Economic reform, allocative effiency and terms of trade

It has widely been agreed that the distorted price system is one of the causes of inefficient ecooomic decisions in centrally planned economies. The paper investigates the possible effect of a price reform on the allocation of resources in a situation where micro-efficiency remains unchanged. Foreign trade and endogenously induced terms-of-trade changes are focal points ín the multisectoral applied general equilibrium analysis. Special attention is paid to some methodological problems connected to the representation of foreign trade in such models. The adoption of Armington's assumption leads to an export demand function and this in turn gives rise to the question of optimal export structure, different from the equilibrium one-an aspect so far neglected in the related literature. The results show, that the applied model allows for a more flexible handling of the overspecialization problem, than the linear programming models. It also becomes evident that the use of export demand functions brings unwanted terms-of-trade changes into the model, to be avoided by a suitable reformulation of the model. The analysis also suggests, that a price reform alone does not significantly increase global economic efficiency. Thus the effect of an economic reform on micro-efficiency appears to be a more crucial factor. The author raises in conclusion some rather general questions related to the foreign trade practice of small open economies.

Joint production and labour values

This paper investigates the problem of labour value determination in the presence of joint production. The purpose is to clarify the main problems involved, and critically review some recent proposals. In the case of joint production the inputs can not be divided between products in a natural way. As a result, none of the three alternative definitions given by Marx for labour values can generally be applied in this case. This means that the definition of labour values has to be generalized. The author points out that any such generalization will contradict some original Marxian proposals; therefore, there is no Marxian solution to the problem. One could still attempt to find a generalization Marxian enough in its spirit. The author lists some criteria that such a generalization could be tested against. He points out that the solution suggested by Morishima fails to meet most of the above criteria. It will be argued that a solution which relies on a price dependent division of inputs between products is closer to the general spirit of Marxian analysis.

Heterogeneous labour and the determination of value

Heterogeneity of labour and its implications for the Marxian theory of value has been one of the most controversial issues in the literature of the Marxist political economy. The adoption of Marx's conjecture about a uniform rate of surplus value leads to a simultaneous determination of the values of common and labour commodities of different types and the uniform rate of surplus value. Determination of these variables can be formally represented as a parametric cigenvalue problem. Morishima's and Bródy's earlier results are analysed and given new interpretations in the light of the suggested procedure. The main questions are addressed in a more general context too. The analysis is extended to the problem of segmented labour market, as well.

Detection of self-complementary inverted repeats by single forward primer driven PCR

Inverted repeat gene structures designed for silencing functional genes have been widely used both in academic and applied research. The correct orientations of such structures are usually validated with restriction analysis and/or sequencing. We speculated that the inverted repeat nature of such constructs can be shown by a simple PCR reaction with a single forward primer. To test this hypothesis five different constructs were established from grapevine sequences in a hairpin-intron style silencing system. We were able to amplify the appropriate products in each case. Thus a forward-primed PCR alone may be sufficient to prove the inverted repeat nature of the desired constructs.

Agrobacterium vitis strains lack tumorigenic ability on in vitro grown grapevine stem segments

Grapevine stem segments were cocultivated with three different Agrobacterium tumefaciens and three different A. vitis strains. A. tumefaciens strains induced tumors at variable frequencies, while A. vitis-infected stem segments never formed crown galls. The tumorous nature of tissues grown on hormone free medium was confirmed by opine assays. Bioinformatic and PCR analysis of the virulence regions of various A. tumefaciens and A. vitis Ti plasmids showed that virH2 and virK genes are common in A. tumefaciens but they are lacking from A. vitis. Thus virH2 and virK genes may be essential for grapevine stem segment transformation, but expression of certain T-DNA genes of A. vitis may also prevent the growth of transformed cells. Our data indicate that the tumorigenic ability of A. vitis is different on intact plant and on their explants, and that the specific host association of A. vitis on grapevine is probably determined by physiological and biochemical factors (e. g., better colonizing ability) rather than by its increased tumorigenic ability. Therefore it is not reasonable to develop „helper” plasmids for grapevine transformation from A. vitis pTis, unless their avirulence on in vitro explants is determined by T-DNA gene(s). Due to the inability of A. vitis to induce tumors on grapevine stem segments, the use of in vitro explant assays cannot be reliably used to select A. vitis resistant grapevine genotypes or transgenic lines.

Silencing Agrobacterium oncogenes in transgenic grapevine results in strain-specific crown gall resistance

Crown gall disease of grapevine induced by Agrobacterium vitis or Agrobacterium tumefaciens causes serious economic losses in viticulture. To establish crown gall-resistant lines, somatic proembryos of Vitis berlandieri × V. rupestris cv. 'Richter 110' rootstock were transformed with an oncogene-silencing transgene based on iaaM and ipt oncogene sequences from octopine-type, tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid pTiA6. Twentyone transgenic lines were selected, and their transgenic nature was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). These lines were inoculated with two A. tumefaciens and three A. vitis strains. Eight lines showed resistance to octopine-type A. tumefaciens A348. Resistance correlated with the expression of the silencing genes. However, oncogene silencing was mostly sequence specific because these lines did not abolish tumorigenesis by A. vitis strains or nopaline-type A. tumefaciens C58.

Adaptability of nonlinear equilibrum models to central planning

Linear multisectoral models have for long been applied in the Hungarian national economic planning. Price-quantity correspondences and interaction, however, cannot easily be taken into account in the traditional linear framework. Computable general equilibrium modelers in the West have developed techniques which use extensively price-quantity interdependences. However, since they are usually presented with the controversial strict neoclassical interpretation, the possibility of their adaptation to socialist planning models has been concaled. This paper reflects on some results of a research investigating the possible adaptation of eqailibrium modeling techniques to central planning models.

Modelos de dispersão para extremos de precipitação. Estudo de caso: o nordeste do Brasil

In this thesis used four different methods in order to diagnose the precipitation extremes on Northeastern Brazil (NEB): Generalized Linear Model s via logistic regression and Poisson, extreme value theory analysis via generalized extre me value (GEV) and generalized Pareto (GPD) distributions and Vectorial Generalized Linea r Models via GEV (MVLG GEV). The logistic regression and Poisson models were used to identify the interactions between the precipitation extremes and other variables based on the odds ratios and relative risks. It was found that the outgoing longwave radiation was the indicator variable for the occurrence of extreme precipitation on eastern, northern and semi arid NEB, and the relative humidity was verified on southern NEB. The GEV and GPD distribut ions (based on the 95th percentile) showed that the location and scale parameters were presented the maximum on the eastern and northern coast NEB, the GEV verified a maximum core on western of Pernambuco influenced by weather systems and topography. The GEV and GPD shape parameter, for most regions the data fitted by Weibull negative an d Beta distributions (ξ < 0) , respectively. The levels and return periods of GEV (GPD) on north ern Maranhão (centerrn of Bahia) may occur at least an extreme precipitation event excee ding over of 160.9 mm /day (192.3 mm / day) on next 30 years. The MVLG GEV model found tha t the zonal and meridional wind components, evaporation and Atlantic and Pacific se a surface temperature boost the precipitation extremes. The GEV parameters show the following results: a) location ( ), the highest value was 88.26 ± 6.42 mm on northern Maran hão; b) scale ( σ ), most regions showed positive values, except on southern of Maranhão; an d c) shape ( ξ ), most of the selected regions were adjusted by the Weibull negative distr ibution ( ξ < 0 ). The southern Maranhão and southern Bahia have greater accuracy. The level period, it was estimated that the centern of Bahia may occur at least an extreme precipitatio n event equal to or exceeding over 571.2 mm/day on next 30 years.

The issue of macroeconomic closure revisited and extended

Léon Walras (1874) already had realized that his neo-classical general equilibrium model could not accommodate autonomous investment. Sen analysed the same issue in a simple, one-sector macroeconomic model of a closed economy. He showed that fixing investment in the model, built strictly on neo-classical assumptions, would make the system overdetermined, thus, one should loosen some neo-classical condition of competitive equilibrium. He analysed three not neo-classical “closure options”, which could make the model well determined in the case of fixed investment. Others later extended his list and it showed that the closure dilemma arises in the more complex computable general equilibrium (CGE) models as well, as does the choice of adjustment mechanism assumed to bring about equilibrium at the macro level. By means of numerical models, it was also illustrated that the adopted closure rule can significantly affect the results of policy simulations based on a CGE model. Despite these warnings, the issue of macro closure is often neglected in policy simulations. It is, therefore, worth revisiting the issue and demonstrating by further examples its importance, as well as pointing out that the closure problem in the CGE models extends well beyond the problem of how to incorporate autonomous investment into a CGE model. Several closure rules are discussed in this paper and their diverse outcomes are illustrated by numerical models calibrated on statistical data. First, the analyses is done in a one-sector model, similar to Sen’s, but extended into a model of an open economy. Next, the same analyses are repeated using a fully-fledged multisectoral CGE model, calibrated on the same statistical data. Comparing the results obtained by the two models it is shown that although, using the same closure option, they generate quite similar results in terms of the direction and – to a somewhat lesser extent – of the magnitude of change in the main macro variables, the predictions of the multi-sectoral CGE model are clearly more realistic and balanced.

Die Gletscher der bolivianischen Anden, Verbreitung von Gletschern und neuzeitlichen Moränen in der Cordillera Apolobamba Cololo Region (Ostkordillere)

The uniform triangulation of the whole glacierized area of the Eastern Cordillera of Bolivia provided the first comparable geometrie basis for an accurate photogrammetric height evaluation of glaciers in the mountain range from the far south up to the Peruvian border. A total of 1775 glaciers, larger than 0.1 ha, were recorded in 16 mountain ranges ofthe East- ern Cordillera. Snow lines in the outer tropics can now be analysed with an accuracy of European standards. In spite of the widemeshed network of meteorological stations this allows a more pre- eise climatic differentiation to be made, particularly at high altitude sites. The methods and results of the analysis are described. Because of these results it becomes necessary to revise and refine previous concepts of the spatial distribution of climatic phenomena. Characteristics of glaciers in the Bolivian Cordillera obviously depend on the NE to SW decline in precipitation. The snow lines which are found at an altitude of 4500 m on the north- eastern slope directed towards the Yungas climb up to 5200 m on the lee slope towards the Alti- plano. The N to S increase in snowline elevation is not as significant as expected. With some res- ervation a 100 m fall in the snowline elevation in the Bolivian Cordillera can be explained by an increase in precipitation of about 50 mm.

Contraprestaciones por los servicios financieros del Consulado de México y sus miembros: los fondos extraordinarios para la guerra contra Gran Bretaña, 1779-1783

Nueva España aportó la mayor parte de los recursos que sostuvieron a las fuerzas armadas españolas durante la guerra contra Gran Bretaña que se desarrolló en el Caribe entre 1779 y 1783. En el artículo se analizan las medidas a las que recurrieron las autoridades reales para obtener recursos extraordinarios del Consulado y varios mercaderes de la ciudad de México. Asimismo se exponen algunas de las contraprestaciones que negociaron a cambio de dichos servicios financieros y se plantean diversas hipótesis acerca de los motivos económicos, sociales y políticos que los llevaron a colaborar con el monarca, teniendo en cuenta los negocios que realizaban durante el conflicto bélico y la forma en que eran afectados por la reciente apertura comercial.

Maḥzor le-khol moʿade ha-shanah : ke-minhag Polin, Behmen, Mehren ṿe-Ungarn

... meturgam Ashkenazit me-ḥadash ... me-et Mendl b.R. Y. Shṭern

Feature-based camera pose estimation

The estimating of the relative orientation and position of a camera is one of the integral topics in the field of computer vision. The accuracy of a certain Finnish technology company’s traffic sign inventory and localization process can be improved by utilizing the aforementioned concept. The company’s localization process uses video data produced by a vehicle installed camera. The accuracy of estimated traffic sign locations depends on the relative orientation between the camera and the vehicle. This thesis proposes a computer vision based software solution which can estimate a camera’s orientation relative to the movement direction of the vehicle by utilizing video data. The task was solved by using feature-based methods and open source software. When using simulated data sets, the camera orientation estimates had an absolute error of 0.31 degrees on average. The software solution can be integrated to be a part of the traffic sign localization pipeline of the company in question.

LAPSEN TOIVOTTAVAN KÄYTTÄYTYMISEN EDISTÄMINEN PÄIVÄKOTI- JA ESIOPETUSRYHMÄSSÄ: Lastentarhanopettajien kokemuksia lasten käyttäytymisestä ja käyttäytymisen ohjaamisesta

Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää ja kuvailla, millaista toivottavaa ja ei-toivottua käyttäytymistä lastentarhanopettajat ovat havainneet päiväkoti- ja esiopetusryhmien ruokailu-, leikki- ja ohjatuissa tilanteissa. Lisäksi tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää ja kuvailla, miten lastentarhanopettajat näissä tilanteissa pyrkivät edistämään lapsen toivottavaa käyttäytymistä. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli löytää toimivia menetelmiä käytännön työhön, tukea lastentarhanopettajien oman toiminnan reflektointia ja kasvatustietoisuutta sekä ylläpitää kasvattajatiimeissä pedagogista keskustelua. Tutkimukseen osallistui yhteensä seitsemän lastentarhanopettajaa erään eteläpohjalaisen kaupungin kahdesta eri päiväkodista. Aineistonkeruumenetelmänä tutkimuksessa käytettiin teemahaastattelua. Haastattelua ohjasi teemarunko, ja haastattelut nauhoitettiin. Puhemuotoinen nauhoitettu aineisto litteroitiin peruslitteroinnin periaatteita noudattaen. Analyysimenetelmänä tutkimuksessa käytettiin teemoittelua, ja sisällönanalyysi oli muodoltaan teoriasidonnaista eli teoriaohjaavaa. Haastatteluun osallistuneiden lastentarhanopettajien havaintojen mukaan ruokailu-, leikki- ja ohjatuissa tilanteissa esiintyy monenlaisia toivottavan ja ei-toivotun käyttäytymisen muotoja. Lastentarhanopettajat tukevat toivottavaa ja ennaltaehkäisevät ei-toivottua käyttäytymistä erilaisilla lapsen käyttäytymiseen, varhaiskasvatusympäristön fyysisiin, sosiaalisiin ja psyykkisiin tekijöihin sekä itseensä kohdistuvilla menetelmillä. Ei-toivottua käyttäytymistä lastentarhanopettajat ohjaavat toivottavaan suuntaan erilaisilla lapsen käyttäytymiseen kohdistuvilla pehmeillä, sovitteluun perustuvilla sekä kovilla ja ankarilla menetelmillä tai itseensä kohdistuvilla menetelmillä. Tämän tutkimuksen myötä varhaiskasvatusta toteuttavia kasvatus- ja opetusalan ammattilaisia kannustetaan pohtimaan kriittisesti, millaista käyttäytymistä he lapselta eri tilanteissa odottavat ja miksi. Lisäksi esimerkiksi PBS- ja ProKoulu-toimintamallien sekä tämän tutkimuksen tulosten pohjalta voitaisiin ryhtyä kehittämään suomalaiseen varhaiskasvatukseen soveltuvaa lapsen toivottavaa käyttäytymistä tukevaa toimintamallia. Yhteisen toimintamallin myötä varhaiskasvattajien ei jatkossa tarvitsisi ohjata lapsen käyttäytymistä kovilla ja ankarilla menetelmillä, sillä toimintamallissa keskityttäisiin toivottavan käyttäytymisen tukemiseen ja ei-toivotun käyttäytymisen ennaltaehkäisyyn tutkimusnäyttöön perustuvilla menetelmillä.

Oppilaiden verbaali vuorovaikutus, käyttäytymismallit ja puhelaadut tehtäväorientoituneen pienryhmätyöskentelyn aikana”

Pro gradu -tutkielman aiheena on oppilaiden välinen vuorovaikutus yhteistoiminnallisen pienryhmätyöskentelyn aikana. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on selvittää, minkä laatuista on erään 4.luokan oppilaiden ryhmätyöskentelyn aikainen vuorovaikutus ja kuinka oppilaiden välinen vuorovaikutus täyttää yhteistoiminnallisen pienryhmätyöskentelyn ehdot. Tutkimusaineisto kerättiin videonauhoittamalla erään Länsi-Suomalaisen koulun 4.luokan yhteistoiminnallisin menetelmin toteutettua pienryhmätyöskentelyä. Tutkimusmenetelmänä käytettiin keskustelunanalyysia. Oppilaiden välistä vuorovaikutusta jäsennettiin vuorottelujäsennyksen mukaisesti ja näin tutkimuksessa keskityttiin tulkitsemaan oppilaiden sekä verbaalien, että nonverbaalien lausumien määrää ja koostumusta. Tutkimuksessa käytetty päättely oli luonteeltaan abduktiivista ja aineistoa luokiteltiin ja sitä analysoitiin sekä laadullisin että määrällisin perustein. Tutkimus jakautui kolmeen osaan, joiden aiheina olivat oppilaiden ryhmätyönaikainen verbaali käytös, ryhmätyönaikaiset käyttäytymismallit ja tehtäväorientoituneen ryhmätyön aikaiset puhelaadut. Näiden kolmen kategorian avulla selvitettiin oppilaiden välisen vuorovaikutuksen määrää ja laatua. Tutkittava ilmiö ja siitä tehdyt päätelmät pohjautuvat aikaisempaan, yhteistoiminnallisten pienryhmien vuorovaikutuksesta muodostettuun teoriaan. Tärkeimpinä lähteinä mainittakoon Sharan & Shachar (1988), Gillies & Ashman (1996) ja Mercer (1996). Pro gradu -tutkielman perusteella näyttää siltä, että 4.luokan oppilaiden vuorovaikutustaidot ovat niin kehittyneet, että he kykenevät yhteistoiminnalliseen pienryhmätyöskentelyyn. Tutkimusaineistossa oppilaiden vuorovaikutuksesta noin 70% keskittyikin ryhmätyön tekemiseen. Mutta vaikka näin oli, ylsi vuorovaikutus vain ajoittain yhteistoiminnallisen pienryhmätyöskentelyn tavoitteena olevaan tutkivaan puheeseen. Käytännössä ryhmätöiden eteneminen nojasi vähäiseen keskusteluun ja kritiikittömään vuorovaikutukseen. Muutama oppilas kerrallaan vei ryhmätyötä eteenpäin. Tutkimustulos kertoo siitä, ettei yhteisölliseen tiedon rakentamiseen johtavaa vuorovaikutusta synny yhteistoiminnallisessa pienryhmässäkään automaattisesti ja että yhteisöllinen tiedon rakentaminen on haastavaa. Jotta olosuhteet olisivat otolliset yhteiselle tiedon rakentamiselle, täytyy sen syntymiseen tarvittaviin vuorovaikutustaitoihin kiinnittää huomiota ja oppilaiden täytyy harjoitella niitä.