A 250-year periodicity in Southern Hemisphere westerly winds over the last 2600 years

Southern Hemisphere westerly airflow has a significant influence on the ocean–atmosphere system of the mid- to high latitudes with potentially global climate implications. Unfortunately, historic observations only extend back to the late 19th century, limiting our understanding of multi-decadal to centennial change. Here we present a highly resolved (30-year) record of past westerly wind strength from a Falkland Islands peat sequence spanning the last 2600 years. Situated within the core latitude of Southern Hemisphere westerly airflow (the so-called furious fifties), we identify highly variable changes in exotic pollen and charcoal derived from South America which can be used to inform on past westerly air strength. We find a period of high charcoal content between 2000 and 1000 cal. years BP, associated with increased burning in Patagonia, most probably as a result of higher temperatures and stronger westerly airflow. Spectral analysis of the charcoal record identifies a pervasive ca. 250-year periodicity that is coherent with radiocarbon production rates, suggesting that solar variability has a modulating influence on Southern Hemisphere westerly airflow. Our results have important implications for understanding global climate change through the late Holocene.

Stars in Your Eyes due date card

This is a due date card for the book titled Stars in Your Eyes with handwritten names and stamped dates at bottom from 1942.

Thermally driven surface winds in the tropics

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1998

Niagara Guide looking into Cave of the Winds - Niagara Falls, U.S.A.

The description reads "(10) An old Niagara Guide - looking into the awe-inspiring Cave of the Winds - Niagara Falls, U.S.A.".

Cave of the Winds on the American Side Poster

Cave of the Winds on the American Side. This poster contains a poem by Mary S. Pond called Cave of the Winds, 35 cm. x 19 cm. The guides are listed as F.H. Johnson and Son. There is a portion of the poster missing from the upper left hand corner. This does affect the text. This newsprint article is mounted in a cardboard frame, 1860.

Cave of the Winds, Goat Island, U.S.A.

Cave of the Winds, Goat Island, U.S.A. This is touted as the only place on the globe where rainbows form an entire circle. Geo. W. Wright is listed as the lessee. 30 cm. x 14 cm. newsprint. There is a slight wearing away of the edges. This does not affect text, n.d.

Étude de la variabilité spectroscopique d’un échantillon d’étoiles Wolf-Rayet de type WC9

Nous savons que la grande majorité des étoiles WC9 produit de la poussière à base de carbone. Cette dernière doit se former dans des zones de très haute densité afin de survivre à l’environnement hostile qu’est celui du vent d’une étoile WR. Les étoiles WC appartenant à un système binaire WR + O produisent de la poussière quand les vents des deux étoiles entrent en collision et forment une zone de choc pouvant augmenter la densité du gaz d’un facteur 1000. Par contre, plusieurs étoiles WC9 n’ont, à ce jour, montré aucun signe de la présence d’un compagnon. Le but du projet est de tenter d’identifier un mécanisme alternatif responsable de la formation de poussière dans les étoiles WC9 n’appartenant pas à un système binaire. Nous présentons les résultats d’une campagne d’observation visant à caractériser la variabilité spectroscopique d’un échantillon de huit étoiles WC9 et une étoile WC8d. Nos résultats indiquent que la majorité des étoiles montrent des variations à grande échelle dans la raie d’émission C III 5696, soit à un niveau d’au moins 5% du flux de la raie et que les structures dans le vent ont une dispersion de vitesses de l’ordre de 150-300 km/s. De manière générale, les variations de vitesse radiales sont anti-corrélées avec le coefficient d’asymétrie de la raie, ce qui semble infirmer la présence d’un compagnon. Des observations en photométrie de l’étoile WR103 montrent une période de 9.1 ± 0.6 jours qui s’accorde avec les variations spectroscopiques et qui ne semble pas, de manière évidente, d’origine binaire.

Recherche de champs magnétiques chez les étoiles Wolf-Rayet par l'analyse d'observations spectropolarimétriques.

Cette thèse de doctorat présente les résultats d'un relevé spectropolarimétrique visant la détection directe de champs magnétiques dans le vent d'étoiles Wolf-Rayet (WR). Les observations furent entièrement obtenues à partir du spectropolarimètre ESPaDOnS, installé sur le télescope de l'observatoire Canada-France-Hawaii. Ce projet débuta par l'observation d'un étoile très variable de type WN4 appelée EZ CMa = WR6 = HD 50896 et se poursuivit par l'observation de 11 autres étoiles WR de notre galaxie. La méthode analytique utilisée dans cette étude vise à examiner les spectres de polarisation circulaire (Stokes V) et à identifier, au travers des raies d'émission, les signatures spectrales engendrées par la présence de champs magnétiques de type split monopole dans les vents des étoiles observées. Afin de pallier à la présence de polarisation linéaire dans les données de polarisation circulaire, le cross-talk entre les spectres Stokes Q et U et le spectre Stokes V fut modélisé et éliminé avant de procéder à l'analyse magnétique. En somme, aucun champ magnétique n'est détecté de manière significative dans les 12 étoiles observées. Toutefois, une détection marginale est signalée pour les étoiles WR134, WR137 et WR138 puisque quelques-unes de leur raies spectrales semblent indiquer la présence d'une signature magnétique. Pour chacune de ces trois étoiles, la valeur la plus probable du champ magnétique présent dans le vent stellaire est respectivement de B ~ 200, 130 et 80 G. En ce qui concerne les autres étoiles pour lesquelles aucune détection magnétique ne fut obtenue, la limite supérieure moyenne de l'intensité du champ qui pourrait être présent dans les données, sans toutefois être détecté, est évaluée à 500 G. Finalement, les résultats de cette étude ne peuvent confirmer l'origine magnétique des régions d'interaction en co-rotation (CIR) observées chez plusieurs étoiles WR. En effet, aucun champ magnétique n'est détecté de façon convaincante chez les quatre étoiles pour lesquelles la présence de CIR est soupçonnée.

Maximum mass of neutron stars

We determine the structure of neutron stars within a Brueckner-Hartree-Fock approach based on realistic nucleon-nucleon, nucleon-hyperon, and hyperon-hyperon interactions. Our results indicate rather low maximum masses below 1.4 solar masses. This feature is insensitive to the nucleonic part of the EOS due to a strong compensation mechanism caused by the appearance of hyperons and represents thus strong evidence for the presence of nonbaryonic "quark" matter in the interior of heavy stars.

Study on period search methods of variable stars: Application to ASAS and CRTS databases

Study on variable stars is an important topic of modern astrophysics. After the invention of powerful telescopes and high resolving powered CCD’s, the variable star data is accumulating in the order of peta-bytes. The huge amount of data need lot of automated methods as well as human experts. This thesis is devoted to the data analysis on variable star’s astronomical time series data and hence belong to the inter-disciplinary topic, Astrostatistics. For an observer on earth, stars that have a change in apparent brightness over time are called variable stars. The variation in brightness may be regular (periodic), quasi periodic (semi-periodic) or irregular manner (aperiodic) and are caused by various reasons. In some cases, the variation is due to some internal thermo-nuclear processes, which are generally known as intrinsic vari- ables and in some other cases, it is due to some external processes, like eclipse or rotation, which are known as extrinsic variables. Intrinsic variables can be further grouped into pulsating variables, eruptive variables and flare stars. Extrinsic variables are grouped into eclipsing binary stars and chromospheri- cal stars. Pulsating variables can again classified into Cepheid, RR Lyrae, RV Tauri, Delta Scuti, Mira etc. The eruptive or cataclysmic variables are novae, supernovae, etc., which rarely occurs and are not periodic phenomena. Most of the other variations are periodic in nature. Variable stars can be observed through many ways such as photometry, spectrophotometry and spectroscopy. The sequence of photometric observa- xiv tions on variable stars produces time series data, which contains time, magni- tude and error. The plot between variable star’s apparent magnitude and time are known as light curve. If the time series data is folded on a period, the plot between apparent magnitude and phase is known as phased light curve. The unique shape of phased light curve is a characteristic of each type of variable star. One way to identify the type of variable star and to classify them is by visually looking at the phased light curve by an expert. For last several years, automated algorithms are used to classify a group of variable stars, with the help of computers. Research on variable stars can be divided into different stages like observa- tion, data reduction, data analysis, modeling and classification. The modeling on variable stars helps to determine the short-term and long-term behaviour and to construct theoretical models (for eg:- Wilson-Devinney model for eclips- ing binaries) and to derive stellar properties like mass, radius, luminosity, tem- perature, internal and external structure, chemical composition and evolution. The classification requires the determination of the basic parameters like pe- riod, amplitude and phase and also some other derived parameters. Out of these, period is the most important parameter since the wrong periods can lead to sparse light curves and misleading information. Time series analysis is a method of applying mathematical and statistical tests to data, to quantify the variation, understand the nature of time-varying phenomena, to gain physical understanding of the system and to predict future behavior of the system. Astronomical time series usually suffer from unevenly spaced time instants, varying error conditions and possibility of big gaps. This is due to daily varying daylight and the weather conditions for ground based observations and observations from space may suffer from the impact of cosmic ray particles. Many large scale astronomical surveys such as MACHO, OGLE, EROS, xv ROTSE, PLANET, Hipparcos, MISAO, NSVS, ASAS, Pan-STARRS, Ke- pler,ESA, Gaia, LSST, CRTS provide variable star’s time series data, even though their primary intention is not variable star observation. Center for Astrostatistics, Pennsylvania State University is established to help the astro- nomical community with the aid of statistical tools for harvesting and analysing archival data. Most of these surveys releases the data to the public for further analysis. There exist many period search algorithms through astronomical time se- ries analysis, which can be classified into parametric (assume some underlying distribution for data) and non-parametric (do not assume any statistical model like Gaussian etc.,) methods. Many of the parametric methods are based on variations of discrete Fourier transforms like Generalised Lomb-Scargle peri- odogram (GLSP) by Zechmeister(2009), Significant Spectrum (SigSpec) by Reegen(2007) etc. Non-parametric methods include Phase Dispersion Minimi- sation (PDM) by Stellingwerf(1978) and Cubic spline method by Akerlof(1994) etc. Even though most of the methods can be brought under automation, any of the method stated above could not fully recover the true periods. The wrong detection of period can be due to several reasons such as power leakage to other frequencies which is due to finite total interval, finite sampling interval and finite amount of data. Another problem is aliasing, which is due to the influence of regular sampling. Also spurious periods appear due to long gaps and power flow to harmonic frequencies is an inherent problem of Fourier methods. Hence obtaining the exact period of variable star from it’s time series data is still a difficult problem, in case of huge databases, when subjected to automation. As Matthew Templeton, AAVSO, states “Variable star data analysis is not always straightforward; large-scale, automated analysis design is non-trivial”. Derekas et al. 2007, Deb et.al. 2010 states “The processing of xvi huge amount of data in these databases is quite challenging, even when looking at seemingly small issues such as period determination and classification”. It will be beneficial for the variable star astronomical community, if basic parameters, such as period, amplitude and phase are obtained more accurately, when huge time series databases are subjected to automation. In the present thesis work, the theories of four popular period search methods are studied, the strength and weakness of these methods are evaluated by applying it on two survey databases and finally a modified form of cubic spline method is intro- duced to confirm the exact period of variable star. For the classification of new variable stars discovered and entering them in the “General Catalogue of Vari- able Stars” or other databases like “Variable Star Index“, the characteristics of the variability has to be quantified in term of variable star parameters.

test stars zip upload

test stars zip upload

stars background test

stars background test