1000 resultados para estiolamento e propagação


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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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In this paper it was evaluated the influence of the relative position of logs on the trees, the type of wood (juvenile and mature wood and pith) and the dimension of sawed wood elements on the velocity of propagation of stress waves into the material on condition. P. taeda L wood (43 years old trees) from Horto Florestal of Manduri (latitude 230 00’ south, longitude 400 19’ west and altitude de 700 m) São Paulo State, Brazil were used, considering its easy growth rings visualization and the better ju regions definition. Six trees were randomly chosen in the plantation. Trees were sawed into 4 logs (2,5 m long each. In each log it was delimited the central board (80mm tick) region and the lateral boards (25mm tick) regions, cons right hand. It were evaluated relation between velocity of stress waves on logs and the correspondent lumber (central and lateral boards), on green condition, on the three main region of the elements (mature wood results obtained revealed the concordance between velocities of stress waves in the material before and after the its mechanical processing. It was also revealed statistical differences between the velocity of stress waves at juvenile wood, mature wood and pith regions. Keywords: stress wave method, velocity 17 destrutivos de propagação da propagação de ondas de tensão em toras e madeira serrada de taeda L. Hernando Alfonso Lara Palma - Universidade Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas – FCA/UNESP – Botucatu - SP, e-mail: awballarin@fca.unesp.br Luiz Antonio Vasques Hellmeister - Universidade Estadual Paulista - Faculdade de Arquitetura, FAAC/UNESP – Bauru - SP, e-mail: hellmeister@faac.unesp.br Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a influência do tipo de lenho, da posição da tora ao longo do fuste e das dimensões das peças desdobradas, na velocidade de as de tensão (Stress wave method), na condição de madeira verde. P. taeda L., originária de árvores de plantio do Horto Florestal de SP., com idade aproximada de 43 anos, pela facilidade de identificação dos anéis imento e demarcação das regiões de madeira adulta e madeira juvenil. Foram amostradas 6 árvores distintas, escolhidas ao acaso do talhão selecionado. De cada árvore foram retiradas 4 toras com comprimento de 2,5 m cada. Foram demarcadas nas toras a ha central (8 cm de espessura) e 4 tábuas laterais (espessura comercial de 2,5 cm), sendo duas à esquerda e duas à direita da prancha central. Foram avaliadas as relações existentes entre as velocidades de propagação das ondas de tensão na madeira íntegra (toras) e desdobrada (pranchas e tábuas), na condição de madeira verde, nas três regiões distintas do lenho: medula, madeira adulta e madeira juvenil. A análise comparativa dos resultados revelou a concordância entre as velocidades antes e após o desdobr madeira. Houve diferenciação estatisticamente significativa entre as velocidades de propagação das ondas de tensão nos lenhos adulto, juvenil e na medula. -destrutivos, método das ondas de tensão, Pinus taeda stress wave tests on green logs and lumber of Pinus taeda In this paper it was evaluated the influence of the relative position of logs on the trees, the type of wood (juvenile and mature wood and pith) and the dimension of sawed wood elements on the velocity of propagation of stress waves into the material on L wood (43 years old trees) from Horto Florestal of Manduri (latitude 19’ west and altitude de 700 m) São Paulo State, Brazil were used, considering its easy growth rings visualization and the better juvenile and mature wood regions definition. Six trees were randomly chosen in the plantation. Trees were sawed into 4 logs (2,5 m long each. In each log it was delimited the central board (80mm tick) region and the lateral boards (25mm tick) regions, considering 2 boards on the left and 2 at the right hand. It were evaluated relation between velocity of stress waves on logs and the correspondent lumber (central and lateral boards), on green condition, on the three main region of the elements (mature wood, juvenile wood and pith). Comparative analyses of results obtained revealed the concordance between velocities of stress waves in the material before and after the its mechanical processing. It was also revealed statistical differences ty of stress waves at juvenile wood, mature wood and pith regions

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Objetivou-se com o presente estudo avaliar a eficiência da técnica de miniestaquia na propagação vegetativa de progênies de meios-irmãos de angico-vermelho (Anadenanthera macrocarpa (Benth) Brenan) quanto à produção de brotações e sobrevivência das minicepas, enraizamento das miniestacas apicais e intermediárias tratadas com diferentes doses do AIB (0; 2.000; 4.000 e 6.000 mg L-1), assim como determinar a velocidade de enraizamento em casa de vegetação. As minicepas foram obtidas a partir de mudas produzidas via sementes de seis progênies de meios-irmãos de angico-vermelho. Com base nos resultados obtidos, as minicepas apresentaram produtividade de 1,2 a 3,7 miniestacas/minicepa/coleta e sobrevivência de 84% a 98% ao longo das seis coletas realizadas. As miniestacas apicais foram superiores em relação às intermediárias, com maior predisposição ao enraizamento, no entanto o AIB não teve efeito significativo sobre o enraizamento das progênies estudadas. Quanto à velocidade de enraizamento, os resultados indicaram variação entre as progênies.

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OBJETIVO: Avaliar a influência da espessura do osso cortical sobre a velocidade de propagação do ultrassom (in vitro). MÉTODO: Foram utilizadas 60 lâminas ósseas confeccionadas a partir do fêmur de bovinos, com diferentes espessuras, variando de 1 a 6mm (10 de cada). As medidas da velocidade do ultrassom foram realizadas por aparelho projetado para este fim, utilizando técnica subaquática e por contato direto com auxílio de gel de acoplamento. Os transdutores foram posicionados de duas maneiras diferentes; opostos entre si, com o osso entre eles, sendo a medida chamada de transversal; e, paralelos na mesma superfície cortical, sendo a medida chamada de axial. RESULTADOS: Com o modo de transmissão axial, a velocidade de propagação do ultrassom aumenta conforme a espessura do osso cortical aumenta, independente da distância entre os transdutores, até a espessura de 5mm, mantendo-se constante após. Não houve alteração da velocidade quando o modo de transmissão foi transversal. CONCLUSÃO: A velocidade de propagação do ultrassom aumenta com o aumento da espessura da cortical óssea, no modo de transmissão axial, até o momento em que a espessura supera o comprimento da onda, mantendo a velocidade constante a partir de então. Nível de Evidência: Estudo Experimental.

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Neste artigo procuraremos descrever a história cronológica das citações originais (aquelas que os nomes dos autores aparecem apenas uma vez, portanto, excluídas as autocitações) da publicação do artigo: M. Cattani and J. M. F. Bassalo, Racemization, Chiral Stability and Weak Interactions, Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer 102, pp. 441-449, 2006 (CB: JQS&RT 102/441/2006). Para realizar essa história, usamos a WEB OF SCIENCE (acessado: 08/02/2013) disponibilizado pela CAPES/UFPA.

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Este trabalho propõe uma extensão do método de propagação de feixe (BPM - Beam Propagation Method) para a análise de guias de ondas ópticos e acopladores baseados em materiais não-lineares do tipo Kerr. Este método se destina à investigação de estruturas onde a utilização da equação escalar de Helmholtz (EEH) em seu limite paraxial não mais se aplica. Os métodos desenvolvidos para este fim são denominados na literatura como métodos de propagação de feixe de ângulo largo. O formalismo aqui desenvolvido é baseado na técnica das diferenças finitas e nos esquemas de Crank-Nicholson (CN) e Douglas generalizado (GD). Estes esquemas apresentam como característica o fato de apresentarem um erro de truncamento em relação ao passo de discretização transversal, Δx, proporcional a O(Δx2) para o primeiro e O(Δx4). A convergência do método em ambos esquemas é otimizada pela utilização de um algoritmo interativo para a correção do campo no meio não-linear. O formalismo de ângulo largo é obtido pela expansão da EEH para os esquemas CN e GD em termos de polinômios aproximantes de Padé de ordem (1,0) e (1,1) para CN e GD, e (2,2) e (3,3) para CN. Os aproximantes de ordem superior a (1,1) apresentam sérios problemas de estabilidade. Este problema é eliminado pela rotação dos aproximantes no plano complexo. Duas condições de contorno nos extremos da janela computacional são também investigadas: 1) (TBC - Transparent Boundary Condition) e 2) condição de contorno absorvente (TAB - Transparent Absorbing Boundary). Estas condições de contorno possuem a facilidade de evitar que reflexões indesejáveis sejam transmitidas para dentro da janela computacional. Um estudo comparativo da influência destas condições de contorno na solução de guias de ondas ópticos não-lineares é também abordada neste trabalho.

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O presente trabalho tem como objectivo projectar e construir uma antena que opere em onda curta, HF, e que explore a propagação na ionosfera por efeito NVIS, de modo a permitir o estabelecimento de comunicações de curta distância em situações tácticas e de emergência. Este projecto pode ter bastante interesse para o Exército Português, em teatros de operações em que o terreno seja bastante acidentado, como por exemplo o Afeganistão ou o Kosovo. A antena projectada e construída é composta por dois dipolos cruzados, com uma tipologia em v invertido, por forma a ser efectuada uma ligação de curta distância, com ângulos de elevação que podem atingir cerca de 88º a 89º para distâncias da ordem da dezena de quilómetros. Foi efectuado o dimensionamento teórico, a simulação do diagrama de radiação e posteriormente procedeu-se à construção e ensaio da antena, com resultados bastante satisfatórios.

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The umbu tree (Spondias tuberosa Arruda) is a fruit native to the northeast of Brazil with great economic, social and ecological importance for the northeastern semi-arid region. Despite its role, the umbu tree has suffered negative pressure thanks to cluttered extractivism and to negative selection of its fruits, which as the deforestation and the dormancy of seeds contribute to the decrease of its production year after year, making necessary studies that contribute to the improvement of this specie and its conservation. Given the risks to the conservation of the specie and its usefulness to the population, the association between plant biotechnology, for being a tool that can be used to increase its production. and the perception of gathering communities, by valuing the point of view and the knowledge of the population, can facilitate its conservation. This work aimed to develop methods of propagation for umbu tree as well as contribute to its conservation by using biotechnology, with specific objectives to contribute to the conservation of this species; determine concentrations of BAP and ANA in the formation of buds; testing the efficiency of different substrates and concentrations of gibberellic acid on germination in vitro and ex vitro, as well as capture the perception of families in communities that engage in the gathering of umbu. To study the germination, the seeds were inoculated in different substrates (vermiculite, vermiculite + clay, clay, clay + manure and manure + vermiculite) and in different concentrations of gibberellic acid (0 mg, 250 g and 500 mg). For the formation of buds BAP to 0.1 mg-1 was associated with different concentrations of ANA (0.2; 0.4; 0.8mg.L-1). The study of perception was conducted by applying semi-structured questionnaire with Malhada Vermelha community. The experiments resulted in vermiculite and concentration of 500 mg gibberellic acid as the best for germination. The association of 0.1 mg.L-1 of BAP to 0.2 mg.L-1 of ANA provided better formation of buds. As to the application of questionnaires, they revealed that the population understands the decreased amount of umbu plants and umbu fruit in the region, as well as shows concern for its conservation.

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Compared to conventional composites, polymer matrix nanocomposites typically exhibit enhanced properties at a significantly lower filler volume fraction. Studies published in the literature indicate t hat the addition of nanosilicate s can increase the resistance to flame propagation in polymers. In this work, a treatment of montmorillonite (MMT) nano clay and the effect of its ad dition o n flame propagation characteristics of vinyl ester were studied. The resea rch was conducted in two stages. The first stage focused on the purification and activation of the MMT clay collected from a natural deposit to improve compatibility with the polymer matrix . Clay modification with sodium acetate was also studied to improve particle dispersion in the polymer. The second step was focused on the effect of the addition of the treated clay on nanocomposites ’ properties. Nanocomposites with clay con tents of 1, 2, 4 wt. % were processed. T he techniques for the characterization of the clay included X - ray fluorescence (XRF), X - r ay d iffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric a nalysis (TGA), d ifferential scanning c alorimetry (DSC) , s urface area (BET) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). For t he characterization of the nanocomposites , the techniques used were thermogravimetric a nalysis (TGA) , differential scanning c alorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) , scanning electron mi croscopy (SEM), transmission electron m icroscopy (TEM), and the determination of tensile strength, modulus of elasticity and resistance to flame propagation. According to the results, the purification and activation treatment with freeze - drying used in thi s work for the montmorillonite clay was efficient to promote compatibility and dispersion in the polymer matrix as evidenced by the characterization of the nanocomposite s . It was also observed that the clay modifica tion using sodium acetate did not produce any significant effect to improve compatibilization of the clay with the polymer. The addition of the treated MMT resulted in a reduction of up to 53% in the polymer flame propagation speed and did not affect the mechanical tensile strength and modulus o f elas ticity of the polymer, indicating compatibility between the clay and polymer. The effectiveness in reducing flame propagation speed peaked for nanocomposites with 2 wt. % clay, indicating that this is the optimum clay concentration for this property. T he clay treatment used in this work enables the production of vinylester matrix nanocomposites with flame - retardancy properties .

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Agriculture is an essential activity to the human development, the tendency is that their need to increase according to the increase in world population. It is very important to take the maximum performance that is possible of each land without degrading it, a frequently monitoring is essential for the best performance. The purpose of this work is, nondestructively, to monitor the surface electrical conductivity of the soil in a demarcated area, as on a plantation, using low frequency radio waves. The conductivity is directly linked to the amount of water in the area and nutrients, therefore a periodic or even permanent monitoring increases significantly the efficient of the use of the soil. They will be used long-wave radio transmission or medium whose main characteristic to spread over the surface of the earth. It is possible to choose an AM radio with location, frequency and power of the transmission known or generate the signal. The studied method computes the conductivity of the ground in a straight line between two measured points, so it can be used in smaller or larger size fields. Measurements were carried out using an electromagnetic field strength analyzer. The data obtained in the measurements are processed by a numerical calculation program, in our case Matlab. It is concluded that the recommendations of the ITU (International Telecommunication Union) on the conductivity of soil in Brazil is far from reality, on some routes the recommendations indicate the use of the electrical conductivity of the soil 1 mS/m, while the measurements was found 19 mS/m. With the method described a precision farmer, once initial research for about a year, can monitor the humidity and salinity of the land, with the ability to predict the area and the most suitable time for irrigation and fertilization, making management more efficient and less expensive, while optimizing water use, natural resource increasingly precious.

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Savannah is the second biome in biodiversity in Brazil, presenting great vegetation endemism. Dipteryx alata Vog. (Fabaceae), native from this biome, is an economically important species, with an incipient market due to the lack of commercial plantations. This highlights the need to develop and provide the basis for the domestication of this species. Thus, this study determined the best conditions for in vitro establishment, multiplication, elongation and rooting of stem tips of D. alata plantlets grown vitro. Two culture media (MS and WPM) were evaluated in different salt concentrations (25, 50, 75 and 100%) for plantlet establishment. Four concentrations of 6– Benzylaminopurine (BAP) (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 mg L-1) amended with 0.25 mg L-1 naphthalene-acetic acid (NAA) were studied for multiplication. Simultaneous elongation and rooting were studied with four concentrations of NAA (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 mg L-1) together with 0.5 mg L-1 IBA. The variables analyzed were: shoot length (CPA), root length (CP), fresh matter (MF), dry matter (MSC), stem diameter (DC) and number of leaves (NF), 120 days after inoculation, with the exception of number of shoots, which was evaluated in the multiplication stage only. The medium MS at the original salt concentration (100%) was effective for the in vitro establishment of E. alata, resulting in greater root length (27.65 cm) and number of leaves per plantlet (26.0). The concentration of 4 mg L-1 BAP was the best one for multiplication; however, greater concentrations can boost multiplication. The effect of NAA and IBA were noticeable on in vitro elongation and rooting, with best CPA (3.14 cm) and CR (15.84 cm). Therefore, it is possible to state that the medium MS increases the success probability of in vitro establishment of stem tips of Dipteryx alata. NAA concentrations below 3 mg L-1 were favorable for in vitro development of the species, with essential characteristics for acclimatization success|.