Modernising Social Work and the Ethics of Care

Recent attempts to 'modernise' social work have emphasised the importance of collaboration, partnership, and participation with individual users of services and the wider community. However, technical-rational aspects of managerialism have proved dominant. Managerialist approaches to social service administration and delivery threaten important dimensions of social work; specifically its caring and democratic-transformative dimensions. However, social work theorists have only recently begun to re-engage with ideas of care. We argue that closer attention to feminist debates about the ethics of care can make a significant contribution to not only rehabilitating the ideal of care for social work but also to moving forward the modernisation agenda itself. We develop a feminist critique of managerialism, and argue that the discourse of the ethics of care offers useful ways of framing arguments to counter some damaging impacts of managerial reforms.

Policy Contexts of Social Work in Britain: the wider implications of 'New' Labour and the 'New Legal Regime'

Several commentators have expressed disappointment with New Labour's apparent adherence to the policy frameworks of the previous Conservative administrations. The employment orientation of its welfare programmes, the contradictory nature of the social exclusion initiatives, and the continuing obsession with public sector marketisation, inspections, audits, standards and so on, have all come under critical scrutiny (c.f., Blyth 2001; Jordan 2001; Orme 2001). This paper suggests that in order to understand the socio-economic and political contexts affecting social work we need to examine the relationship between New Labour's modernisation project and its insertion within an architecture of global governance. In particular, membership of the European Union (EU), International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Trade Organisation (WTO) set the parameters for domestic policy in important ways. Whilst much has been written about the economic dimensions of 'globalisation' in relation to social work rather less has been noted about the ways in which domestic policy agenda are driven by multilateral governance objectives. This policy dimension is important in trying to respond to various changes affecting social work as a professional activity. What is possible, what is encouraged, how things might be done, is tightly bounded by the policy frameworks governing practice and affected by those governing the lives of service users. It is unhelpful to see policy formulation in purely national terms as the UK is inserted into a network governance structure, a regulatory framework where decisions are made by many countries and organisations and agencies. Together, they are producing a 'new legal regime', characterised by a marked neo-liberal policy agenda. This paper aims to demonstrate the relationship of New Labour's modernisation programme to these new forms of legality by examining two main policy areas and the welfare implications they are enmeshed in. The first is privatisation, and the second is social policy in the European Union. Examining these areas allows a demonstration of how much of the New Labour programme can be understood as a local implementation of a transnational strategy, how parts of that strategy produce much of the social exclusion it purports to address, and how social welfare, and particularly social work, are noticeable by their absence within policy discourses of the strategy. The paper details how the privatisation programme is considered to be a crucial vehicle for the further development of a transnational political-economy, where capital accumulation has been redefined as 'welfare'. In this development, frameworks, codes and standards are central, and the final section of the paper examines how the modernisation strategy of the European Union depends upon social policy marked by an employment orientation and risk rationality, aimed at reconfiguring citizen identities.The strategy is governed through an 'open mode of coordination', in which codes, standards, benchmarks and so on play an important role. The paper considers the modernisation strategy and new legality within which it is embedded as dependent upon social policy as a technology of liberal governance, one demonstrating a new rationality in comparison to that governing post-Second World War welfare, and which aims to reconfigure institutional infrastructure and citizen identity.

'Businessology' and Social Work

There is a spectre stalking social work in many countries of the world. That spectre is the belief that social work needs to be reshaped in the image of capitalist business enterprises, what we might term business ideology or 'businessology'. Within that belief, the explicit or implicit assumption is that social work should, as far as possible, function as though it were a commercial business concerned with making profits. In those countries most affected, the culture of capitalism has colonised social work as business thinking and practices have been introduced. The embrace of businessology in social work is presented as a neutral trend, to which all social workers can be committed, namely, the modernisation of social work and making it more efficient through the application of distinctive and valuable expertise.

Family change theory: A preliminary evaluation on the basis of recent cross-cultural studies

Family change theory (Kagitcibasi, 1996, 2007) is an approach which can be used to explain how modernisation and globalisation processes affect the family. The most important assumption of the theory is that when traditional interdependent cultures modernise, they need not necessarily develop in the direction of the independent family model typical of Western individualistic societies. Instead, they may develop towards a family model of emotional interdependence that combines continuing emotional interdependencies in the family with declining material interdependencies and with rising personal autonomy. In this chapter a preliminary evaluation of the empirical status of family change theory is given based on a review of recent cross-cultural studies. It will be shown to what extent the few studies that have been systematically conducted in this respect have found results either supporting or not supporting aspects ofthe theory, and where the strengths and problems of this research lie.

The Integration of Electricity from Renewable Energy Sources in the European Union Electricity Market – The case for “Smart Grids”

The power sector is to play a central role in a low carbon economy. In all the decarbonisation scenarios of the European Union renewable energy sources (RES) will be a crucial part of the solution. Current grids constitute however major bottlenecks for the future expansion of RES. Recognising the need for a modernisation of its grids, the European Union has called for the creation of a "smart supergrid" interconnecting European grids at the continental level and making them "intelligent" through the addition of information and communication technology (ICT). To implement its agenda the EU has taken a leading role in coordinating research efforts and creating a common legislative framework for the necessary modernisation of Europe’s grids. This paper intends to give both an overview and a critical appraisal of the measures taken so far by the European Union to "transform" the grids into the backbone of a decarbonised electricity system. It suggests that if competition is to play a significant role in the deployment of smart grids, the current regulatory paradigm will have to be fundamentally reassessed

Translocal Practices on the Tibetan Plateau: Motorised Mobility of Pastoralists and Spatial Transformations

Tibetan pastoralist communities in Amdo, the north-eastern region of the Tibetan plateau, have undergone tremendous change due to a number of state induced modernisation processes. Road infrastructure is but one development that aims to facilitate transition from subsistence to a market economy and to link remote pastoralist production into the global or regional market. This paper starts from the local perspective and examines how the expansion of road infrastructure and increased ownership of motorised vehicles has impacted on the mobility of pastoralists. It argues that motorisation and the increased availability of roads creates an interface for pastoralists through which they negotiate a newly emerging translocality. Roads are embedded into everyday movements and provide pastoralists with ways to integrate new developments into their lives.

Men Between: The Role of Zambian Broadcasters in Decolonisation

This article traces the history of a group of Zambian broadcasters who established the first radio station in the country and made their mark on broadcasting for years to come. It describes their contribution to modern Zambian culture and to nationalist mobilisation. African broadcasters developed formats, ways of presenting and choices of music that appealed to Zambian listeners and established new, authentically local styles. While radio quickly established itself as an integral part of everyday life and culture in the colony, its effect was highly ambivalent. Broadcasters at the same time undermined and enforced the colonial project of using the medium as a transmitter of modernisation ideology. The article explores Thomas Turino’s characterisation of this team as ‘cosmopolitans’ and shows how they were influenced by BBC ideas of journalism and modernisation ideology. To do so, it analyses the relationships African broadcasters had with Europeans in senior positions and with colonial and postcolonial governments. This shared value system brought these Zambian broadcasters into conflict with the post-independence government and its plans to bureaucratise radio, despite their nationalist commitment and strong support for the United National Independence Party (UNIP) before independence.

Irrigation development in Eritrea: potentials and constraints: Proceedings of the workshop of AEAS and SLM Programme Eritrea

Development of irrigation, which is of crucial importance in Eritrea, is perceived by many as the main technique for improving the precarious food security situation in this Sahelian country in the Horn of Africa. The present publication presents the outcome of a nationwide workshop held in 2003, which brought together administrators, scientists, and members of public development agencies and NGOs. These workshop participants presented experiences, lessons learnt, and ideas about how to move forward in relation to development of irrigation in Eritrea. Specifically, the publication deals with the following broad themes, lessons learnt, and experiences in Eritrea: · spate irrigation systems and measurement of performance, as well as experience with modernisation of spate irrigation systems in Eritrea · small-scale irrigation systems and their potentials and pitfalls, including development of low-cost micro irrigation · climate and irrigation, including rainfall forecasts · socio-economic aspects of irrigation, including gender questions, institutional requirements, and irrigation and livelihoods The publication contains an extensive summary in the Tigrinya language, in order to facilitate access to the key findings by local non-English-speaking stakeholders in irrigation development.

La modernización en el devenir de la producción familiar capitalizada

En el artículo se analizan los cambios que la modernización provocó en la producción familiar del sur de Santa Fe desde sus inicios hasta finales de la década de 1990. Los productores debieron incorporar capital de manera constante y creciente. El cambio tecnológico implicó modificaciones en la superficie y tenencia de la tierra, el uso productivo del suelo y la necesidad de mano de obra. La producción familiar evidencia capacidad de resistencia pero -a su vez- el proceso significó desaparición de explotaciones, concentración productiva y exclusión social en la región.

Entre la homogeneización moralizante y la adaptación al entorno: la escolarización bonaerense durante la última dictadura (1976-1983)

Este trabajo se propone abordar los sentidos que organizaron las políticas educativas en la provincia de buenos Aires durante la última dictadura militar. A partir del análisis de fuentes primarias, exploraremos el modo en que se combinaron inestablemente una fuerte intervención destinada a 're-moralizar' una sociedad considerada 'caótica' y una serie de medidas tendientes a 'modernizar' un sistema educativo supuestamente 'en crisis'. Argumentaremos que estas últimas se estructuraron en torno a la idea de adaptar la escolarización a las demandas del entorno y que, desde allí, la dictadura intervino en un amplio debate sobre la 'modernización educativa' en nuestro país que la había preexistido, dando cuenta del agotamiento de ciertos significados para la educación escolar e instalando una forma de procesar la 'modernización' que tendría importantes consecuencias más allá del fin del régimen.

El pensamiento agrario ilustrado en el Río de la Plata : Un estudio del Semanario de Agricultura, Industria y Comercio (1802-1807)

A partir del estudio detenido del Semanario de Agricultura, Industria y Comercio, editado por Juan Hipólito Vieytes entre 1802 y 1807, en este trabajo se plantean las líneas centrales del pensamiento reformista ilustrado. Específicamente, se analizan las nuevas ideas del discurso económico, con la gradual incorporación del liberalismo a partir de la fisiocracia y el discurso clásico de Adam Smith, y más específicamente aún, las propuestas para mejorar y aumentar la producción agropecuaria surgidas de ese pensamiento reformista. Además, se analizan diversas dimensiones del incipiente discurso periodístico, como su estrategia de difusión y los actores involucrados, el énfasis los saberes prácticos y la transmisión de ideas de origen europeo y los cambios que se dieron en el propio periódico.

La modernización en el devenir de la producción familiar capitalizada

En el artículo se analizan los cambios que la modernización provocó en la producción familiar del sur de Santa Fe desde sus inicios hasta finales de la década de 1990. Los productores debieron incorporar capital de manera constante y creciente. El cambio tecnológico implicó modificaciones en la superficie y tenencia de la tierra, el uso productivo del suelo y la necesidad de mano de obra. La producción familiar evidencia capacidad de resistencia pero -a su vez- el proceso significó desaparición de explotaciones, concentración productiva y exclusión social en la región.

Entre la homogeneización moralizante y la adaptación al entorno: la escolarización bonaerense durante la última dictadura (1976-1983)

Este trabajo se propone abordar los sentidos que organizaron las políticas educativas en la provincia de buenos Aires durante la última dictadura militar. A partir del análisis de fuentes primarias, exploraremos el modo en que se combinaron inestablemente una fuerte intervención destinada a 're-moralizar' una sociedad considerada 'caótica' y una serie de medidas tendientes a 'modernizar' un sistema educativo supuestamente 'en crisis'. Argumentaremos que estas últimas se estructuraron en torno a la idea de adaptar la escolarización a las demandas del entorno y que, desde allí, la dictadura intervino en un amplio debate sobre la 'modernización educativa' en nuestro país que la había preexistido, dando cuenta del agotamiento de ciertos significados para la educación escolar e instalando una forma de procesar la 'modernización' que tendría importantes consecuencias más allá del fin del régimen.

El pensamiento agrario ilustrado en el Río de la Plata : Un estudio del Semanario de Agricultura, Industria y Comercio (1802-1807)

A partir del estudio detenido del Semanario de Agricultura, Industria y Comercio, editado por Juan Hipólito Vieytes entre 1802 y 1807, en este trabajo se plantean las líneas centrales del pensamiento reformista ilustrado. Específicamente, se analizan las nuevas ideas del discurso económico, con la gradual incorporación del liberalismo a partir de la fisiocracia y el discurso clásico de Adam Smith, y más específicamente aún, las propuestas para mejorar y aumentar la producción agropecuaria surgidas de ese pensamiento reformista. Además, se analizan diversas dimensiones del incipiente discurso periodístico, como su estrategia de difusión y los actores involucrados, el énfasis los saberes prácticos y la transmisión de ideas de origen europeo y los cambios que se dieron en el propio periódico.