Ethnography of a Land-Deal. Local Perceptions and Vertical Perspectives of a Large Scale Land Acquisition Project in Northern Sierra Leone

Despite an increased scientific interest in the relatively new phenomenon of large-scale land acquisition (LSLA), data on processes on the local level remain sparse and superficial. However, knowledge about the concrete implementation of LSLA projects and the different impacts they have on the heterogeneous group of project affected people is indispensable for a deepened understanding of the phenomenon. In order to address this research gap, a team of two anthropologists and a human geographer conducted in-depth fieldwork on the LSLA project of Swiss based Addax Bioenergy in Sierra Leone. After the devastating civil war, the Sierra Leonean government created favourable conditions for foreign investors willing to lease large areas of land and to bring “development” to the country. Being one of the numerous investing companies, Addax Bioenergy has leased 57’000 hectares of land to develop a sugarcane plantation and an ethanol factory to produce biofuel for the export to the European market. Based on participatory observation, qualitative interview techniques and a network analysis, the research team aimed a) at identifying the different actors that were necessary for the implementation of this project on a vertical level and b) exploring various impacts of the project in the local context of two villages on a horizontal level. The network analysis reveals a complex pattern of companies, institutions, nongovernmental organisations and prominent personalities acting within a shifting technological and discursive framework linking global scales to a unique local context. Findings from the latter indicate that affected people initially welcomed the project but now remain frustrated since many promises and expectations have not been fulfilled. Although some local people are able to benefit from the project, the loss of natural resources that comes along with the land lease affects livelihoods of vulnerable groups – especially women and land users – considerably. However, this research doesn’t only disclose impacts on local people’s previous lives but also addresses strategies they adopt in the newly created situation that has opened up alternative spaces for renegotiations of power and legitimatisation. Therewith, this explorative study reveals new aspects of LSLA that have not been considered adequately by the investing company nor by the general academic discourse on LSLA.

Local Perceptions and Vertical Perspectives of a Large Scale Land Acquisition Project in Northern Sierra Leone

Despite increased scientific interest in the phenomenon of large-scale land acquisitions (LSLA), accurate data on implementation processes remain sparse. This paper aims at filling this gap by providing empirical in-depth knowledge on the case of the Swiss-based Addax Bioenergy Ltd. in Sierra Leone. Extensive fieldwork allowed the interdisciplinary research team 1) the identification of different actors that are necessary for the implementation on a vertical level and 2) the documentation of the heterogeneous group of project affected people’s perceptions and strategies on a horizontal level. Findings reveal that even a project labeled as best-practice example by UN agencies triggers a number of problematic processes for affected communities. The loss of natural resources that comes along with the land lease and the lack of employment possibilities mostly affects already vulnerable groups. On the other hand, strategies and resistance of local people also affect the project implementation. This shows that the horizontal and vertical levels are not separate entities. They are linked by social networks, social interactions, and means of communication and both levels take part in shaping the project’s impacts.

La tierra pública periurbana : Arrendamiento, enfiteusis y ventas en el entorno agrario de Buenos Aires (San José de Flores, 1800-1862)

Las distintas cuestiones vinculadas al traspaso de las tierras públicas a manos particulares (en usufructo y en propiedad plena) en la campaña bonaerense del siglo XIX han suscitado el interés de diversos investigadores que, a partir de estudios de casos mayoritariamente vinculados a la dinámica de expansión de la frontera sur, delinearon las modalidades generales del proceso. Abordando el estudio de los distintos modos de acceso a la tenencia y propiedad de la tierra, en el contexto de la venta de los terrenos fiscales situados en el entorno agrario de la ciudad de Buenos Aires, pretendemos sumar al conocimiento de esta dinámica las particularidades de un área de muy antiguo asentamiento y ocupación productiva, con una larga tradición de arrendamiento de tierras de 'pan llevar' de antigua propiedad eclesiástica y una agricultura mercantil de pequeños y medianos productores orientada al abasto urbano

Estructura productiva y sujetos sociales en la expansión del ovino. El caso del partido de Saladillo en 1870

La expansión capitalista en el agro bonaerense durante la segunda mitad del siglo XIX fue asociada a la "fiebre del lanar". En este trabajo nos hemos propuesto analizar las estrategias económicas de los propietarios de tierras, en términos de las formas de combinación de renta y ganancia (producción directa o cesión en arriendo), y, al mismo tiempo, lograr un mejor conocimiento de la estructura social agraria propia de la ganadería en la época del lanar, distinguiendo el peso numérico y la significación productiva de los diferentes productores rurales, según el lugar que ocupaban en la organización social del trabajo, el tamaño de los stocks ovinos y vacunos, y las orientaciones productivas que desarrollaban. El hallazgo de una fuente estadística inusual nos ha permitido precisar el análisis de estas cuestiones, al menos para un partido de la provincia de Buenos Aires (Saladillo) hacia 1870, al promediar el período de la expansión ovina.

Dissolved iron and Fe(II) in an iron induced Southern Ocean phytoplankton bloom measured during TANGAROA cruise SOIREE

During the 13 day Southern Ocean Iron RE-lease Experiment (SOIREE), dissolved iron concentrations decreased rapidly following each of three iron-enrichments, but remained high (>1 nM, up to 80% as FeII) after the fourth and final enrichment on day 8. The former trend was mainly due to dilution (spreading of iron-fertilized waters) and particle scavenging. The latter may only be explained by a joint production-maintenance mechanism; photoreduction is the only candidate process able to produce sufficiently high FeII, but as such levels persisted overnight (8 hr dark period) -ten times the half-life for this species- a maintenance mechanism (complexation of FeII) is required, and is supported by evidence of increased ligand concentrations on day 12. The source of these ligands and their affinity for FeII is not known. This retention of iron probably permitted the longevity of this bloom raising fundamental questions about iron cycling in HNLC (High Nitrate Low Chlorophyll) Polar waters.

La tierra pública periurbana : Arrendamiento, enfiteusis y ventas en el entorno agrario de Buenos Aires (San José de Flores, 1800-1862)

Las distintas cuestiones vinculadas al traspaso de las tierras públicas a manos particulares (en usufructo y en propiedad plena) en la campaña bonaerense del siglo XIX han suscitado el interés de diversos investigadores que, a partir de estudios de casos mayoritariamente vinculados a la dinámica de expansión de la frontera sur, delinearon las modalidades generales del proceso. Abordando el estudio de los distintos modos de acceso a la tenencia y propiedad de la tierra, en el contexto de la venta de los terrenos fiscales situados en el entorno agrario de la ciudad de Buenos Aires, pretendemos sumar al conocimiento de esta dinámica las particularidades de un área de muy antiguo asentamiento y ocupación productiva, con una larga tradición de arrendamiento de tierras de 'pan llevar' de antigua propiedad eclesiástica y una agricultura mercantil de pequeños y medianos productores orientada al abasto urbano

Estructura productiva y sujetos sociales en la expansión del ovino. El caso del partido de Saladillo en 1870

La expansión capitalista en el agro bonaerense durante la segunda mitad del siglo XIX fue asociada a la "fiebre del lanar". En este trabajo nos hemos propuesto analizar las estrategias económicas de los propietarios de tierras, en términos de las formas de combinación de renta y ganancia (producción directa o cesión en arriendo), y, al mismo tiempo, lograr un mejor conocimiento de la estructura social agraria propia de la ganadería en la época del lanar, distinguiendo el peso numérico y la significación productiva de los diferentes productores rurales, según el lugar que ocupaban en la organización social del trabajo, el tamaño de los stocks ovinos y vacunos, y las orientaciones productivas que desarrollaban. El hallazgo de una fuente estadística inusual nos ha permitido precisar el análisis de estas cuestiones, al menos para un partido de la provincia de Buenos Aires (Saladillo) hacia 1870, al promediar el período de la expansión ovina.

Estructura productiva y sujetos sociales en la expansión del ovino. El caso del partido de Saladillo en 1870

La expansión capitalista en el agro bonaerense durante la segunda mitad del siglo XIX fue asociada a la "fiebre del lanar". En este trabajo nos hemos propuesto analizar las estrategias económicas de los propietarios de tierras, en términos de las formas de combinación de renta y ganancia (producción directa o cesión en arriendo), y, al mismo tiempo, lograr un mejor conocimiento de la estructura social agraria propia de la ganadería en la época del lanar, distinguiendo el peso numérico y la significación productiva de los diferentes productores rurales, según el lugar que ocupaban en la organización social del trabajo, el tamaño de los stocks ovinos y vacunos, y las orientaciones productivas que desarrollaban. El hallazgo de una fuente estadística inusual nos ha permitido precisar el análisis de estas cuestiones, al menos para un partido de la provincia de Buenos Aires (Saladillo) hacia 1870, al promediar el período de la expansión ovina.

La tierra pública periurbana : Arrendamiento, enfiteusis y ventas en el entorno agrario de Buenos Aires (San José de Flores, 1800-1862)

Las distintas cuestiones vinculadas al traspaso de las tierras públicas a manos particulares (en usufructo y en propiedad plena) en la campaña bonaerense del siglo XIX han suscitado el interés de diversos investigadores que, a partir de estudios de casos mayoritariamente vinculados a la dinámica de expansión de la frontera sur, delinearon las modalidades generales del proceso. Abordando el estudio de los distintos modos de acceso a la tenencia y propiedad de la tierra, en el contexto de la venta de los terrenos fiscales situados en el entorno agrario de la ciudad de Buenos Aires, pretendemos sumar al conocimiento de esta dinámica las particularidades de un área de muy antiguo asentamiento y ocupación productiva, con una larga tradición de arrendamiento de tierras de 'pan llevar' de antigua propiedad eclesiástica y una agricultura mercantil de pequeños y medianos productores orientada al abasto urbano

Riboregulation in Escherichia coli: DsrA RNA acts by RNA:RNA interactions at multiple loci

DsrA is an 87-nt untranslated RNA that regulates both the global transcriptional silencer and nucleoid protein H-NS and the stationary phase and stress response sigma factor RpoS (σs). We demonstrate that DsrA acts via specific RNA:RNA base pairing interactions at the hns locus to antagonize H-NS translation. We also give evidence that supports a role for RNA:RNA interactions at the rpoS locus to enhance RpoS translation. Negative regulation of hns by DsrA is achieved by the RNA:RNA interaction blocking translation of hns RNA. In contrast, results suggest that positive regulation of rpoS by DsrA occurs by formation of an RNA structure that activates a cis-acting translational operator. Sequences within DsrA complementary to three additional genes, argR, ilvIH, and rbsD, suggest that DsrA is a riboregulator of gene expression that acts coordinately via RNA:RNA interactions at multiple loci.

A trans-acting RNA as a control switch in Escherichia coli: DsrA modulates function by forming alternative structures

DsrA is an 87-nucleotide regulatory RNA of Escherichia coli that acts in trans by RNA–RNA interactions with two different mRNAs, hns and rpoS. DsrA has opposite effects on these transcriptional regulators. H-NS levels decrease, whereas RpoS (σs) levels increase. Here we show that DsrA enhances hns mRNA turnover yet stabilizes rpoS mRNA, either directly or via effects on translation. Computational and RNA footprinting approaches led to a refined structure for DsrA, and a model in which DsrA interacts with the hns mRNA start and stop codon regions to form a coaxial stack. Analogous bipartite interactions exist in eukaryotes, albeit with different regulatory consequences. In contrast, DsrA base pairs in discrete fashion with the rpoS RNA translational operator. Thus, different structural configurations for DsrA lead to opposite regulatory consequences for target RNAs.

BRS1, a serine carboxypeptidase, regulates BRI1 signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana

Brassinosteroid-insensitive 1 (BRI1) of Arabidopsis thaliana encodes a cell surface receptor for brassinosteroids. Mutations in BRI1 severely affect plant growth and development. Activation tagging of a weak bri1 allele (bri1-5) resulted in the identification of a new locus, brs1-1D. BRS1 is predicted to encode a secreted carboxypeptidase. Whereas a brs1 loss-of-function allele has no obvious mutant phenotype, overexpression of BRS1 can suppress bri1 extracellular domain mutants. Genetic analyses showed that brassinosteroids and a functional BRI1 protein kinase domain are required for suppression. In addition, overexpressed BRS1 missense mutants, predicted to abolish BRS1 protease activity, failed to suppress bri1-5. Finally, the effects of BRS1 are selective: overexpression in either wild-type or two other receptor kinase mutants resulted in no phenotypic alterations. These results strongly suggest that BRS1 processes a protein involved in an early event in the BRI1 signaling.

Letter from William Croswell to landlord, 1831 December 27

Two drafts of a letter regarding Croswell's intention to break his lease due to loud noises.

Holes in the skies over NATO's Central European member states. OSW Commentary No. 119, 22.10.2013

Over the past few months, four Central European states have made decisions which will determine the shape of their air forces over the next decade. On 11 October, Romania signed a contract under which it will buy twelve used US F-16A/B multi-role fighter aircraft from Portugal. In August, Slovakia signed contracts with Russia’s MiG for repairs and the limited modernisation of its twelve MiG-29 fighter aircraft currently in service. The Czech Republic entered into a preliminary agreement in July with Sweden on extending the lease of fourteen JAS-39 Gripen multi-role fighter aircraft (the new Czech government will hammer out the details following the parliamentary election). Bulgaria, which has been facing financial problems and political instability, in June postponed the purchase of new (non-Soviet) combat aircraft at least until the end of this year. If Sofia decides to buy any within the next few years, these will be not more than twelve relatively old and worn-out machines (most likely F-16A/B from Portuguese or Dutch army surplus). Given the fact that Hungary in 2012 made the same decision regarding its fourteen Gripen aircraft as the Czech Republic, there are good grounds to claim that the capabilities Central European NATO member states have to take action in airspace are durably limited. The region’s saturation with combat aircraft is the lowest when compared to the entire continent (with the exception of the Baltic states). Furthermore, the machines to be used in the coming decade will be the oldest and the least advanced technologically (all of them belong to the so-called “fourth generation”, the roots of which date back to the 1970s). The problem with gaining full interoperability within NATO has not been resolved in its Central European member states. By modernising its MiG-29 aircraft, Slovakia is to say the least postponing the achievement of interoperability once again. Bulgaria will gain interoperability by buying any Western combat aircraft. However, it is very unlikely to introduce new machines into service earlier than at the end of the present decade. Since the introduction of new fifth generation multi-role combat aircraft or transitional 4+ generation machines in the region’s air forces is unrealistic, the defence of the airspace of NATO member states in Central Europe can be termed an ever more porous sky.

Russia's position on the events in Kyrgyzstan (April-June 2010). OSW Commentary No. 38, 2010-07-27

Russia was the first state in the world to de facto recognise the regime change in Kyrgyzstan that took place on 7 April 2010. This recognition, along with a previous campaign by the Russian media against the then President Kurmanbek Bakiyev, has given rise to suspicion that the events of April were provoked by Russia. However, it seems no more than reasonable to say that Russia provided some inspiration and lobbying in that direction. Russia offered support to the new Kyrgyz government almost immediately, albeit conditionally. Russia’s relations with Roza Otunbayeva’s government have been changing in nature; they are currently much cooler than they had been immediately after the coup. There are many indications that this change was a reaction to the extension of the lease agreement for the American military base in the Manas airport. At the same time, Moscow remains in contact with the political rivals to the current regime, which suggests that the Kremlin is preparing for different developments, and does not regard the current crisis as having been fully resolved. Despite the interim government’s plea for help, Russia refused to undertake military intervention in southern Kyrgyzstan, which plunged into ethnic unrest in June. This shows that Russia is wary of being dragged into a long-standing and bloody conflict in the region, which could entail considerable expenses and jeopardise Russia’s authority. It should be expected that after the October parliamentary elections in Kyrgyzstan, Russia will return to its plans to establish a second military base in this country (in addition to the Kant base) to reinforce its dominant position in the region. This is the first time that Russia has had a real chance to play a stabilising role in the CIS area. How Russia copes with this challenge may decide its position in post-Soviet Central Asia – and in a wider context, its relations with NATO, the USA and China.