Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in Switzerland: a comprehensive quality control report on centre effect.

Interest groups advocate centre-specific outcome data as a useful tool for patients in choosing a hospital for their treatment and for decision-making by politicians and the insurance industry. Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) requires significant infrastructure and represents a cost-intensive procedure. It therefore qualifies as a prime target for such a policy. We made use of the comprehensive database of the Swiss Blood Stem Cells Transplant Group (SBST) to evaluate potential use of mortality rates. Nine institutions reported a total of 4717 HSCT - 1427 allogeneic (30.3%), 3290 autologous (69.7%) - in 3808 patients between the years 1997 and 2008. Data were analysed for survival- and transplantation-related mortality (TRM) at day 100 and at 5 years. The data showed marked and significant differences between centres in unadjusted analyses. These differences were absent or marginal when the results were adjusted for disease, year of transplant and the EBMT risk score (a score incorporating patient age, disease stage, time interval between diagnosis and transplantation, and, for allogeneic transplants, donor type and donor-recipient gender combination) in a multivariable analysis. These data indicate comparable quality among centres in Switzerland. They show that comparison of crude centre-specific outcome data without adjustment for the patient mix may be misleading. Mandatory data collection and systematic review of all cases within a comprehensive quality management system might, in contrast, serve as a model to ascertain the quality of other cost-intensive therapies in Switzerland.

Heart transplantation: current practice and outlook to the future.

QUESTIONS UNDER STUDY: The field of heart transplantation has seen substantial progress in the last 40 years. The breakthroughs in long-term survival were followed by a period of stagnation in the last decade. This review summarises current recommendations for the identification of candidates for heart transplantation and their immunological and non-immunological postoperative follow-up. RESULTS: The progress made in the treatment of patients with advanced heart failure has considerably changed the profile of candidates for heart transplantation. Patients are older, and the load of co-morbidities is more important requiring careful evaluation for candidacy. Long-standing research in the field of immunosuppression made available various drugs, which decrease the risk of acute allograft rejection and prolong survival after heart transplantation. Powerful new molecules are entering early phase clinical studies, suggesting further improvement in the near future. As a consequence, treatment of non-immunological co-morbidity after heart transplantation will gain in importance, however, the base of evidence guiding current recommendations is poor. CONCLUSIONS: The substantial progress in heart failure treatment and immunosuppression after heart transplantation has changed the profile of heart transplant recipients. The arrival of new molecules will provide additional alternatives for immunosuppressive treatment while studies have to address non-immunological treatment in order to improve long-term survival after heart transplantation.

IL1B and DEFB1 Polymorphisms Increase Susceptibility to Invasive Mold Infection After Solid-Organ Transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in immune genes have been associated with susceptibility to invasive mold infection (IMI) among hematopoietic stem cell but not solid-organ transplant (SOT) recipients. METHODS: Twenty-four SNPs from systematically selected genes were genotyped among 1101 SOT recipients (715 kidney transplant recipients, 190 liver transplant recipients, 102 lung transplant recipients, 79 heart transplant recipients, and 15 recipients of other transplants) from the Swiss Transplant Cohort Study. Association between SNPs and the end point were assessed by log-rank test and Cox regression models. Cytokine production upon Aspergillus stimulation was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy volunteers and correlated with relevant genotypes. RESULTS: Mold colonization (n = 45) and proven/probable IMI (n = 26) were associated with polymorphisms in the genes encoding interleukin 1β (IL1B; rs16944; recessive mode, P = .001 for colonization and P = .00005 for IMI, by the log-rank test), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN; rs419598; P = .01 and P = .02, respectively), and β-defensin 1 (DEFB1; rs1800972; P = .001 and P = .0002, respectively). The associations with IL1B and DEFB1 remained significant in a multivariate regression model (P = .002 for IL1B rs16944; P = .01 for DEFB1 rs1800972). The presence of 2 copies of the rare allele of rs16944 or rs419598 was associated with reduced Aspergillus-induced interleukin 1β and tumor necrosis factor α secretion by PBMCs. CONCLUSIONS: Functional polymorphisms in IL1B and DEFB1 influence susceptibility to mold infection in SOT recipients. This observation may contribute to individual risk stratification.

Hypophosphatémie après résection hépatique

Introduction : L’hypophosphatémie survient couramment après hépatectomie partielle. La régénération du foie était l’explication initiale. Cependant, les pertes rénales de phosphate observées récemment suggèrent que l’hypophosphatémie est probablement d’origine rénale. Nous avons donc mesuré la fraction d’excrétion urinaire de phosphate (FePO4) après hépatectomie partielle et nous avons étudié le rôle de la parathormone (PTH) et des phosphatonines dans cette hypophosphatémie. Méthodes : Les taux sériques de phosphate, de calcium ionisé, de PTH intacte, de « fibroblast growth factor- 23 » (FGF-23) intact et carboxyle-terminal, de FGF-7, de la « frizzled-related protein-4 » (FRP-4) et de HCO3- ainsi que le pH et la FePO4 ont été mesurés avant la chirurgie et aux jours postopératoires (po) 1, 2, 3, 5 et 7, chez 18 patients ayant subi une résection hépatique partielle. Résultats : Le phosphate sérique était à son plus bas niveau (0,66 ± 0,33 mmol/l; p < 0,001) au jour po 2. La FePO4 culminait à 25,07 ± 2,26 % au jour po 1 (p < 0,05) et était associée avec le taux de la parathormone intacte (r = 0,65; p = 0,006). Le calcium ionisé sérique diminuait à 1,1 ± 0,01 mmol/l, (p < 0,01) en même temps que la parathormone intacte s’élevait à 8,8 ± 0,9 pmol/l, (p < 0,01) au jour po 1; ces deux paramètres étaient inversement corrélés (r = -0,062; p = 0,016). Le FGF-23 intact atteignait son plus bas niveau à 7,8 ± 6,9 pg/ml (p < 0,001), au jour po 3; les valeurs de FGF-23 étaient corrélées avec la diminution du phosphate sérique aux jours po 0, 3, 5 et 7 (p < 0,001). Le FGF-23 carboxyle-terminal, le FGF-7 et la FRP-4 n’étaient pas reliés au phosphate sérique ni à la FePO4. Conclusion : L’hypophosphatémie observée après résection hépatique partielle est liée à une augmentation de la FePO4 qui est sans aucune relation avec les FGF-23 intact ou carboxyle-terminal, le FGF-7 et la FRP-4. La PTH intacte était associée avec la FePO4 uniquement au jour po 1. L’hypophosphatémie après résection hépatique est secondaire à d’autres facteurs non encore identifiés.

Modulation de l’expression du gène CFTR par le produit du gène FIC1 responsable de la cholestase familiale intra-hépatique progressive de type 1 : Identification des mécanismes moléculaires impliqués

Réalisé en cotutelle avec l'Université de Cergy-Pontoise