Locational policies in secondary capital cities: constructing a dynamic framework

Capital cities that are not the economic centers of their nations – so-called secondary capital cities (SSCs) – tend to be overlooked in the field of political science. Consequentially, there is a lack of research and resulting theory describing their local economy and their public policies. This paper analyzes how SCCs try to develop and position themselves through the formulation of locational policies. By linking three different theoretical strands – the Regional Innovation System (RIS) approach, the concept of locational policies, and the regime perspective – this paper aims for constructing a framework to study the economic and political dynamics in SCCs.

Climate change in Switzerland: a review of physical, institutional, and political aspects

Climate change is clearly discernible in observed climate records in Switzerland. It impacts on natural systems, ecosystems, and economic sectors such as agriculture, tourism, and energy, and it affects Swiss livelihood in various ways. The observed and projected changes call for a response from the political system, which in Switzerland is characterized by federalism and direct democratic instruments. Swiss climate science embraces natural and social sciences and builds on institutionalized links between researchers, public, and private stakeholders. In this article, we review the physical, institutional, and political aspects of climate change in Switzerland. We show how the current state of Swiss climate science and policy developed over the past 20 years in the context of international developments and national responses. Specific to Switzerland is its topographic setting with mountain regions and lowlands on both sides of the Alpine ridge, which makes climate change clearly apparent and for some aspects (tourist sector, hydropower, and extreme events) highly relevant and better perceivable (e.g., retreating glaciers). Not surprisingly the Alpine region is of central interest in Swiss climate change studies.

Shared Rule in Federal Political Systems: Conceptual Lessons from Subnational Switzerland

This article reconceptualizes shared rule and uses novel data to measure it, thus addressing two shortcomings of federal literature. First, while most studies focus on self-rule, one question that is largely neglected is how lower-level governments can influence politics at a higher level in the absence of “second” chambers. The answer is through shared rule. A second shortcoming is that even when addressing this question, scholars concentrate on constitutional-administrative aspects of vertical intergovernmentalism, neglecting more informal, “political” dynamics. Comparing the twenty-six Swiss cantons allows drawing two lessons for federal studies: That shared rule is multifaceted and complex, and that to study informal territorial actors as well as direct political processes is indispensable to understand how power is actually distributed in federal political systems.

The Territoriality of Fiscal Solidarity: Comparing Swiss Equalisation with European Union Structural Funding

This article theorises the territorial solidarity and fiscal federalism and compares Switzerland with the European Union. While inter-territorial solidarity is a prerequisite for legitimate fiscal equalisation, such equalisation in turn also contributes to the legitimacy of and solidarity within federal political systems. By cutting across territorial and ethno-national communities, fiscal transfers often contribute to both a “civic” sense of belonging and a “cosmopolitan” identity. After placing types and degrees of (inter-)territorial solidarity at the heart of our conceptual perspective, we discuss the effects of such solidarity through an analysis of two different forms of “federal” equalisation. Comparing the recently reformed Swiss fiscal equalisation system with the EU structural funds allows us to infer if, and how, the fiscal dimension of federalism matters for feelings of solidarity, reciprocity, unity and, ultimately, for the legitimacy of the very (nation-state or Union) structures that are to contribute to the ever-growing prosperity and happiness of their people(s). In Switzerland, a civic understanding of nationhood and cross-cutting cleavages were necessary conditions for extensive, effective and legitimate fiscal equalisation. We infer that, for the EU, this means that strengthening the equalisation component of the structural funds would contribute to an ever closer Union in a political sense: because fiscal equalisation and inter-territorial solidarity are interdependent, reinforcing the one also means cementing the other. Future studies of the EU and federal-type arrangements are advised to pay more explicit attention to the solidarity-element of territoriality – or the territoriality of (fiscal) solidarity.

Institutions and coalitions in policy processes: a cross-sectoral comparison

Actors with joint beliefs in a decision-making process form coalitions in order to translate their goals into policy. Yet, coalitions are not formed in an institutional void, but rather institutions confer opportunities and constraints to actors. This paper studies the institutional conditions under which either coalition structures with a dominant coalition or with competing coalitions emerge. It takes into account three conditions, i.e. the degree of federalism of a project, its degree of Europeanisation and the openness of the pre-parliamentary phase of the decision-making process. The cross-sectoral comparison includes the 11 most important decision-making processes in Switzerland between 2001 and 2006 with a fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis. Results suggest that Europeanisation or an open pre-parliamentary phase lead to a dominant coalition, whereas only a specific combination of all three conditions is able to explain a structure with competing coalitions.

Regionalist Protest through Shared Rule? Peripherality and the Use of Cantonal Initiatives in Switzerland

In this article, we are interested in the extent to which federalism is able to deal with peripheral protest through shared rule channels. Shared rule as a key dimension of federal states has not thus far received adequate academic attention. Empirically, we analyse the use of all cantonal initiatives in Switzerland over the past 25 years as a particular instrument of shared rule, subsequently focusing on two peripheral regions with successful regionalist parties, Ticino and Geneva. We find that regionalist parties contribute towards radicalizing peripheral demands in search of attention from the centre. This leads to the mainstreaming of peripheral demands by pulling other parties along. We conclude that shared rule properly designed gives even the most peripheral regions a voice in national decisions, but that regionalist parties may also use shared rule instruments to mobilize their electorate at home to fight their non-regionalist competitors.

Environmental Policy in Majoritarian Systems

This paper sheds new light on the determination of environmental policies in majoritarian federal electoral systems such as the U.S., and derives implications for the environmental federalism debate on whether the national or local government should have authority over environmental policies. In majoritarian systems, where the legislature consists of geographically distinct electoral districts, the majority party (at either the national or the state level) favors its own home districts; depending on the location of polluting industries and the associated pollution damages, the majority party may therefore impose sub-optimally high or low pollution taxes due to a majority bias. We show that majority bias can influence the social-welfare ranking of alternative government policies and, in some cases, may actually bring distortionary policies closer to the first-best solution.

Minimizing the Price of Tranquility: How to Discourage Scotland's Secession from the United Kingdom

What some view as overly-generous funding of the Scottish parliament results from Scotland.s credible threat to secede from the United Kingdom. Scotland is shown to benefit from a second mover advantage in a non-cooperative sequential game over the allocation of public funds. Various reform proposals are criticized for not recognizing that reform of Scottish government finances must be consistent with Scotland.s credible threat. Fiscal autonomy -- in which the Scottish parliament finances a much greater proportion of its spending from Scottish-sourced taxes, is demonstrated to be a viable reform within the existing political context and, in some circumstances, could remove Scotland.s second mover advantage. We also use a cooperative bargaining game model to demonstrate that an Australian style grants commission would not be a viable reform in the British context.

La vigencia de un clásico. Enrique Mariano Barba y sus preguntas en torno a la formación del estado nacional

El objetivo de este texto es, a modo de celebración de la vida del Dr. Enrique M. Barba, tratar de detectar la impronta de sus trabajos y de su modo de trabajar en mi labor y en la de los colegas con los que trabajo en el Instituto de Historia Argentina de la Facultad de Humanidades de la UNLP. Enrique Mariano Barba no se dedicó primero a la historia colonial y luego al federalismo rosista. Siempre hizo 'historia argentina'. Al reunir en una sola mirada sus trabajos más representativos se advierte que el problema que le interesaba era, desde su tesis de doctorado, el de la formación del estado-nación.

Impuestos y terratenientes en la Argentina : Un balance

En este artículo se ofrece un balance de lo que sabemos -y de lo que aún desconocemos- sobre la historia de la relación entre los impuestos y los productores rurales en la Argentina contemporánea. Se lleva a cabo un recorrido por la historiografía sobre los impuestos al mundo agrario en los siglos XIX y XX tanto en el plano nacional como en el provincial y se señalan los aspectos que aún necesitan mayor investigación en este campo.

Las confiscaciones y embargos de Rosas en Chascomús, 1840-1852

En este trabajo, a partir de la identificación de los propietarios afectados, se analiza el impacto local de las confiscaciones y embargos de Rosas. Se estimará la importancia de los muebles y útiles rematados y se considerará la magnitud del ganado bovino, ovino y equino extraído por los alcaldes locales para destinarlo a los ejércitos de frontera y de Santos Lugares. Además se indagará acerca de la época de los desembargos para comprobar si luego de los mismos los estancieros de Chascomús retomaron sus actividades y siguieron con la propiedad de sus estancias, tema éste directamente relacionado con un proyecto de más largo aliento que estudia la transmisión de la propiedad rural al noreste del río Salado y la constitución de un mercado de tierras entre fines del siglo XVIII y fines del XIX

Impuestos y terratenientes en la Argentina : un balance

En este artículo se ofrece un balance de lo que sabemos -y de lo que aún desconocemos- sobre la historia de la relación entre los impuestos y los productores rurales en la Argentina contemporánea. Se lleva a cabo un recorrido por la historiografía sobre los impuestos al mundo agrario en los siglos XIX y XX tanto en el plano nacional como en el provincial y se señalan los aspectos que aún necesitan mayor investigación en este campo.

La vigencia de un clásico. Enrique Mariano Barba y sus preguntas en torno a la formación del estado nacional

El objetivo de este texto es, a modo de celebración de la vida del Dr. Enrique M. Barba, tratar de detectar la impronta de sus trabajos y de su modo de trabajar en mi labor y en la de los colegas con los que trabajo en el Instituto de Historia Argentina de la Facultad de Humanidades de la UNLP. Enrique Mariano Barba no se dedicó primero a la historia colonial y luego al federalismo rosista. Siempre hizo 'historia argentina'. Al reunir en una sola mirada sus trabajos más representativos se advierte que el problema que le interesaba era, desde su tesis de doctorado, el de la formación del estado-nación.