Improvement of compatibility and stability on polyethylene-modified bitumen by use of an aromatic extra as compatibilizer.

Bitumen modification by polyethylene addition usually improves the mechanical properties of the binder and, therefore, the behavior in service of the bituminous mix: thermal susceptibility and rutting can be diminished, whilst the resistance to low temperature cracking may increase. To achieve this improvement it is necessary a good compatibility between the base bitumen and the polyethylene. Low compatibility between bitumen and polyethylene can lead to phase separation: the polymer- asphalt incompatibility translates into a deterioration of ultimate properties. The object of this research project was to determine if these problems can be diminished by using certain compatibilizer agents, e.g. an aromatic extract from the oil refinery. Compatibility and stability of the polyethylene modified bitumen were studied using conventional test methods and dynamic shear reometer (DSR). Blends of bitumen and polyethylene were prepared with neat bitumen (PMB) or bitumen with compatibilizer as component of the binder (PMBC) and then compared. The experimental results show that “colloid instability index”(IC) is a parameter that can be used to control the compatibility between bitumen and polyethylene. From polyethylene point of view, one of the parameters that govern is the “melt flow index” (MFI). Experimental results show that PMBC formulated with low IC bitumen and hi gh MFI lineal polyethylene can be considered as stable binder.

Diseño de los sistemas de comunicación en plantas de exploración y producción de hidrocarburos

Las plantas industriales de exploración y producción de petróleo y gas disponen de numerosos sistemas de comunicación que permiten el correcto funcionamiento de los procesos que tienen lugar en ella así como la seguridad de la propia planta. Para el presente Proyecto Fin de Carrera se ha llevado a cabo el diseño del sistema de megafonía PAGA (Public Address and General Alarm) y del circuito cerrado de televisión (CCTV) en la unidad de procesos Hydrocrcaker encargada del craqueo de hidrógeno. Partiendo de los requisitos definidos por las especificaciones corporativas de los grupos petroleros para ambos sistemas, PAGA y CCTV, se han expuesto los principios teóricos sobre los que se fundamenta cada uno de ellos y las pautas a seguir para el diseño y demostración del buen funcionamiento a partir de software específico. Se ha empleado las siguientes herramientas software: EASE para la simulación acústica, PSpice para la simulación eléctrica de las etapas de amplificación en la megafonía; y JVSG para el diseño de CCTV. La sonorización tanto de las unidades como del resto de instalaciones interiores ha de garantizar la inteligibilidad de los mensajes transmitidos. La realización de una simulación acústica permite conocer cómo va a ser el comportamiento de la megafonía sin necesidad de instalar el sistema, lo cual es muy útil para este tipo de proyectos cuya ingeniería se realiza previamente a la construcción de la planta. Además se comprueba el correcto diseño de las etapas de amplificación basadas en líneas de alta impedancia o de tensión constante (100 V). El circuito cerrado de televisión (CCTV) garantiza la transmisión de señales visuales de todos los accesos a las instalaciones y unidades de la planta así como la visión en tiempo real del correcto funcionamiento de los procesos químicos llevados a cabo en la refinería. El sistema dispone de puestos de control remoto para el manejo y gestión de las cámaras desplegadas; y de un sistema de almacenamiento de las grabaciones en discos duros (RAID-5) a través de una red SAN (Storage Area Network). Se especifican las diferentes fases de un proyecto de ingeniería en el sector de E&P de hidrocarburos entre las que se destaca: propuesta y adquisición, reunión de arranque (KOM, Kick Off Meeting), estudio in situ (Site Survey), plan de proyecto, diseño y documentación, procedimientos de pruebas, instalación, puesta en marcha y aceptaciones del sistema. Se opta por utilizar terminología inglesa dado al ámbito global del sector. En la última parte del proyecto se presenta un presupuesto aproximado de los materiales empleados en el diseño de PAGA y CCTV. ABSTRACT. Integrated communications for Oil and Gas allows reducing risks, improving productivity, reducing costs, and countering threats to safety and security. Both PAGA system (Public Address and General Alarm) and Closed Circuit Television have been designed for this project in order to ensure a reliable security of an oil refinery. Based on the requirements defined by corporate specifications for both systems (PAGA and CCTV), theoretical principles have been presented as well as the guidelines for the design and demonstration of a reliable design. The following software has been used: EASE for acoustic simulation; PSpice for simulation of the megaphony amplification loops; and JVSG tool for CCTV design. Acoustic for both the units and the other indoor facilities must ensure intelligibility of the transmitted messages. An acoustic simulation allows us to know how will be the performance of the PAGA system without installing loudspeakers, which is very useful for this type of project whose engineering is performed prior to the construction of the plant. Furthermore, it has been verified the correct design of the amplifier stages based on high impedance lines or constant voltage (100 V). Closed circuit television (CCTV) ensures the transmission of visual signals of all access to facilities as well as real-time view of the proper functioning of chemical processes carried out at the refinery. The system has remote control stations for the handling and management of deployed cameras. It is also included a storage system of the recordings on hard drives (RAID - 5) through a SAN (Storage Area Network). Phases of an engineering project in Oil and Gas are defined in the current project. It includes: proposal and acquisition, kick-off meeting (KOM), Site Survey, project plan, design and documentation, testing procedures (SAT and FAT), installation, commissioning and acceptance of the systems. Finally, it has been presented an estimate budget of the materials used in the design of PAGA and CCTV.

Procesos de depuración de los efluentes líquidos de actividades petrolíferas

La Tesis Doctoral surge debida de los problemas de contaminación ambientales que presentan los efluentes líquidos refinería del petróleo y las industrias de extracción del petróleo crudo en la zona costera de Angola principalmente en las provincias de Cabinda, Zaire y Luanda, en las cuales sus vertidos destruyen la flora y fauna acuática. El objetivo de este trabajo consiste en implementar nuevas técnicas de los procesos de oxidación avanzada para el tratamiento de los efluentes líquidos de refinerías de petróleo, que permitan conseguir una calidad adecuada de los vertidos. Este sector se considera como una fuente de contaminación del medio ambiente, que requiere un control estricto y un tratamiento adecuado para la eliminación de los contaminantes existente en este tipo de agua y posteriormente poder reutilizar estas aguas tratadas para otros fines industriales o verter a los cauces receptores que al menos no perjudique a los ecosistemas. En esta tesis se ha investigado las técnicas más modernas de los procesos de oxidación avanzada para el tratamiento de agua residual de refinería de petróleo, así como: 1) ozonización, 2) peróxido de hidrógeno con ozono, y 3) ultravioleta con ozono. Los resultados obtenidos en este trabajo muestran que el proceso de ozonización simple, ha dado mejores resultados para el tratamiento de este tipo agua residual de petróleo, tanto, en la eliminación de materia orgánica y los fenoles presentes en el agua residual. En la primera fase, con 1 litro de muestra, se alcanzó un rendimiento del 80% en la eliminación de la DQO utilizando 5,97 mg/l de dosis de ozono, con 11 minutos de tiempo de contacto. Respecto a los fenoles se alcanzó una eliminación del 100 % con la misma dosis de ozono y con 11 minutos de tiempo de contacto. En la segunda fase, con 4 litros de muestra, se alcanzó un rendimiento del 66% de la DQO utilizando 22,21 mg/l de dosis de ozono, con 15 minutos de tiempo de contacto y el rendimiento en la eliminación de los fenoles fue de 90 % a las mismas condiciones. The doctoral thesis arises because of environmental pollution problems posed by liquid effluents and oil refinery industries extraction of crude oil in the coastal area of Angola mainly in the provinces of Cabinda, Zaire and Luanda, in which their discharges destroy aquatic flora and fauna. The objective of this work is to implement new techniques of advanced oxidation processes for the treatment of liquid effluents of oil refineries that will achieve an adequate quality of discharges. This sector is considered as a source of environmental pollution, which requires close monitoring and appropriate treatment for the removal of existing contaminants in this water and then treated to reuse this water for other industrial purposes or discharging into streams receptors that at least does not harm ecosystems. In this thesis we investigate the most modern techniques of advanced oxidation processes for treatment of wastewater from oil refinery and: 1) ozonation, 2) hydrogen peroxide, ozone, and 3) radiation with ozone. The results obtained in this study show that the ozonation process simple, has yielded better results for treating wastewater of this type of oil, so the removal of phenols and organic matter present in the wastewater. In the first phase, with 1 liter of sample was reached in 80% yield COD removal using 5.97 mg/l ozone dosage, with 11 minutes of contact time. Regarding phenols elimination was achieved of 100% with the same dose of ozone and 11 minutes contact time In the second phase, with sample 4 liters was reached in 66% yield using 22.21 COD mg / l ozone dosage, with 15 minutes of contact time and the performance in the removal of phenols was of 90% at the same conditions.

Estudio de la movilidad que presenta el diésel en un suelo contaminado empleando surfactantes

La contaminación de suelos con hidrocarburos de petróleo en México es un problema que se ha vuelto muy común en nuestros días, debido principalmente a derrames, así como a las actividades propias de la industria petrolera. Algunos suelos contaminados, principalmente en el sureste de México, contienen concentraciones de hidrocarburos hasta de 450,000 mg/kg. Por dichas razones, una de las preocupaciones de las autoridades ambientales es el desarrollo de tecnologías eficientes y económicamente factibles que permitan la eliminación de este tipo de contaminantes. El saneamiento del sitio se puede lograr a través de diversos procedimientos, como son la aplicación de métodos físicos, químicos y biológicos (o combinaciones de ellas). La elección de un método depende de la naturaleza del contaminante, su estado físico, concentración, tipo de suelo, espacio físico disponible, tiempo destinado para su tratamiento, así como de los recursos económicos disponibles. Previa a la aplicación de la tecnología es necesario la realización de un diagnóstico de la contaminación del suelo, con el fin de conocer el tipo, concentración y distribución de los contaminantes presentes, así como el volumen de suelo a tratar, las condiciones climáticas de la zona, y características físicas del lugar (vías de acceso y servicios, entre otros). En la presente tesis, el empleo de surfactantes, se ha propuesto como una técnica para incrementar la movilidad de contaminantes orgánicos hidrofóbicos (HOCs) como hidrocarburos totales del petróleo (HTPs), bifenilos policlorados (PCBs), Benceno, Tolueno, Xilenos, explosivos, clorofenoles, pesticidas, entre otros, y así facilitar su degradación. Los surfactantes debido a que reducen la tensión superficial del agua, son moléculas formadas por grupos polares hidrofílicos y largas cadenas carbonadas hidrofóbicas. Sus grupos polares forman puentes hidrógeno con las moléculas de agua, mientras que las cadenas carbonadas se asocian a los hidrocarburos debido a interacciones hidrofóbicas que estos presentan. En soluciones acuosas, los surfactantes forman estructuras esféricas organizadas llamadas micelas. La solubilización de los contaminantes se lleva a cabo solamente cuando se forma la fase micelar, la cual se obtiene cuando la concentración del surfactante es superior a la concentración micelar crítica (CMC), es decir, arriba de la concentración de la cual el monómero se comienza a auto-agregar. La eficiencia de desorción de diésel por un surfactante depende de su naturaleza, de la dosis empleada, de la hidrofobicidad del contaminante, de la interacción surfactante-suelo y del tiempo de contacto surfactante-suelo. Sin embargo, la mejor eficiencia de desorción no está siempre relacionada con la mejor eficiencia de movilidad o solubilidad, debido principalmente a que el empleo de una alta concentración de surfactante puede inhibir la movilización. De acuerdo con información proporcionada por la Procuraduría Federal de Protección al Ambiente (PROFEPA), a la fecha no se ha llevado a cabo en México ninguna restauración de sitios específicamente contaminados con diésel, la técnica de lavado de suelos. Por lo anterior existe la necesidad de emplear la técnica de lavado de suelos ex situ. Específicamente en el suelo extraído de la ex refinería 18 de marzo ubicada en el Distrito Federal México y empleando una solución de surfactantes con agua desionizada, la cual consiste ponerlos en contacto con el suelo contaminado con diésel por medio de columnas de lavado cilíndricas, para lograr la remoción del contaminante. Se emplearon como surfactantes el lauril sulfato de sodio, lauril éter sulfato de sodio y Glucopon AV-100 a diferentes concentraciones de 0.5 a 4.0 [g/L], lográndose obtener una eficiencia del 80 % con este último surfactante. El lavado de suelos contaminados con diésel empleado surfactantes, es una tecnología que requiere que se profundice en el estudio de algunas variables como son el tipo de surfactante, concentración, tiempo de lavado, fenómenos de difusión, desorción, propiedades termodinámicas, entre otros. Los cuales determinarán el éxito o fracaso de la técnica empleada. Nowadays, soil pollution with oil in Mexico is a very common issue due mainly to both oil spill and oil activities. For example, mainly in the southeast area of Mexico, polluted soil contains high concentrations of hydrocarbons, up to 450,000 mg/kg. For these reasons, enviromental authorities have the concern in developing economically feasible and efficient technology that allow the elimination of these type of contaminants. The sanitation in sites can be achieved through several procedures such as physical, chemical and biological methods (or a combination among them). The choice of a method depends on the nature and physical state of the contaminant, the concentration, type of soil, physical space available, time consumption and financial resources. Before any technological application, a diagnostic of the polluted soil is necessary in order to know the type, concentration and distribution of contaminants as well as the soil volume, climatic conditions and physical features of the place (access routes and services, among others). In this thesis, surfactants has been proposed as a technique to increase the mobility of hydrophobic-organic contaminants (HOCs), e.g. total hydrocarbons of petroleum, polychlorinated biphenyls, benzene, toluene, xylenes, explosives, chlorophenols, pesticides, among others, and, hence, to facilitate degradation. Since surfactants reduce the water surface tension, they are molecules comprised of hydrophilic polar groups and long-hydrophobic carbon chains. Surfactant’s polar groups form hydrogen bonding with water molecules while carbon chains, i.e. hydrocarbon chains, have hydrophobic interactios. In aqueous solutions, surfactants form self-organised spherical structures called micelles. The solubilisation of contaminants is carried out only when the micellar phase is formed. This is obtained when the surfactant concentration is higher than the crítical micelle concentration (CMC), i.e. above the concentration where the surfactant monomer begins to self-aggregate. The diesel efficiency desorption by surfactants depends on their nature, the dose use, the contaminant hydrophobicity, the surfactant-soil interaction and the contact time with surfactant soil. However, the best desorption is not always related with the best either mobility or solubility efficiency since high concentration of surfactant can inhibit mobilisation. According to information of the Federal Bureau of Environmental Protection (PROFEPA), up today, there is not any restauration of diesel-polluted sites using the washing-soil technique. Due to the above, there exist the necessity of employing the waching-soil technique ex situ. More specifically, a sample soil from the oil-refinery of “18 de marzo” in Mexico city was extracted and a surfactant solution with deionised water was put in contact with the diesel contaminated soil by means of cylindrical waching columns in order to remove the contaminant. The surfactants employed in this work were sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium lauryl ether sulfate and Glucopon AV-100 at different concentrations of 0.5 to 4 [g/L], obtaining a efficiency of 80 % with this last surfactant. The washing of diesel-polluted soil using surfactants is a technology which requires a deeper study of some variables such as the type of surfactant, concentration, washing time, difusión phenomena, desorption, thermodynamic properties, among others. These parameters determine the succes or failure of the employed technique.

Estudo da intensificação da coalescência de emulsões de água em óleo com a aplicação de onda estacionária de ultrassom.

Considerando que o petróleo quando extraído dos poços em águas profundas chega a ter teor de água superior a 50% e que antes de ser enviado à refinaria deve ter uma quantidade de água inferior a 1%, torna-se necessário o uso de técnicas de redução da quantidade de água. Durante a extração do petróleo formam-se emulsões de água em óleo que são muito estáveis devido a um filme interfacial contendo asfaltenos e/ou resinas ao redor das gotas de água. Nesse trabalho é apresentada a utilização de ondas estacionárias de ultrassom para realizar a quebra dessas emulsões. Quando gotículas de água com dimensões da ordem de 10m, muito menores que o comprimento de onda, são submetidas a um campo acústico estacionário em óleo, a força de radiação acústica empurra as gotículas para os nós de pressão da onda. Uma célula de coalescência com frequência central ao redor de 1 MHz, constituída por quatro camadas sendo uma piezelétrica, uma de acoplamento sólido, uma com o líquido e outra refletora, foi modelada empregando o método da matriz de transferência, que permite calcular a impedância elétrica em função da frequência. Para minimizar o efeito do gradiente de temperatura entre a entrada e a saída da cavidade da célula, quando está em operação, foram utilizados dois transdutores piezelétricos posicionados transversalmente ao fluxo que são excitados e controlados independentemente. Foi implementado um controlador digital para ajustar a frequência e a potência de cada transdutor. O controlador tem como entrada o módulo e a fase da corrente elétrica no transdutor e como saída a amplitude da tensão elétrica e a frequência. Para as células desenvolvidas, o algoritmo de controle segue um determinado pico de ressonância no interior da cavidade da célula no intervalo de frequência de 1,09 a 1,15 MHz. A separação acústica de emulsões de água em óleo foi realizada em uma planta de laboratório de processamento de petróleo no CENPES/PETROBRAS. Foram testados a variação da quantidade de desemulsificante, o teor inicial de água na emulsão e a influência da vazão do sistema, com uma potência de 80 W. O teor final de água na emulsão mostrou que a aplicação de ultrassom aumentou a coalescência de água da emulsão, em todas as condições testadas, quando comparada a um teste sem aplicação de ultrassom. Identificou-se o tempo de residência no interior da célula de separação como um fator importante no processo de coalescência de emulsões de água e óleo. O uso de desemulsificante químico é necessário para realizar a separação, porém, em quantidades elevadas implicaria no uso de processos adicionais antes do repasse final do petróleo à refinaria. Os teores iniciais de água na emulsão de 30 e 50% indicam que o uso da onda estacionária na coalescência de emulsões não tem limitação quanto a esse parâmetro. De acordo com os resultados obtidos em laboratório, essa técnica seria indicada como uma alternativa para integrar um sistema de processamento primário em conjunto com um separador eletrostático.

Aplicação e avaliação de desempenho de um sistema de otimização em tempo real em uma unidade de produção de propeno.

Com o objetivo de aumentar o lucro de plantas químicas, a Otimização em Tempo Real (RTO) é uma ferramenta que busca determinar as condições ótimas operacionais do processo em estado estacionário, respeitando as restrições operacionais estabelecidas. Neste trabalho foi realizada a implementação prática de um ciclo RTO em um processo de destilação por recompressão de vapor (VRD), propileno-propano, da Refinaria de Paulínia (Petrobras S.A.), a partir de dados históricos da planta. Foram consideradas as principais etapas de um ciclo clássico de RTO: identificação de estado estacionário, reconciliação de dados, estimação de parâmetros e otimização econômica. Essa unidade foi modelada, simulada e otimizada em EMSO (Environment for Modeling, Simulation and Optimization), um simulador de processos orientado a equações desenvolvido no Brasil. Foram analisados e comparados dois métodos de identificação de estado estacionário, um baseado no teste estatístico F e outro baseado em wavelets. Ambos os métodos tiveram resultados semelhantes e mostraram-se capazes de identificar os estados estacionários de forma satisfatória, embora seja necessário o ajuste de parâmetros na sua implementação. Foram identificados alguns pontos estacionários para serem submetidos ao ciclo RTO e foi possível verificar a importância de partir de um estado estacionário para a continuidade do ciclo, já que essa é uma premissa do método. A partir dos pontos analisados, os resultados deste estudo mostram que o RTO é capaz de aumentar o ganho econômico entre 2,5-24%, dependendo das condições iniciais consideradas, o que pode representar ganhos de até 18 milhões de dólares por ano. Além disso, para essa unidade, verificou-se que o compressor é um equipamento limitante no aumento de ganho econômico do processo.

Real time optimization in chemical process: evaluation of strategies, improvements and industrial application.

The increasing economic competition drives the industry to implement tools that improve their processes efficiencies. The process automation is one of these tools, and the Real Time Optimization (RTO) is an automation methodology that considers economic aspects to update the process control in accordance with market prices and disturbances. Basically, RTO uses a steady-state phenomenological model to predict the process behavior, and then, optimizes an economic objective function subject to this model. Although largely implemented in industry, there is not a general agreement about the benefits of implementing RTO due to some limitations discussed in the present work: structural plant/model mismatch, identifiability issues and low frequency of set points update. Some alternative RTO approaches have been proposed in literature to handle the problem of structural plant/model mismatch. However, there is not a sensible comparison evaluating the scope and limitations of these RTO approaches under different aspects. For this reason, the classical two-step method is compared to more recently derivative-based methods (Modifier Adaptation, Integrated System Optimization and Parameter estimation, and Sufficient Conditions of Feasibility and Optimality) using a Monte Carlo methodology. The results of this comparison show that the classical RTO method is consistent, providing a model flexible enough to represent the process topology, a parameter estimation method appropriate to handle measurement noise characteristics and a method to improve the sample information quality. At each iteration, the RTO methodology updates some key parameter of the model, where it is possible to observe identifiability issues caused by lack of measurements and measurement noise, resulting in bad prediction ability. Therefore, four different parameter estimation approaches (Rotational Discrimination, Automatic Selection and Parameter estimation, Reparametrization via Differential Geometry and classical nonlinear Least Square) are evaluated with respect to their prediction accuracy, robustness and speed. The results show that the Rotational Discrimination method is the most suitable to be implemented in a RTO framework, since it requires less a priori information, it is simple to be implemented and avoid the overfitting caused by the Least Square method. The third RTO drawback discussed in the present thesis is the low frequency of set points update, this problem increases the period in which the process operates at suboptimum conditions. An alternative to handle this problem is proposed in this thesis, by integrating the classic RTO and Self-Optimizing control (SOC) using a new Model Predictive Control strategy. The new approach demonstrates that it is possible to reduce the problem of low frequency of set points updates, improving the economic performance. Finally, the practical aspects of the RTO implementation are carried out in an industrial case study, a Vapor Recompression Distillation (VRD) process located in Paulínea refinery from Petrobras. The conclusions of this study suggest that the model parameters are successfully estimated by the Rotational Discrimination method; the RTO is able to improve the process profit in about 3%, equivalent to 2 million dollars per year; and the integration of SOC and RTO may be an interesting control alternative for the VRD process.

Study of the thermal decomposition of petrochemical sludge in a pilot plant reactor

The pyrolysis of a sludge produced in the waste water treatment plant of an oil refinery was studied in a pilot plant reactor provided with a system for condensation of semivolatile matter. The study comprises experiments at 350, 400, 470 and 530 °C in nitrogen atmosphere. Analysis of all the products obtained (gases, liquids and chars) are presented, with a thermogravimetric study of the char produced and analysis of main components of the liquid. In the temperature range studied, the composition of the gas fraction does not appreciably vary. In the liquids, the light hidrocarbon yield increases with increasing temperature, whereas the aromatic compounds diminish. The decomposition of the solid fraction has been analysed, finding a material that reacts rapidly with oxygen regardless of the conditions it is formed.

Evidence of Intracrystalline Mesostructured Porosity in Zeolites by Advanced Gas Sorption, Electron Tomography and Rotation Electron Diffraction

The small size of micropores (typically <1 nm) in zeolites causes slow diffusion of reactant and product molecules in and out of the pores and negatively impacts the product selectivity of zeolite based catalysts, for example, fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalysts. Size-tailored mesoporosity was introduced into commercial zeolite Y crystals by a simple surfactant-templating post-synthetic mesostructuring process. The resulting mesoporous zeolite Y showed significantly improved product selectivity in both laboratory testing and refinery trials. Advanced characterization techniques such as electron tomography, three-dimensional rotation electron diffraction, and high resolution gas adsorption coupled with hysteresis scanning and density functional theory, unambiguously revealed the intracystalline nature and connectivity of the introduced mesopores. They can be considered as molecular highways that help reactant and product molecules diffuse quickly to and away from the catalytically active sites within the zeolite crystals and, thus, shift the selectivity to favor the production of more of the valuable liquid fuels at reduced yields of coke and unconverted feed.

Fact sheet : draft RCRA post-closure permit modification : Chevron-Texaco/Lockport Facility, Lockport, Illinois : ILD041518861 : State ID #1970500012 : post-closure permit log no. B-38RI-M-1.

"This fact sheet has been prepared pursuant to the requirements of Title 35 Illinois Administrative Code (35 IAC) Section 705.143. The fact sheet is intended to be a brief summary of the principal facts and significant factual, legal, methodological, and policy questions considered in preparing a draft Class 3 RCRA permit modification. This permit modification will allow the current permittee, Chevron Environmental Services Company (CESC), to establish an onsite Corrective Action Management Unit (CAMU) to manage remediation wastes generated during site remediation activities performed under the RCRA Corrective Action program and to establish a facility-wide Groundwater Management Zone (GMZ) for the duration of the corrective action work at the closed refinery. Pursuant to 35 IAC 705.143(a), this fact sheet is sent to the applicant, to the information repository and to any other person who requests it."

Using computational fluid dynamics in combating erosion-corrosion

Computational fluid dynamics was used to search for the links between the observed pattern of attack seen in a bauxite refinery's heat exchanger headers and the hydrodynamics inside the header. Validation of the computational fluid dynamics results was done by comparing then with flow parameters measured in a 1:5 scale model of the first pass header in the laboratory. Computational fluid dynamics simulations were used to establish hydrodynamic similarity between the 1:5 scale and full scale models of the first pass header. It was found that the erosion-corrosion damage seen at the tubesheet of the first pass header was a consequence of increased levels of turbulence at the tubesheet caused by a rapidly turning flow. A prismatic flow corrections device introduced in the past helped in rectifying the problem at the tubesheet but exaggerated the erosion-corrosion problem at the first pass header shell. A number of alternative flow correction devices were tested using computational fluid dynamics. Axial ribbing in the first pass header and an inlet flow diffuser have shown the best performance and were recommended for implementation. Computational fluid dynamics simulations have revealed a smooth orderly low turbulence flow pattern in the second, third and fourth pass as well as the exit headers where no erosion-corrosion was seen in practice. This study has confirmed that near-wall turbulence intensity, which can be successfully predicted by using computational fluid dynamics, is a good hydrodynamic predictor of erosion-corrosion damage in complex geometries. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Pyrolysis liquids and gases as alternative fuels in internal combustion engines:a review

Liquids and gases produced through biomass pyrolysis have potential as renewable fuels to replace fossil fuels in conventional internal combustion engines. This review compares the properties of pyrolysis fuels, produced from a variety of feedstocks and using different pyrolysis techniques, against those of fossil fuels. High acidity, the presence of solid particles, high water content, high viscosity, storage and thermal instability, and low energy content are typical characteristics of pyrolysis liquids. A survey of combustion, performance and exhaust emission results from the use of pyrolysis liquids (both crude and up-graded) in compression ignition engines is presented. With only a few exceptions, most authors have reported difficulties associated with the adverse properties of pyrolysis liquids, including: corrosion and clogging of the injectors, long ignition delay and short combustion duration, difficulty in engine start-up, unstable operation, coking of the piston and cylinders and subsequent engine seizure. Pyrolysis gas can be used more readily, either in spark ignition or compression ignition engines; however, NO reduction techniques are desirable. Various approaches to improve the properties of pyrolysis liquids are discussed and a comparison of the properties of up-graded vs. crude pyrolysis liquid is included. Further developments in up-gradation techniques, such as hydrocracking and bio-refinery approaches, could lead to the production of green diesel and green gasoline. Modifications required to engines for use with pyrolysis liquids, for example in the fuel supply and injection systems, are discussed. Storage stability and economic issues are also reviewed. Our study presents recent progress and important R&D areas for successful future use of pyrolysis fuels in internal combustion engines.

Integrated approach to materials management:a case study

The materials management function is always a major concern to management of any industrial organization, since high inventory and an inefficient procurement process significantly affect profitability. Problems multiply due to the current dynamic business environment in many countries. Hence, existing materials planning and procurement process and inventory management systems require a review. This article shows a radical improvement in the materials management function for an Indian petroleum refinery through business process re-engineering (BPR) by analyzing the current process, identifying key issues, deriving paradigm shifts and developing re-engineered processes through customer value analysis. BPR has been carried out on the existing processes of "material planning and procurement" and "warehousing and surplus disposal.

An investigation of management accounting control systems in the palm oil industry:a sociomaterial approach to practice change

The primary aim of this research is to understand what constitutes management accounting and control (MACs) practice and how these control processes are implicated in the day to day work practices and operations of the organisation. It also examines the changes that happen in MACs practices over time as multiple actors within organisational settings interact with each other. I adopt a distinctive practice theory approach (i.e. sociomateriality) and the concept of imbrication in this research to show that MACs practices emerge from the entanglement between human/social agency and material/technological agency within an organisation. Changes in the pattern of MACs practices happens in imbrication processes which are produced as the two agencies entangle. The theoretical approach employed in this research offers an interesting and valuable lens which seeks to reveal the depth of these interactions and uncover the way in which the social and material imbricate. The theoretical framework helps to reveal how these constructions impact on and produce modifications of MACs practices. The exploration of the control practices at different hierarchical levels (i.e. from the operational to middle management and senior level management) using the concept of imbrication process also maps the dynamic flow of controls from operational to top management and vice versa in the organisation. The empirical data which is the focus of this research has been gathered from a case study of an organisation involved in a large vertically integrated palm oil industry company in Malaysia specifically the refinery sector. The palm oil industry is a significant industry in Malaysia as it contributed an average of 4.5% of Malaysian Gross Domestic Product, over the period 1990 -2010. The Malaysian palm oil industry also has a significant presence in global food oil supply where it contributed 26% of the total oils and fats global trade in 2010. The case organisation is a significant contributor to the Malaysian palm oil industry. The research access has provided an interesting opportunity to explore the interactions between different groups of people and material/technology in a relatively heavy process food industry setting. My research examines how these interactions shape and are shaped by control practices in a dynamic cycle of imbrications over both short and medium time periods.

Avaliação da biodegradação do dibenzotiofeno utilizando lodos ativados

During the oil refining process a huge discard volume of water occurs, which carries the contaminants from the process. A class of contaminant compounds resulting from the petrochemical industry are the Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH's). To evaluate the biodegradation of Dibenzothiophene in refinery water a synthetic wastewater was prepared to be treated using activated sludge. For this, a 2 3 Composite Design (plus 3 central points and six axial points) was carried out. The planning had as independent variables (factors) the initial concentration of DBT, pH and time of biodegradation. Biodegradation of DBT was assayed following the parameters COD, pH, temperature, SS, VSS, FVS, SVI. Concerned to the chromatographic conditions, a methodology was validated in order to verify the presence of DBT and its metabolite, 2-HBF, in the final wastewater treated by activated sludge system using a liquid - liquid extraction coupled to HPLC / UV analysis. The parameters used for validation were DL, QL, linearity, recovery and repeatability. As for optimization, the results indicated that the studied methodology can be used in monitoring the DBT degradation and 2- HBF by activated sludge, as they showed excellent linearity values, coefficients of variation, so as satisfactory recovery percentage. COD reduction efficiency tests showed an average percentage of 64.4%. The increasing trend for the results for the TSS and VSS tests showed that the activated sludge was well tailored. The best operating conditions for the reduction of COD were observed when operated with median concentrations of DBT, a higher time to biodegradation, and pH in both the acidic range as the basic one. The biodegradability of the DBT was confirmed by determining the presence of HBF-2. The highest concentrations of HBF-2 were obtained in extreme concentrations of DBT and pH, and higher biodegradation times.