Finite element analysis of ultrasonic insertion of SiC fibre in aluminium alloy 6061

In this work, a computational framework has been proposed to successfully simulate the fibre embedding using ultrasonic consolidation process. The main components of the proposed computational approach are a developed constitutive model and a friction model which are especially suitable for the condition of ultrasonic process. The effect of different process parameters, such as velocity of sonotrode, displacement amplitude of ultrasonic vibration and applied loads are studied. The presented work especially focuses on the quality of the developed weld and the fibre coverage due to the plastic flow around the fibre. The areas of maximum plastic flow predicted by the simulation are confirmed by the EBSD microstructural studies. © 2011 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.

Mode of insertion of the abductor hallucis muscle in human feet and its arterial supply

The abductor hallucis flap is commonly used as a pedicled flap (distally or proximally based) in the management of ankle, heel, and mid-foot lesions, where it is ideally used for closing defects. This study investigates the anatomical details of this muscle regarding its various forms of insertion and its arterial supply in 15 cadaveric feet. Four types of insertion could be distinguished: type A, insertion at the proximal phalanx of the big toe (46.7%); type B, insertion by two slips into the base of the proximal phalanx and the sesamoid bone (33.3%); type C, insertion at the sesamoid bone (6.7%); And type D, the insertion is divided into superficial tendinous and deep fleshy parts which are attached to the base of the proximal phalanx and to the metatarsophalangeal joint capsule of the big toe, respectively (13.3%). As regards the arterial supply, three patterns were noticed: pattern A (40%) where the medial plantar artery (MPA) is divided into superficial and deep branches that supplied the muscle; pattern B (53.3%) where the MPA failed to produce a deep branch but instead continued as the superficial branch supplying the two ends of the muscle; and pattern C (6.6%) where the MPA continued as a deep branch supplying the muscle. A superficial branch of MPA provided a branch to the abductor hallucis muscle from its proximal part. In two specimens (13.3%), the lateral plantar artery shared in the supply of the most proximal part of the muscle. These results can be useful in determining the appropriate flap design based on the abductor hallucis type of insertion and the pattern of its arterial supply in the patients.

A proposed model membrane and test method for microneedle insertion studies

A commercial polymeric film (Parafilm M (R), a blend of a hydrocarbon wax and a polyolefin) was evaluated as a model membrane for microneedle (MN) insertion studies. Polymeric MN arrays were inserted into Parafilm M (R) (PF) and also into excised neonatal porcine skin. Parafilm M (R) was folded before the insertions to closely approximate thickness of the excised skin. Insertion depths were evaluated using optical coherence tomography (OCT) using either a force applied by a Texture Analyser or by a group of human volunteers. The obtained insertion depths were, in general, slightly lower, especially for higher forces, for PF than for skin. However, this difference was not a large, being less than the 10% of the needle length. Therefore, all these data indicate that this model membrane could be a good alternative to biological tissue for MN insertion studies. As an alternative method to OCT, light microscopy was used to evaluate the insertion depths of MN in the model membrane. This provided a rapid, simple method to compare different MN formulations. The use of Parafilm M (R), in conjunction with a standardised force/time profile applied by a Texture Analyser, could provide the basis for a rapid MN quality control test suitable for in-process use. It could also be used as a comparative test of insertion efficiency between candidate MN formulations. 

Membrane fission is promoted by insertion of amphipathic helices and is restricted by crescent BAR domains

Shallow hydrophobic insertions and crescent-shaped BAR scaffolds promote membrane curvature. Here, we investigate membrane fission by shallow hydrophobic insertions quantitatively and mechanistically. We provide evidence that membrane insertion of the ENTH domain of epsin leads to liposome vesiculation, and that epsin is required for clathrin-coated vesicle budding in cells. We also show that BAR-domain scaffolds from endophilin, amphiphysin, GRAF, and β2-centaurin limit membrane fission driven by hydrophobic insertions. A quantitative assay for vesiculation reveals an antagonistic relationship between amphipathic helices and scaffolds of N-BAR domains in fission. The extent of vesiculation by these proteins and vesicle size depend on the number and length of amphipathic helices per BAR domain, in accord with theoretical considerations. This fission mechanism gives a new framework for understanding membrane scission in the absence of mechanoenzymes such as dynamin and suggests how Arf and Sar proteins work in vesicle scission.

L'insertion professionnelle de l'infirmière experte comme enseignante novice en soins infirmiers au collégial : l'apport du mentorat

Les infirmières et les infirmiers qui s'engagent comme enseignantes et enseignants en soins infirmiers passent du statut d'infirmière et d'infirmier expert à celui d'enseignante et d'enseignant novice sans vraiment être préparés. Le manque de connaissances en pédagogie, l'absence de modèles de référence et la lourdeur de la tâche contribuent à leur incertitude quant au désir de persévérer dans le domaine de l'enseignement. Cette situation s'avère critique puisqu'en ce moment on prévoit une pénurie d'infirmières et d'infirmiers et une pénurie de professeurs pour les former. Comment leur venir en aide à travers un horaire déjà chargé? Un programme de mentorat serait-il la solution? Notre recherche a visé à dégager les points de vue des enseignantes et des enseignants expérimentés en soins infirmiers, susceptibles d'être mentors, sur les défis à relever dans la pratique du mentorat auprès d'enseignantes et d'enseignants novices ainsi que les points de vue des novices sur le sujet.

Dimensions examinées par des novices en enseignement en adaptation scolaire en insertion professionnelle devant un problème éthique à l'école

Les novices en enseignement, particulièrement celles et ceux qui oeuvrent en adaptation scolaire, doivent composer avec de nombreux rôles dès leur entrée en milieu professionnel. Cette réalité multiplie les occasions de rencontrer des problèmes d'ordre éthique à l'école, soit des problèmes pour lesquels il n'existe pas de réponses ou de balises claires, qui exigent une prise de décisions et un choix d'actions qui doivent tenir compte de plusieurs éléments dont il faudra déterminer l'importance et, par conséquent, qui génèrent des conflits de valeurs. Être capable de résoudre un problème éthique implique au départ de développer la capacité à reconnaître les dimensions présentes à l'intérieur du problème. Nous avons dégagé quatre dimensions généralement présentes dans l'analyse d'un problème éthique: les personnes impliquées, les valeurs en jeu, les principes de conduite professionnelle appropriée et le cadre professionnel.Les personnes impliquées, puisque les professionnelles et professionnels sont amenés à anticiper les conséquences de leurs actions sur le bien-être des personnes concernées.Les valeurs en jeu, soit les structures internes sur lesquelles chaque individu se réfère spontanément, que ce soit des valeurs acquises durant l'enfance, dans l'expérience personnelle ou dans l'expérience professionnelle.Les principes de conduite professionnelle appropriée qui sont adoptés à titre de références par les membres de la communauté enseignante. Finalement, le cadre professionnel, car l'enseignante et l'enseignant s'inscrivent dans un cadre qui repose sur des lois et des normes des milieux. L'objectif de cette recherche a été de mettre en évidence les dimensions examinées par des enseignantes et des enseignants en adaptation scolaire en insertion professionnelle lorsqu'ils sont devant un problème éthique à l'école. La méthodologie utilisée était de nature qualitative et la cueillette de données a été effectuée par le moyen d'entrevues individuelles semi-dirigées.Les résultats obtenus à la suite de deux phases de collecte nous ont permis de mettre en évidence, entre autres, que certaines dimensions étaient examinées par les participantes de manière plus approfondie que d'autres devant des problèmes éthiques et dégager le sens accordé à chacune des dimensions par les participantes. Nous avons aussi analysé certaines préoccupations relatives à l'insertion professionnelle ayant émergé durant les entrevues.

Development of new methodologies for C-H insertion

Tese de doutoramento, Farmácia (Química Farmacêutica e Terapêutica), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, 2014

Influence of grease rheology on thrust ball bearings friction torque

The friction torque and the operating temperatures in a thrust ball bearing were measured for seven different types of greases, including three biodegradable greases having low toxicity. These friction torque tests were performed using a modified Four-Ball machine. Rheological evaluations of the lubricating greases were made using a rheometer. Bleed oils were extracted from the greases and the dynamic viscosities were measured. In order to compare the performance of the lubricant greases in terms of friction, the grease characteristics were related to experimental results, showing that the interaction between thickener and base oil have strong influences in the bearing friction torque.

Experimental measuring procedure for the friction torque in rolling bearings

The reduction of the power loss generated in mechanical transmissions and the use of low friction biodegradable lubricants has been attracting considerable attention in recent times. Therefore, it is necessary to develop methods to test and evaluate the performance of such lubricants and compare them with conventional ones. In this sense, a Four-Ball Machine was modified allowing the test of rolling bearings. A 51107 thrust ball bearing was used to test two different greases and the corresponding base oils. Friction torque and operating temperatures were continuously monitored to quantify the power loss and the heat evacuation for each lubricant tested. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Friction torque in grease lubricated thrust ball bearings

Thrust ball bearings lubricated with several different greases were tested on a modified Four-Ball Machine, where the Four-Ball arrangement was replaced by a bearing assembly. The friction torque and operating temperatures in a thrust ball bearing were measured during the tests. At the end of each test a grease sample was analyzed through ferrographic techniques in order to quantify and evaluate bearing wear. A rolling bearing friction torque model was used and the coefficient of friction in full film lubrication was determined for each grease, depending on the operating conditions. The experimental results obtained showed that grease formulation had a very significant influence on friction torque and operating temperature. The friction torque depends on the viscosity of the grease base oil, on its nature (mineral, ester, PAO, etc.), on the coefficient of friction in full film conditions, but also on the interaction between grease thickener and base oil, which affected contact replenishment and contact starvation, and thus influenced the friction torque.