage from the commercially available nonGM varieties Fabius and Antares, respectively. The objectives of the study were to determine if the inserted gene produced a marked effect on chemical composition, nutritive value, feed intake, and milk production, and to determine if transgenic DNA and the protein expressed by the inserted gene could be detected in bovine milk. The nutritive value, fermentation characteristics, mineral content, and amino acid composition of all 4 silages were similar. There were no significant treatment effects on milk yield, milk composition, and yield of milk constituents, and the dry matter (DM) intake of the GM variety was not significantly different from the 2 commercial varieties. However, although the DM intake noted for the nonGM near-isogenic variety was similar to the commercial varieties, it was significantly lower when compared with the GM variety. Polymerase chain reaction analyses of milk samples collected at wk 1, 6, and 12 of the study showed that none of the 90 milk samples tested positive, above a detection limit of 2.5 ng of total genomic DNA/mL of milk, for either tDNA (event T25) or the single-copy endogenous Zea mays gene, alcohol dehydrogenase. Using ELISA assays, the protein expressed by the T25 gene was not detected in milk.

Transcriptome analysis of grain development in hexaploid wheat

Background: Hexaploid wheat is one of the most important cereal crops for human nutrition. Molecular understanding of the biology of the developing grain will assist the improvement of yield and quality traits for different environments. High quality transcriptomics is a powerful method to increase this understanding. Results: The transcriptome of developing caryopses from hexaploid wheat ( Triticum aestivum, cv. Hereward) was determined using Affymetrix wheat GeneChip (R) oligonucleotide arrays which have probes for 55,052 transcripts. Of these, 14,550 showed significant differential regulation in the period between 6 and 42 days after anthesis ( daa). Large changes in transcript abundance were observed which were categorised into distinct phases of differentiation ( 6 - 10 daa), grain fill ( 12 - 21 daa) and desiccation/maturation ( 28 - 42 daa) and were associated with specific tissues and processes. A similar experiment on developing caryopses grown with dry and/or hot environmental treatments was also analysed, using the profiles established in the first experiment to show that most environmental treatment effects on transcription were due to acceleration of development, but that a few transcripts were specifically affected. Transcript abundance profiles in both experiments for nine selected known and putative wheat transcription factors were independently confirmed by real time RT-PCR. These expression profiles confirm or extend our knowledge of the roles of the known transcription factors and suggest roles for the unknown ones. Conclusion: This transcriptome data will provide a valuable resource for molecular studies on wheat grain. It has been demonstrated how it can be used to distinguish general developmental shifts from specific effects of treatments on gene expression and to diagnose the probable tissue specificity and role of transcription factors.

Meta-analysis of individual patient data from randomised trials: a review of methods used in practice

Background: Meta-analyses based on individual patient data (IPD) are regarded as the gold standard for systematic reviews. However, the methods used for analysing and presenting results from IPD meta-analyses have received little discussion. Methods We review 44 IPD meta-analyses published during the years 1999–2001. We summarize whether they obtained all the data they sought, what types of approaches were used in the analysis, including assumptions of common or random effects, and how they examined the effects of covariates. Results: Twenty-four out of 44 analyses focused on time-to-event outcomes, and most analyses (28) estimated treatment effects within each trial and then combined the results assuming a common treatment effect across trials. Three analyses failed to stratify by trial, analysing the data is if they came from a single mega-trial. Only nine analyses used random effects methods. Covariate-treatment interactions were generally investigated by subgrouping patients. Seven of the meta-analyses included data from less than 80% of the randomized patients sought, but did not address the resulting potential biases. Conclusions: Although IPD meta-analyses have many advantages in assessing the effects of health care, there are several aspects that could be further developed to make fuller use of the potential of these time-consuming projects. In particular, IPD could be used to more fully investigate the influence of covariates on heterogeneity of treatment effects, both within and between trials. The impact of heterogeneity, or use of random effects, are seldom discussed. There is thus considerable scope for enhancing the methods of analysis and presentation of IPD meta-analysis.

Triazole induced drought tolerance in horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum)

We determined the influence of the triazole derivatives paclobutrazol, penconazole, epixiconazole, propiconazole and myclobutanil on the drought tolerance and post drought recovery of container-grown horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) saplings. Myclobutanil neither conferred drought resistance, as assessed by its effects on a number of physiological and biochemical parameters, nor affected growth parameters measured after recovery from drought. Chlorophyll fluorescence (F,IF,,), photosynthetic rates, total foliar chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations, foliar proline concentration and superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were consistently higher and leaf necrosis and cellular electrolyte leakage was lower at the end of a 3-week drought in trees treated with paclobutrazol, penconazole, epixiconazole or propiconazole than in control trees. Twelve weeks after drought treatment, leaf area and shoot, root and total plant dry masses were greater in triazole-treated trees than in control trees with the exception of those treated with myclobutanil. In a separate Study, trees were subjected to a 2-week drought and then sprayed with paclobutrazol, penconazole, epixiconazole, propiconazole or myclobutanil. Chlorophyll fluorescence, photosynthetic rate, foliar chlorophyll concentration and catalase activity over the following 12 weeks were 20 to 50% hi-her in triazole-treated trees than in control trees. At the end of the 12-week recovery period, leaf area and shoot, root and total plant dry masses were higher in triazole-treated trees than in control trees, with the exception of trees treated with myclobutanil. Application of triazole derivatives, with the exception of myclobutanil, enhanced tolerance to prolonged drought and, when applied after a 2-week drought, hastened recovery from drought. The magnitude of treatment effects was in the order epixiconazole approximate to propiconazole > penconazole > paclobutrazol > myclobutanil.