Army ammunition data sheets for land mines (FSC 1345).

"February 1977."

Zeitschrift für das gesamte Schiess- und Sprengstoffwesen.

Editors: 1906- R. Escales.

Commercial organic analysis. A treatise on the properties, proximate analytical examination, and modes of assaying the various organic chemicals and products employed in the arts, manufactures, medicine, etc., with concise methods for the detection and determination of their impurities, adulterations, and products of decomposition.

v.I. Introduction. Alcohols, neutral alcoholic derivatives, sugars, starch and its isomers, vegetable acids, etc. 2d ed., rev. & enl.--v.II. Fixed oils, fats, waxes, glycerol, nitroglycerin and nitroglycerin explosives. Hydrocarbons, petroleum and coal-tar products, asphalt, phenols and creosotes. 2d ed., rev. & enl.--v. III, pt.I. Acid derivatives of phenols, aromatic acids, resins, and essential oils. Tannins, dyes, and colouring matters, writing inks. 2d ed., rev. & enl.--v. III, pt.II. Amines and ammonium bases, hydrarzines, bases from tar, vegetable alkaloids. 2d ed., rev. and enl. [1892] --v.III, pt.III. Vegetable alkaloids (concluded), non-basic vegetable bitter principles, animal bases, animal acids, cyanogen and its derivatives. 2d ed., rev. & enl. [1896]--v.IV. Proteids and albuminous principles, proteoïds or albuminoïds. 2d ed., rev. & enl. 1898.

Allen's commercial organic analysis; a treatise on the properties, modes of assaying, and proximate analytical examination of the various organic chemicals and products employed in the arts, manufactures, medicine, etc., with concise methods for the detection and estimation of their impurities, adulterations, and products of decomposition ...

Vols. 3-9 edited by W.A. Davis and Samuel S. Sadtler.

The act to regulate commerce (as amended) ...

Inclues text or related sections of the Accidents reports act; Ash pan act; Bills of lading act; Block signal resolution; Boiler inspection act, as amended; Clayton antitrust act; Compulsory testimony act; District court jurisdiction act; Elkins act, as amended: Expediting act, as amended; Government-aided railroad and telegraph act; Hours of service act, as amended; Immunity of witnesses act; Lake Erie and Ohio ship canal act; Medals of honor act [and] regulations, as amended; Parcel post acts; Railway mail service pay act; Safety appliance act; Transportation of explosives act.

Cambodia : limited progress on free elections, human rights, and mine clearing : briefing report to the Chairman and Ranking Minority Member, Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives /

"B-270716"--P. 1.

Facile synthesis and proposed mechanism of α,ω‐oxetanyl-telechelic poly(3-nitratomethyl-3-methyl oxetane) by an SN2(i) nitrato displacement method in basic media

The synthesis of a novel heterocyclic–telechelic polymer, α,ω-oxetanyl-telechelic poly(3-nitratomethyl-3-methyl oxetane), is described. Infrared spectroscopy (IR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy have been used to confirm the successful synthesis, demonstrating the presence of the telechelic-oxetanyl moieties. Synthesis of the terminal functionalities has been achieved via displacement of nitrato groups, in a manner similar to that employed with other leaving groups such as azido, bromo, and nitro, initiated by nucleophiles. In the present case, displacement occurs on the ends of a nitrato-functionalized polymer driven by the formation of sodium nitrate, which is supported by the polar aprotic solvent N,N-dimethyl formamide. The formation of an alkoxide at the polymer chain ends is favored and allows internal back-biting to the nearest carbon bearing the nitrato group, intrinsically in an SN2(i) reaction, leading to α,ω-oxetanyl functionalization. The telechelic-oxetanyl moieties have the potential to be cross-linked by chemical (e.g., acidic) or radiative (e.g., ultraviolet) curing methods without the use of high temperatures, usually below 100°C. This type of material was designed for future use as a contraband simulant, whereby it would form the predominant constituent of elastomeric composites comprising rubbery polymer with small quantities of solids, typically crystals of contraband substances, such as explosives or narcotics. This method also provides an alternative approach to ring closure and synthesis of heterocycles.

The development of an optimized system of narcotic and explosive contraband mimics for calibration and training of biological detectors

Current commercially available mimics contain varying amounts of either the actual explosive/drug or the chemical compound of suspected interest by biological detectors. As a result, there is significant interest in determining the dominant chemical odor signatures of the mimics, often referred to as pseudos, particularly when compared to the genuine contraband material. This dissertation discusses results obtained from the analysis of drug and explosive headspace related to the odor profiles as recognized by trained detection canines. Analysis was performed through the use of headspace solid phase microextraction in conjunction with gas chromatography mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS). Upon determination of specific odors, field trials were held using a combination of the target odors with COMPS. Piperonal was shown to be a dominant odor compound in the headspace of some ecstasy samples and a recognizable odor mimic by trained detection canines. It was also shown that detection canines could be imprinted on piperonal COMPS and correctly identify ecstasy samples at a threshold level of approximately 100ng/s. Isosafrole and/or MDP-2-POH show potential as training aid mimics for non-piperonal based MDMA. Acetic acid was shown to be dominant in the headspace of heroin samples and verified as a dominant odor in commercial vinegar samples; however, no common, secondary compound was detected in the headspace of either. Because of the similarities detected within respective explosive classes, several compounds were chosen for explosive mimics. A single based smokeless powder with a detectable level of 2,4-dinitrotoluene, a double based smokeless powder with a detectable level of nitroglycerine, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, DMNB, ethyl centralite and diphenylamine were shown to be accurate mimics for TNT-based explosives, NG-based explosives, plastic explosives, tagged explosives, and smokeless powders, respectively. The combination of these six odors represents a comprehensive explosive odor kit with positive results for imprint on detection canines. As a proof of concept, the chemical compound PFTBA showed promise as a possible universal, non-target odor compound for comparison and calibration of detection canines and instrumentation. In a comparison study of shape versus vibration odor theory, the detection of d-methyl benzoate and methyl benzoate was explored using canine detectors. While results did not overwhelmingly substantiate either theory, shape odor theory provides a better explanation of the canine and human subject responses.

Improved dynamic headspace sampling and detection using capillary microextraction of volatiles coupled to gas chromatography mass spectrometry

Sampling and preconcentration techniques play a critical role in headspace analysis in analytical chemistry. My dissertation presents a novel sampling design, capillary microextraction of volatiles (CMV), that improves the preconcentration of volatiles and semivolatiles in a headspace with high throughput, near quantitative analysis, high recovery and unambiguous identification of compounds when coupled to mass spectrometry. The CMV devices use sol-gel polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) coated microglass fibers as the sampling/preconcentration sorbent when these fibers are stacked into open-ended capillary tubes. The design allows for dynamic headspace sampling by connecting the device to a hand-held vacuum pump. The inexpensive device can be fitted into a thermal desorption probe for thermal desorption of the extracted volatile compounds into a gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The performance of the CMV devices was compared with two other existing preconcentration techniques, solid phase microextraction (SPME) and planar solid phase microextraction (PSPME). Compared to SPME fibers, the CMV devices have an improved surface area and phase volume of 5000 times and 80 times, respectively. One (1) minute dynamic CMV air sampling resulted in similar performance as a 30 min static extraction using a SPME fiber. The PSPME devices have been fashioned to easily interface with ion mobility spectrometers (IMS) for explosives or drugs detection. The CMV devices are shown to offer dynamic sampling and can now be coupled to COTS GC-MS instruments. Several compound classes representing explosives have been analyzed with minimum breakthrough even after a 60 min. sampling time. The extracted volatile compounds were retained in the CMV devices when preserved in aluminum foils after sampling. Finally, the CMV sampling device were used for several different headspace profiling applications which involved sampling a shipping facility, six illicit drugs, seven military explosives and eighteen different bacteria strains. Successful detection of the target analytes at ng levels of the target signature volatile compounds in these applications suggests that the CMV devices can provide high throughput qualitative and quantitative analysis with high recovery and unambiguous identification of analytes.

Evaluation of the Scent Collection System for Its Effectiveness in Volatile Organic Compound Collection and Use in Canine Training

As a result of increased terrorist activity around the world, the development of a canine training aid suitable for daily military operations is necessary to provide effective canine explosive detection. Since the use of sniffer dogs has proven to be a reliable resource for the rapid detection of explosive volatiles organic compounds, the present study evaluated the ability of the Human Scent Collection System (HSCS) device for the creation of training aids for plasticized / tagged explosives, nitroglycerin and TNT containing explosives, and smokeless powders for canine training purposes. Through canine field testing, it was demonstrated that volatiles dynamically collected from real explosive material provided a positive canine response showing the effectiveness of the HSCS in creating canine training aids that can be used immediately or up to several weeks (3) after collection under proper storage conditions. These reliable non-hazardous training aids allow its use in areas where real explosive material aids are not practical and/or available.

The Development of an Optimized System of Narcotic and Explosive Contraband Mimics for Calibration and Training of Biological Detectors

Current commercially available mimics contain varying amounts of either the actual explosive/drug or the chemical compound of suspected interest by biological detectors. As a result, there is significant interest in determining the dominant chemical odor signatures of the mimics, often referred to as pseudos, particularly when compared to the genuine contraband material. This dissertation discusses results obtained from the analysis of drug and explosive headspace related to the odor profiles as recognized by trained detection canines. Analysis was performed through the use of headspace solid phase microextraction in conjunction with gas chromatography mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS). Upon determination of specific odors, field trials were held using a combination of the target odors with COMPS. Piperonal was shown to be a dominant odor compound in the headspace of some ecstasy samples and a recognizable odor mimic by trained detection canines. It was also shown that detection canines could be imprinted on piperonal COMPS and correctly identify ecstasy samples at a threshold level of approximately 100ng/s. Isosafrole and/or MDP-2-POH show potential as training aid mimics for non-piperonal based MDMA. Acetic acid was shown to be dominant in the headspace of heroin samples and verified as a dominant odor in commercial vinegar samples; however, no common, secondary compound was detected in the headspace of either. Because of the similarities detected within respective explosive classes, several compounds were chosen for explosive mimics. A single based smokeless powder with a detectable level of 2,4-dinitrotoluene, a double based smokeless powder with a detectable level of nitroglycerine, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, DMNB, ethyl centralite and diphenylamine were shown to be accurate mimics for TNT-based explosives, NG-based explosives, plastic explosives, tagged explosives, and smokeless powders, respectively. The combination of these six odors represents a comprehensive explosive odor kit with positive results for imprint on detection canines. As a proof of concept, the chemical compound PFTBA showed promise as a possible universal, non-target odor compound for comparison and calibration of detection canines and instrumentation. In a comparison study of shape versus vibration odor theory, the detection of d-methyl benzoate and methyl benzoate was explored using canine detectors. While results did not overwhelmingly substantiate either theory, shape odor theory provides a better explanation of the canine and human subject responses.

Design, Fabrication, and Characterization of Carbon Nanotube Field Emission Devices for Advanced Applications

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have recently emerged as promising candidates for electron field emission (FE) cathodes in integrated FE devices. These nanostructured carbon materials possess exceptional properties and their synthesis can be thoroughly controlled. Their integration into advanced electronic devices, including not only FE cathodes, but sensors, energy storage devices, and circuit components, has seen rapid growth in recent years. The results of the studies presented here demonstrate that the CNT field emitter is an excellent candidate for next generation vacuum microelectronics and related electron emission devices in several advanced applications.

The work presented in this study addresses determining factors that currently confine the performance and application of CNT-FE devices. Characterization studies and improvements to the FE properties of CNTs, along with Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) design and fabrication, were utilized in achieving these goals. Important performance limiting parameters, including emitter lifetime and failure from poor substrate adhesion, are examined. The compatibility and integration of CNT emitters with the governing MEMS substrate (i.e., polycrystalline silicon), and its impact on these performance limiting parameters, are reported. CNT growth mechanisms and kinetics were investigated and compared to silicon (100) to improve the design of CNT emitter integrated MEMS based electronic devices, specifically in vacuum microelectronic device (VMD) applications.

Improved growth allowed for design and development of novel cold-cathode FE devices utilizing CNT field emitters. A chemical ionization (CI) source based on a CNT-FE electron source was developed and evaluated in a commercial desktop mass spectrometer for explosives trace detection. This work demonstrated the first reported use of a CNT-based ion source capable of collecting CI mass spectra. The CNT-FE source demonstrated low power requirements, pulsing capabilities, and average lifetimes of over 320 hours when operated in constant emission mode under elevated pressures, without sacrificing performance. Additionally, a novel packaged ion source for miniature mass spectrometer applications using CNT emitters, a MEMS based Nier-type geometry, and a Low Temperature Cofired Ceramic (LTCC) 3D scaffold with integrated ion optics were developed and characterized. While previous research has shown other devices capable of collecting ion currents on chip, this LTCC packaged MEMS micro-ion source demonstrated improvements in energy and angular dispersion as well as the ability to direct the ions out of the packaged source and towards a mass analyzer. Simulations and experimental design, fabrication, and characterization were used to make these improvements.

Finally, novel CNT-FE devices were developed to investigate their potential to perform as active circuit elements in VMD circuits. Difficulty integrating devices at micron-scales has hindered the use of vacuum electronic devices in integrated circuits, despite the unique advantages they offer in select applications. Using a combination of particle trajectory simulation and experimental characterization, device performance in an integrated platform was investigated. Solutions to the difficulties in operating multiple devices in close proximity and enhancing electron transmission (i.e., reducing grid loss) are explored in detail. A systematic and iterative process was used to develop isolation structures that reduced crosstalk between neighboring devices from 15% on average, to nearly zero. Innovative geometries and a new operational mode reduced grid loss by nearly threefold, thereby improving transmission of the emitted cathode current to the anode from 25% in initial designs to 70% on average. These performance enhancements are important enablers for larger scale integration and for the realization of complex vacuum microelectronic circuits.

Os recursos cinotécnicos e a sua necessidade no Exército Português

No âmbito do Relatório Científico Final do Trabalho de Investigação Aplicada, o presente trabalho com o título “Os Recursos Cinotécnicos e a sua necessidade no Exército Português” estuda o emprego operacional atual, fruto das valências cinotécnicas existentes e as tarefas operacionais que podem, pelos referidos recursos, ser apoiadas. O autor considera também as características físicas do cão, as implicações logísticas e financeiras e a doutrina que concorrem para o referido emprego operacional, elencando lacunas existentes que, quando colmatadas poderão concorrer para um emprego operacional eficiente dos recursos cinotécnicos do Exército Português. Para obtenção de dados foi conduzida análise documental e bibliográfica e efetuados inquéritos por entrevista a comandantes de Batalhão/ Grupo com meios cinotécnicos na sua orgânica ou em apoio aos mesmos, aos comandantes das unidades cinotécnicas do Exército Português e dos restantes ramos das Forças Armadas e Forças de Segurança, ainda a comandantes da Força de Operações Especiais. O objetivo deste trabalho passa por avaliar de que forma podem os recursos cinotécnicos do Exército Português contribuir para o melhor desempenho das suas unidades operacionais. Para a consecução do mesmo o autor fez uso do método indutivo onde, com base no emprego operacional junto dos Paraquedistas e da Polícia do Exército, generalizou o que poderia ser profícuo para todas as unidades operacionais do Exército Português, bem como todas as lacunas que devem ser colmatadas para apoio ao mesmo. No âmbito da doutrina é importante o fornecimento aos comandantes das unidades apoiadas informação sobre as capacidades, limitações e regras de segurança relativos ao emprego dos binómios em apoio a cada tarefa das tipologias de operações, fornecendo informações precisas e detalhadas sobre o que cada tipo de cão consegue fazer, durante quanto tempo e em que condições ambientais pois, mesmo havendo atualmente a PDE 0-20-18, sendo a cinotecnia uma área muito técnica, a falta da referida doutrina pode se transformar numa condicionante ao emprego dos binómios. A referida PDE, atualmente, assume-se como um potenciador do emprego dos recursos cinotécnicos. No âmbito logístico pode ser pensada uma rede logística própria tendo em conta o emprego operacional e a projeção dos binómios, explícitando desde a forma de aquisição dos cães até ao suporte à sua projeção, contudo deve-se pesar, por outro lado, se o emprego dos binómios em treinos operacionais ou em missões assume um peso significativo na manobra logística global de modo a exigir criação de uma rede própria. As características naturais do cão são um potenciador da ação e sentimento de segurança, podendo, ainda, ser usadas para colmatar a falta de efetivos. Quanto ao emprego operacional importa salientar a deteção de explosivos e estupefacientes, os cães de sentinela, binómios de guarda e binómios de exploração (que em simultâneo executam patrulhas de segurança).