Seguridade social internacional

Esta tese parte da demonstração da existência de um conceito genérico de seguridade social incorporado ao ordenamento jurídico internacional - a ser interpretado conforme sua função socioeconômica e construção histórica no direito comparado o qual garante direitos subjetivos a medidas protetivas. Passa a averiguar então o desenvolvimento de um padrão ou receituário rudimentar previsto naquele ordenamento para implementação progressiva de sistemas de seguridade social com contornos protetivos cada vez mais precisos e abrangentes, inclusive no tocante ao tratamento do problema das migrações. Detecta então as insuficiências desse aparato normativo para oferecer atualmente uma cobertura efetiva à maioria da população mundial e aponta estratégias jurídicas internacionalizadas empregadas para fomentar ao menos a expansão imediata de uma cobertura mínima em seguridade social às populações mais vulneráveis do globo. Enfoca, por fim, a cooperação financeira internacional como solução viável para suprir as carências emergenciais das populações dos países em situação de maior déficit de cobertura em seguridade social, notadamente quanto a prestações de saúde. Expõe, em seu conjunto, caminhos para estruturação de sistemas de seguridade social harmônicos, coordenados e eficazes em prol da segurança econômica de todos.

Gestão de saúde, meio ambiente, segurança e responsabilidade social em micro e pequenas empresas de alimentos no município do Rio de Janeiro

O setor industrial de alimentos é um setor muito importante para a economia brasileira, segundo dados da Associação Brasileira das Indústrias da Alimentação (ABIA). Os diferentes produtos gerados pelas indústrias alimentícias são atribuídos a várias setores, como por exemplo, o setor de Food Service, o qual utiliza os insumos provenientes das indústrias de alimentos e fornecem alimentos prontos para os consumidores que buscam refeições fora dos seus lares. Devido à grande expansão desse setor, a exigência da sociedade por um sistema de Gestão em Saúde, Meio Ambiente, Segurança e Responsabilidade Social (SMS/RS) é grande, pois há preocupações ambientais, como o desperdício e a geração de resíduos, preocupações com as condições de trabalho dos funcionários, associados aos riscos e perigos no ambiente de trabalho e preocupações com as exigências legais, como o cumprimento de leis e normas na produção de alimentos, a fim de reduzir os riscos à saúde por doenças transmitidas por alimentos, com a segurança do mesmo. O objetivo geral desse estudo é avaliar as questões relacionadas à saúde, segurança, meio ambiente, sustentabilidade e responsabilidade socioambiental, de forma a verificar o nível de comprometimento dos serviços de alimentação micro e de pequeno porte no município do Rio de janeiro, com destaque para o atendimento ao serviço da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA), à legislação ambiental e de saúde e segurança no trabalho. Para atingir tal objetivo, a metodologia foi dividida em: pesquisa bibliográfica, elaboração de lista de verificação, questionário direcionado para os responsáveis e funcionários dos estabelecimentos, de questionário SMS/RS e visitas técnicas. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que, numa avaliação global, os trinta serviços de alimentação atenderam a todos os itens avaliados com relação à legislação sanitária e 88% no que tange aos aspectos de saúde, meio ambiente, segurança e responsabilidade social. Apesar de a legislação em saúde e segurança, meio ambiente e responsabilidade social ser uma prática comum nas micro e pequenas empresas fornecedoras de alimentos, em nenhuma delas foi implantado um sistema de Gestão baseado nessas questões, devido a falta de conhecimento por parte dos proprietários dos estabelecimentos

Encapsluation of Co and Pd multi-metal nanowires inside multiwalled carbon nanotubes by microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition

We report the synthesis of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) encapsulated with Co/Pd magnetic and nonmagnetic multi-metal nanowires using Co and Pd thin-layers deposited on Si substrate by microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition using a bias-enhanced growth method. Detailed structural and compositional investigations of these metal nanowires inside MWCNTs were carried out by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy to elucidate the growth mechanisms. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy revealed that MWCNTs were encapsulated with Co and Pd nanowires, separately, at the tube top and the bottom of Co nanowire, respectively. The face-centered-cubic (fcc) structure of Co nanowires was confirmed by a selected area diffraction pattern. We proposed a fruitful description for the encapsulating mechanisms of both Co and Pd multi-metal nanowires. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Growth and magnetic properties of ferromagnetic Co nanorods filled inside carbon nanotubes towards nanoscale spintronics

We synthesize Co nanorod filled inside multi-walled CNTs (MWCNTs) by microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (MPECVD) and utilize off-axis electron holography to observe the remanent states of the filled metal nanorod inside MWCNTs at room. The MWCNTs grew up to 100-110 nm in diameter and 1.5-1.7 μm in length. The typical bright-field transmission electron microscope (TEM) images revealed both Co/Pd multisegment nanorod and Co nanorod filled inside MWCNTs on the same substrate. We have also performed energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS) measurements to characterize the composition of metal filled inside MWCNTs. Based on high-resolution TEM measurements, we observed the face-centered-cubic (fcc) Co filled inside MWCNT. The component of magnetic induction was then measured to be 1.2±0.1 T, which is lower than the expected saturation magnetization of fcc Co of 1.7 T. The partial oxidation of the ferromagnetic metal during the process and the magnetization direction may play an important role in the determination of the quality of the remanent states. © 2008 IEEE.

First record of a yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) from the stomach of a longnose lancetfish (Alepisaurus ferox)

In 1987 we found a juvenile yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares (Bonnaterre, 1788), in the stomach of a longnose lancetfish, Alepisaurus ferox Lowe, 1833. Analysis of published information on lancetfish food habits (Haedrich, 1964, 1969; Haedrich and Nielsen, 1966; Parin, 1968; Parin et al., 1969; Fourmanoir, 1969; Grandperrin and Legand, 1970; Kubota and Uyeno, 1970; Legand et al., 1972; Kubota, 1973; Fujita and Hattori, 1976; Matthews et al., 1977) led us to conclude that this was the first record of a yellowfin tuna found in a lancetfish stomach.

Occurrence of Camallanus cotti in greatly diverse fish species from Danjiangkou Reservoir in central China

Two thousand four hundred fifty-eight fish comprised of 53 species were captured in the Danjiangkou Reservoir, in the northwestern part of Hubei Province, central China during 2004, to examine Camallanus cotti infections. We found that 19 cypriniform, 3 siluriforme, and 4 perciforme fishes were infected by the nematode. Our study revealed the species, Hemiculter bleekeri bleekeri, Culter oxycephaloide, Pseudolaubuca sinensis, Acanthobrama simony, Mylopharyngodon piceus, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Gnathopogon imberbis, G. argentatus, Saurogobio dabryi, S. dumerili, Gobiobotia ichangensis, Liobagrus marginatoides, and Ctenogobius shennongensis as new hosts of the worm. The number and range of fish host species found in this survey were much greater than any of the previous investigations. The mean prevalence, prevalence, mean abundance, and intensity of infection varied in different fish species, indicating a possible host preference. Moreover, we suggest that this nematode is a native parasite of cypriniform fishes in China, perhaps initially in the reaches of the Yangtze River.

Estimated detection distance of a baiji's (Chinese river dolphin, Lipotes vexillifer) whistles using a passive acoustic survey method

Source levels and phonation intervals of whistles produced by a free-ranging baiji (Chinese river dolphin) were measured in the seminatural reserve of Shishou in Hubei, China. A total of 43 whistles were recorded over 12 recording sessions. The mean dominant frequency (the frequency at the highest energy) was 5.7 kHz (s.d.=0.67). The calculated source level was 143.2 dB rms re 1 mu Pa (s.d.=5.8). Most phonation intervals were shorter than 460 s, and the average interval was 205 s (s.d. = 254). Theoretical detection range of baiji's whistle was 6600 m at the present study site, but it could reduce a couple of hundred meters in practical noisy situation in the Yangtze River. Sporadic phonation (205 s interval on average) with relatively faint signal of baiji was considered, to be difficult to be detected by a towing hydrophone system. Stationed monitoring or slow speed towing of hydrophones along the river current is recommended. (c) 2006 Acoustical Society of America.

New data on the morphology and systematic status of Spinitectus petrowi and Spinitectus gigi (Nematoda : Cystidicolidae) parasitic in catfishes in central China

Two little-known nematode species of the genus Spinitectus Fourment, 1883, S. petrowi Belous, 1965 (prevalence 25%, intensity 1-8) and S. gigi Fujita, 1927 (prevalence 10%, intensity 2-3), were collected from the gastrointestinal tract of the yellow catfish, Pelteobagrus fulvidraco (Richardson), from Liangzihu Lake, Hubei Province, central China, in September of 2002. The light and scanning electron microscopical examination of this material, supplemented by a few museum specimens of S. gigi collected from the catfish Clarias fuscus (Lacepede) in southern China, made it possible to study in detail the morphology of these parasite species and to redescribe them. The first species, whose correct name is S. petrowi Belous, 1965, exhibits some morphological features (e.g., unusually short vestibule, shape of pseudolabia and of the left spicule) not found in most other congeners; a unique feature is the presence of peculiar pairs of transversely oriented peg-like cuticular spines with rounded ends on the ventral surface of the female tail. Spinitectus gigi was found to have 28-31 cuticular spines in the first ring, relatively long distances between the 2nd-7th rings of spines, and anterior rings divided into 2 sectors; the excretory pore is located at the level of the 4th ring of cuticular spines; males posses 4 pairs of preanal- and 6 pairs of postanal caudal papillae and a pair of small phasmids. Spinitectus bagri Wang, Wu et Yu, 1993 and S. wulingensis Yu et Wang, 1997 are considered junior synonyms of S. petrowi, whereas S. clariasi Ky, 1971, S. ophicephali Ky, 1971 and S. yuanjiangensis Wang, Wit et Yu, 1997 are regarded to be junior synonyms of S. gigi. Spinitectus petrowi was not previously reported from China.

Some nematodes of fishes from central China, with the redescription of Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus)fulvidraconis (Camallanidae)

The present paper comprises a systematic survey of nematodes based on helminthological examinations of 176 specimens of freshwater fishes, belonging to 22 species, from central China (mostly lakes in Hubei Province) collected during the autumn of 2001. The following six species were recorded: Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) fulvidraconis Li, 1935, Camallanus cotti Fujita, 1927, Dentiphilometra monopteri Moravec et Wang, 2002, Pingus sinensis Hsu, 1933, Proleptinae gen. sp. larv., and Eustrongylides sp. larv. Data on their morphology, morphological variability, host range, prevalence, intensity and distribution are provided. SEM studies of P. fulvidraconis and larval Physalopterinae, used for the first time in these species, revealed some additional morphological details and made it possible to redescribe the former. In contrast to the existing description of P. fulvidraconis, this species was found to possess two spicules and a V-shaped gubernaculum with unequal arms (originally mistaken for the left spicule), as well as deirids, whose location can be considered an important taxonomic feature. Larvae of the Physalopterinae have not previously been reported from fishes in China. The finding of larval Eustrongylides in Paramisgurnus dabryanus represents a new host record. All but one nematode species from this zoogeographically interesting region are briefly described and illustrated.