The paradox of commercialising public sector intellectual property

The juxtapositioning of government providing a public good through research and development investment on one hand and engaging in commercialisation of the research outcome on the other is a paradox. Using agricultural research as an example, we examine the nature of the paradox to determine if commercialisation potentially leads to a conflict in the role of public research institutions set up to fulfil public good responsibilities. We identify the reasons for the shift in policy towards commercialisation and greater exploitation of public sector intellectual property and how this has contributed to the emergence of the apparent inconsistency. We argue that the belief in working for public good is inherent and embedded in an organisation's history and its wider operating environment. We propose that the creation of public sector intellectual property and its commercialisation are influenced by the political, social and economic environment in which the public institutions operate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nexus of value chain integration and e-business applications on public sector agriculture R&D management

We examine the potential impact of interconnectivity of value chain partnerships through electronic means (e-business practices) on the management of Public Sector Agriculture R&D in Australia. We review the changing forms of managing research and development, the forces driving these changes, and R&D processes that are theoretically consistent with the move towards value chain involvement and the increase in active constituents in Public Sector Agriculture R&D. We then explore the potential of emerging e-business models to change the patterns of inter-connectivity, speed and omnipresence of partners in the value chain. Three e-business R&D management practices are identified that provide the prerequisite flexibility necessary to take advantage of opportunistic markets. These R&D business practices are: compressing R&D to reduce time to market, fostering co-development to enter a market at the last moment and building flexible products that allow adjustment at the last possible moment. Some fundamental reallocation of existing resources will be required to meet these markets. Implications of these e-business practices for R&D management are discussed.

Productivity growth in Australian manufacturing sector: some new evidence

This article examines the productivity performance of Australia's manufacturing sector by decomposing its output growth into input growth, technological progress and gains in technical efficiency. This three-way decomposition is done with an improved version of the stochastic frontier model using eight, two-digit industry level data from 1968/9 to 1994/5. Empirical evidence shows that input growth fueled output growth from 1968/9 to 1973/4, but since then, total factor productivity (TFP) growth has been the main contributor of output growth. While the trend of TFP growth was found to be promising for most industries with positive and increasing technological progress, the negative gains from technical efficiency over time is however cause for concern.

The rhetoric of sector-wide approaches for health development

The past decade has witnessed an increasing concerns over the effectiveness of project-based development assistance and the promotion of sector-wide approaches (SWAps) to health as a means to increase donor collaboration, consolidate local management of resources and undertake the policy and systems reform necessary to achieve a greater impact on health issues. The concept has gained the support of both the World Bank and the World Health Organisation, as well as key bilateral donors, and dominates current initiatives in development assistance for health. This paper examines the proposal of SWAps as rhetoric, and seeks to understand how that rhetoric functions, despite the variable application of its constituent elements and the range of contexts in which it operates. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Managing strategic challenges in community sector organisations

Like those in other sectors, managers in community-based organisations face an uncertain and challenging future. Research and writing about the community sector (non-government, notjor-profit, or third seclOr) has canvassed a wide range of issues. A selective review of the recent literature reveals the breadth of research interest in the challenges facing community sector managers. While some reflection on the implications for managers of current economic and social policy contexts is crucial for this sector, research effort needs to be focused on understanding how third sector managers construe their current strategic challenges and the strategies they use to address them A small sample ofmanagers working in a regional area in South East Queensland was asked to identify current strategic concerns related to the future viability of their organisations. The key issues raised by managers are compared with the issues raised in the research literature. Results -to date indicate that managers' concerns are reflected in the research literature, but that managers are also concemed about the current trends in social policy towards collaboration, amalgamation, and pannership. Implications of these findings for managers operating in this sector are discussed.

Brazilian external sector so far in the 21st century

Although Brazil has traditionally been characterized by a culture of inward-looking policy making, the presence of foreign firms in the Brazilian productive sector has always been significant. The share of foreign-owned firms is one of the highest that can be found among developing countries. This article discusses the main features of the external sector of the Brazilian economy, regarding trade flows, foreign investment, the internationalization of Brazilian entrepreneurial groups and the short-term financial requirements in foreign currencies

Consumo, digestibilidade e estimativa do valor energético de alguns volumosos por meio da composição química

Avaliou-se o consumo, a digestibilidade dos nutrientes e o teor de nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) da cana-de­açúcar e das silagens de capim-elefante, de milho e de sorgo em ovinos. Além disso, estimou-se o teor de NDT de acordo com o sistema de equações proposto pelo NRC (2001). Foram utilizados 20 ovinos, sem raça definida, machos, castrados, alojados em gaiolas de metabolismo, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, sendo quatro tratamentos (volumosos) e cinco repetições (animais). A determinação da digestibilidade dos nutrientes foi realizada pela coleta total de fezes, com uso de sacolas coletoras. A comparação dos valores de NDT observados e estimados foi feita por meio do ajuste do modelo de regressão linear simples dos valores preditos sobre os valores observados. Os ovinos alimentados com as silagens consumiram maiores quantidades (P < 0,05) de matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE) e fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) em relação aos alimentados com cana-de-açúcar. Não houve diferença (P > 0,05) para o consumo de NDT entre as silagens. As digestibilidades aparentes da MS, MO, PB e EE não diferiram (P > 0,05) entre os tratamentos. Constataram-se diferenças (P < 0,05) entre os valores estimados e observados de NDT e das frações digestíveis da PB, da FDN e dos carboidratos não-fibrosos (CNF). As equações propostas pelo NRC (2001) mostraram-se inadequadas para estimar o valor energético dos volumosos para ovinos.

Economic Analysis of Occupational Risk Prevention in the Construction Sector

The construction sector has one of the worst occupational safety and health records in Europe. The costs of this scenario are very high, namely costs for workers and their families, costs to organizations, resulting from the absence of workers due to illness, insurance premiums, costs resulting from reduced productivity, cost of replacement and training of workers, etc., and costs to society, which in turn increases the costs of health systems. This paper presents and discusses the development of a methodology for economic evaluation in the context of risk management, which will allow senior management to support decision making. The possible application of this methodology to the construction sector is discussed.

O balanced scorecard e a gestão ambiental: um estudo no sector público e privado português

Os aspectos sociais e ambientais são reconhecidos cada vez mais como estratégicos na organização, na medida que constituem novas oportunidades de criação de valor mediante o desenvolvimento de vantagens competitivas capazes de diferenciar as empresas dos seus concorrentes actuais e potenciais. A adopção e o desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias, estratégias e instrumentos de gestão das questões sociais e ambientais parece ser hoje uma matéria indiscutível. No entanto, são várias as dificuldades encontradas na quantificação económica e financeira das políticas de desenvolvimento sustentável, levando ao desenvolvimento ou adaptação de ferramentas de gestão, como é o caso do Balanced Scorecard (BSC). Assim, no sentido de averiguarmos se as organizações públicas e privadas portuguesas incluem nos seus scorecards indicadores sociais e ambientais e se existe relação entre a utilização do BSC e os sistemas de certificação ambiental enviamos um questionário a 591 organizações públicas e 549 organizações privadas portuguesas, com uma taxa de resposta de 31,3%. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que a maioria dos inquiridos inclui indicadores sociais e ambientais nos seus scorecards e que as empresas certificadas em termos ambientais utilizam mais o BSC do que as não certificadas.

El Cuadro de Mando Integral como Herramienta de Gestión Estratégica en el Sector Sanitario Portugués

La búsqueda incesante de nuevas herramientas y técnicas de gestión como forma de solucionar dificultades financieras sin la pérdida del nivel de calidad esperado de la población, ha sido una constante en las instituciones que prestan cuidados de salud en todo el mundo. La utilización de modernas técnicas de gestión, en particular del Cuadro de Mando Integral (CMI), en el control más eficaz de los costes y la mejora de la calidad y efectividad en los servicios prestados en el sector de la salud, tiene registrado un importante desarrollo en los últimos años. Así, el presente artículo tiene como objetivo proporcionar algunas ideas acerca de qué factores influyen en la aplicación del CMI en el sector sanitario, qué ventajas o inconvenientes proporciona su empleo, qué perspectivas son las más adecuadas, qué caracterizan a las organizaciones que lo adoptan, cuál el grado de conocimiento y utilización en los hospitales portugueses, así como qué causas de abandono o no implantación se identifican. Para averiguar si dichas organizaciones conocen y están a adoptar el CMI, hemos enviado un cuestionario a 61 hospitales portugueses, con una tasa de respuesta del 24,6%. Los resultados obtenidos permiten concluir que aunque la mayoría de los encuestados conoce el CMI, su utilización en dichas organizaciones es muy reducida.