Breve notícia sôbre a espermatogênese de Lutosa brasiliensis Brunner (Tettigoniodea-Stenopelmatidae)

Lutosa brasiliensis, an Orthopteran Tettigonioidean belonging to the family Stenopelmatidae is referred to in this paper The spermatogonia are provided with 15 chromosomes, that is, 7 pairs of autosomes and a single sex chromosome. One pair of autosomes is much larger than the rest, two pairs are of median sized elements, and four pairs are of small ones. The daughter sex chromosomes show at anaphase great difficulty in reaching the poles, being left for a long while in the region of the equator where they are seen stretched one after the other on the same line or lying side by side in different positions. When the spermatogonium divides each daughter cell gets passively its sex chromosome. Though slowly, the sex chromosome finishes by beins enclosed in the nucleus. Its behavior may be attributed to a very weak kinetic activity of the centromere. In view of se pronouced an inertness of the sex chromosomes, two things may be expected : primary spermatocyte nuclei with two sex chromosomes, and primary spermatocytes with the sex chromosome lying outside the nucleus. Both situations have been discovered. The latter, together with the delay of the spermatogonial sex chromosome in reaching the poles suggested to the anther the mechanism which might have given origin to the cases in which the sex chromosome normally does not enter the nucleus to rejoin the autosomes, remaning outside in its own nucleus. It may well be supposed that accidents like that found in the present individual have turned to be a normal event in the course of the evolution of some species. Trie primary spermatocytes are provided with chromatoid bodies which remain visible all over the whole history of the cells and pass to one of the resulting secondary spermatocytes, the larger of them being found later in the area occupied by the tails of the spermatozoa. No relation of these bodies to nucleoli con?d be established. Pachytene and diplotene nuclei are normal Metaphase nuclei show 7 autosomal tetrads, one of which being much larger than the rest. At this stage the chromosomes have a pronounced tendency to form clumps. Even when they are separated from each other they generally appear competed by chromosomal substance. The sex chromosome Hes always in one of the poles, being enclosed in the nucleus formed there. The stickness of the chromosomes can also be noted at anaphase. Telophase chromosomes distend them- selves for giving origin to secondary spermatocyte nuclei in a state comparable to a beginning prophase. As the secondary spermatocytes approach metaphase the autosomes appear entirely divided except at the kinetochore where the chromatids remain united. In the division of the secondary spermatocytes nothing else merits special reference.

Human Plasma-derived Polymeric IgA and IgM Antibodies Associate with Secretory Component to Yield Biologically Active Secretory-like Antibodies.

Immunotherapy with monoclonal and polyclonal immunoglobulin is successfully applied to improve many clinical conditions, including infection, autoimmune diseases, or immunodeficiency. Most immunoglobulin products, recombinant or plasma-derived, are based on IgG antibodies, whereas to date, the use of IgA for therapeutic application has remained anecdotal. In particular, purification or production of large quantities of secretory IgA (SIgA) for potential mucosal application has not been achieved. In this work, we sought to investigate whether polymeric IgA (pIgA) recovered from human plasma is able to associate with secretory component (SC) to generate SIgA-like molecules. We found that ∼15% of plasma pIgA carried J chain and displayed selective SC binding capacity either in a mixture with monomeric IgA (mIgA) or after purification. The recombinant SC associated covalently in a 1:1 stoichiometry with pIgA and with similar efficacy as colostrum-derived SC. In comparison with pIgA, the association with SC delayed degradation of SIgA by intestinal proteases. Similar results were obtained with plasma-derived IgM. In vitro, plasma-derived IgA and SIgA neutralized Shigella flexneri used as a model pathogen, resulting in a delay of bacteria-induced damage targeted to polarized Caco-2 cell monolayers. The sum of these novel data demonstrates that association of plasma-derived IgA or IgM with recombinant/colostrum-derived SC is feasible and yields SIgA- and SIgM-like molecules with similar biochemical and functional characteristics as mucosa-derived immunoglobulins.

Electro-cortical modulations and fronto-parietal activity during motor transitions in the elderly

With aging, bimanual movements are performed with increased cerebral activity in frontal and parietal areas. In contrast, motor switching is poorly documented and is expected to engage increasing resources in the elderly. In this study, spontaneous electroencephalographic activity (EEG) was recorded while 39 young participants (YP) and 37 elderly (EP) performed motor transitions from unimanual tapping to symmetric bimanual tapping (= Activation), and opposite (= Inhibition). We measured the delay of switching using the mean and standard deviation of transition time (meanTT and sdTT). Task-related power (TRPow) in alpha frequency band (8-12Hz) was used to measure electro-cortical changes, negative values corresponding to increased cerebral activity. A balance index (BI) was computed between frontal and parietal regions, values non-significantly different from "zero" representing a comparable level of cerebral activity in these regions. The results reveal higher sdTT 1) in EP compared to YP in both transitions, 2) in Activation compared to Inhibition in both groups. TRPow tends to reach greater negative values (p=0.052) in EP compared to YP in both tapping modes and both motor transitions. Furthermore, the results show more negative TRPow 1) in both motor transitions compared to the tapping movements and 2) in frontal region for YP compared to EP during Inhibition only. BI values differ significantly from "zero" for YP in Inhibition only. In conclusion, motor transitions are more variable and tend to be resource-consuming in the elderly. Moreover, the cerebral activity spreading in EP characterized by similar level of activity between frontal and parietal regions suggest reduced capacity to recruit specialized neural mechanisms during motor inhibition.

Factores que influyen en los comportamientos sexuales de prevención frente al virus de inmunideficiencia humana (VIH) en los adictos a las drogas por vía parenteral (ADVP)

Los datos existentes sobre el progresivo incremento de la infección con el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) entre los adictos a las drogas por via parenteral (ADVP) y sus parejas e hijos, plantean la necesidad urgente de elaborar programas preventivos con el mayor grado de eficacia posible. En el presente trabajo nos proponemos tres objetivos: 1) Poner de manifiesto algunas insuficiencias observadas en los modelos deprevención que se aplican al caso del SIDA. 2) Conferir un énfasis especial a la influencia sobre los comportamientos preventivos frente al SIDA, de ciertos factores que, en general, no se tienen 10 bastante en cuenta en los modelos actuales como son: la magnitud del reforzamiento contingente a un determinado comportamiento y la demora con la que éste se recibe. 3) Exponer los resultados de una investigación realizada con drogadictos por via parenteral (Planes, 1991), cuyos objetivos eran conocer las relacionesexistentes entre la magnitud y la demora del reforzamiento contingente a los comportamientos sexuales preventivos y la frecuencia de dichos comportamientos

Cancers du sein : comment associer l'hormonothérapie et la radiothérapie en situation adjuvante [How to combine hormonotherapy and radiation treatment in adjuvant breast cancer?]

Combined radiation and hormone therapies have become common clinical practice in recent years for locally-advanced prostate cancers. The use of such concomitant therapy in the treatment of breast disease has been infrequently reported in the literature, but seems justified given the common hormonal dependence of breast cancer and the potential synergistic effect of these two treatment modalities. As adjuvant therapy, two strategies are used in daily clinical practice: upfront aromatase inhibitors or sequentially after a variable delay of tamoxifen. These molecules may, thus, interact with radiotherapy. Retrospectives studies recently published did not show any differences in terms of locoregional recurrences between concurrent or sequential radiohormonotherapy. Lung and skin fibroses due to concurrent treatment are still under debate. Nevertheless, late side effects appeared to be increased by such a treatment, particularly in hypersensitive patients identified at risk by the lymphocyte predictive test. Concurrent radiohormonotherapy should, thus, be delivered cautiously at least for these patients. This article details the potent advantages and risks of concurrent use of adjuvant hormonotherapy and radiotherapy in localized breast cancers.

Aging effects on selective attention-related electroencephalographic patterns during face encoding.

Previous electrophysiological studies revealed that human faces elicit an early visual event-related potential (ERP) within the occipito-temporal cortex, the N170 component. Although face perception has been proposed to rely on automatic processing, the impact of selective attention on N170 remains controversial both in young and elderly individuals. Using early visual ERP and alpha power analysis, we assessed the influence of aging on selective attention to faces during delayed-recognition tasks for face and letter stimuli, examining 36 elderly and 20 young adults with preserved cognition. Face recognition performance worsened with age. Aging induced a latency delay of the N1 component for faces and letters, as well as of the face N170 component. Contrasting with letters, ignored faces elicited larger N1 and N170 components than attended faces in both age groups. This counterintuitive attention effect on face processing persisted when scenes replaced letters. In contrast with young, elderly subjects failed to suppress irrelevant letters when attending faces. Whereas attended stimuli induced a parietal alpha band desynchronization within 300-1000 ms post-stimulus with bilateral-to-right distribution for faces and left lateralization for letters, ignored and passively viewed stimuli elicited a central alpha synchronization larger on the right hemisphere. Aging delayed the latency of this alpha synchronization for both face and letter stimuli, and reduced its amplitude for ignored letters. These results suggest that due to their social relevance, human faces may cause paradoxical attention effects on early visual ERP components, but they still undergo classical top-down control as a function of endogenous selective attention. Aging does not affect the face bottom-up alerting mechanism but reduces the top-down suppression of distracting letters, possibly impinging upon face recognition, and more generally delays the top-down suppression of task-irrelevant information.

Value and prices in Russian economic thought (1890-1920)

The subject "Value and prices in Russian economic thought (1890--1920)" should evoke several names and debates in the reader's mind. For a long time, Western scholars have been aware that the Russian economists Tugan-Baranovsky and Bortkiewicz were active participants to the Marxian transformation problem, that the mathematical models of Dmitriev prefigured forthcoming neoricardian based models, and that many Russian economists were either supporting the Marxian labour theory of value or being revisionists. Moreover, these ideas were preparing the ground for Soviet planning. Russian scholars additionally knew that this period was the time of introduction of marginalism in Russia, and that, during this period, economists were active in thinking the relation of ethics with economic theory. All these issues are well covered in the existing literature. But there is a big gap that this dissertation intends to fill. The existing literature handles these pieces separately, although they are part of a single, more general, history. All these issues (the labour theory of value, marginalism, the Marxian transformation problem, planning, ethics, mathematical economics) were part of what this dissertation calls here "The Russian synthesis". The Russian synthesis (in the singular) designates here all the attempts at synthesis between classical political economy and marginalism, between labour theory of value and marginal utility, and between value and prices that occurred in Russian economic thought between 1890 and 1920, and that embraces the whole set of issues evoked above. This dissertation has the ambition of being the first comprehensive history of that Russian synthesis. In this, this contribution is unique. It has always surprised the author of the present dissertation that such a book has not yet been written. Several good reasons, both in terms of scarce availability of sources and of ideological restrictions, may accounted for a reasonable delay of several decades. But it is now urgent to remedy the situation before the protagonists of the Russian synthesis are definitely classified under the wrong labels in the pantheon of economic thought. To accomplish this task, it has seldom be sufficient to gather together the various existing studies on aspects of this story. It as been necessary to return to the primary sources in the Russian language. The most important part of the primary literature has never been translated, and in the last years only some of them have been republished in Russian. Therefore, most translations from the Russian have been made by the author of the present dissertation. The secondary literature has been surveyed in the languages that are familiar (Russian, English and French) or almost familiar (German) to the present author, and which are hopefully the most pertinent to the present investigation. Besides, and in order to increase the acquaintance with the text, which was the objective of all this, some archival sources were used. The analysis consists of careful chronological studies of the authors' writings and their evolution in their historical and intellectual context. As a consequence, the dissertation brings new authors to the foreground - Shaposhnikov and Yurovsky - who were traditionally confined to the substitutes' bench, because they only superficially touched the domains quoted above. In the Russian synthesis however, they played an important part of the story. As a side effect, some authors that used to play in the foreground - Dmitriev and Bortkiewicz - are relegated to the background, but are not forgotten. Besides, the dissertation refreshes the views on authors already known, such as Ziber and, especially, Tugan-Baranovsky. The ultimate objective of this dissertation is to change the opinion that one could have on "value and prices in Russian economic thought", by setting the Russian synthesis at the centre of the debates.

Neuropsychological outcome after extra-temporal epilepsy surgery.

BACKGROUND: The neuropsychological results of temporal lobe epilepsy surgery are well reported in the literature. The aim of this study was to analyse the neuropsychological outcome in a consecutive series of patients with extra-temporal epilepsy. METHODS: We retrospectively analysed the data of patients operated between 1996 and 2008 for extra-temporal epilepsy. Standard neuropsychological tests were applied. We assessed the neuropsychological outcome after surgery and the correlation of the neuropsychological outcome with (1) side and localisation of surgery, (2) Engel scale for seizure outcome and (3) timing of surgery. FINDINGS: Patients had a better neuropsychological outcome when undergoing non-frontal resection [χ2 (2) =6.66, p = 0.036]. Subjects who had undergone left or right resection showed no difference in outcome [χ2 (2) =0.533, p = 0.766]. The correlation between the Engel scale for seizure re-occurence and the neuropsychological scores showed only a tendency for better outcome (Spearman ρ = -0.437; p = 0.069). The global measure of change did not correlate significantly with delay of surgery (Spearman ρ = -0.163; p = 0.518). CONCLUSIONS: Resective epilepsy surgery improves neuropsychological status outcome in patients with extra-temporal epilepsy even if the patient did not become seizure free. The outcome is better for non-frontal localisation.

Adverse reactions to biologic agents and their medical management.

Biologic agents have substantially advanced the treatment of immunological disorders, including chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. However, these drugs are often associated with adverse events (AEs), including allergic, immunological and other unwanted reactions. AEs can affect almost any organ or system in the body and can occur immediately, within minutes to hours, or with a delay of several days or more after initiation of biologic therapy. Although some AEs are a direct consequence of the functional inhibition of biologic-agent-targeted antigens, the pathogenesis of other AEs results from a drug-induced imbalance of the immune system, intermediary factors and cofactors, a complexity that complicates their prediction. Herein, we review the AEs associated with biologic therapy most relevant to rheumatic and immunological diseases, and discuss their underlying pathogenesis. We also include our recommendations for the medical management of such AEs. Increased understanding and improved risk management of AEs induced by biologic agents will enable better use of these versatile immune-response modifiers.

Cancers du sein : comment associer l'hormonothérapie et la radiothérapie en situation adjuvante ? [How to combine hormonotherapy and radiation treatment in adjuvant breast cancer ?]

L'hormonoradiothérapie concomitante est utilisée depuis plusieurs années en pratique clinique quotidienne dans les cancers localement évolués de la prostate. Le transfert de ce concept en pathologie mammaire a été très peu rapporté dans la littérature, mais semble pourtant licite devant l'hormonodépendance fréquente des cancers du sein et la synergie potentielle de ces deux armes thérapeutiques. En situation adjuvante, deux stratégies sont actuellement utilisées : la prescription d'un inhibiteur de l'aromatase d'emblée ou après un délai plus ou moins long de tamoxifène. En pratique, ces molécules peuvent donc interagir avec la radiothérapie adjuvante. Les études rétrospectives récemment publiées n'ont pas mis en évidence de différence significative sur l'incidence des évènements, notamment locorégionaux, de l'association concomitante ou séquentielle du tamoxifène à la radiothérapie. La toxicité de l'association reste discutable en termes de fibroses sous-cutanée et pulmonaire. Il semble que le tamoxifène aggraverait les séquelles postradiques uniquement chez les patientes prédisposées à souffrir d'effets tardifs de la radiothérapie et identifiées par un test prédictif biologique. La prudence reste donc encore de mise du moins pour ces patientes. Cet article détaille les avantages et les risques de l'utilisation concomitante de la radiothérapie et de l'hormonothérapie adjuvantes des cancers localisés du sein. Combined radiation and hormone therapies have become common clinical practice in recent years for locally-advanced prostate cancers. The use of such concomitant therapy in the treatment of breast disease has been infrequently reported in the literature, but seems justified given the common hormonal dependence of breast cancer and the potential synergistic effect of these two treatment modalities. As adjuvant therapy, two strategies are used in daily clinical practice: upfront aromatase inhibitors or sequentially after a variable delay of tamoxifen. These molecules may, thus, interact with radiotherapy. Retrospectives studies recently published did not show any differences in terms of locoregional recurrences between concurrent or sequential radiohormonotherapy. Lung and skin fibroses due to concurrent treatment are still under debate. Nevertheless, late side effects appeared to be increased by such a treatment, particularly in hypersensitive patients identified at risk by the lymphocyte predictive test. Concurrent radiohormonotherapy should, thus, be delivered cautiously at least for these patients. This article details the potent advantages and risks of concurrent use of adjuvant hormonotherapy and radiotherapy in localized breast cancers.

Severe neurologic manifestations from cervical spine instability in spondylo-megaepiphyseal-metaphyseal dysplasia.

Spondylo-megaepiphyseal-metaphyseal dysplasia (SMMD; OMIM 613330) is a dysostosis/dysplasia caused by recessive mutations in the homeobox-containing gene, NKX3-2 (formerly known as BAPX1). Because of the rarity of the condition, its diagnostic features and natural course are not well known. We describe clinical and radiographic findings in six patients (five of which with homozygous mutations in the NKX3-2 gene) and highlight the unusual and severe changes in the cervical spine and the neurologic complications. In individuals with SMMD, the trunk and the neck are short, while the limbs, fingers and toes are disproportionately long. Radiographs show a severe ossification delay of the vertebral bodies with sagittal and coronal clefts, missing ossification of the pubic bones, large round "balloon-like" epiphyses of the long bones, and presence of multiple pseudoepiphyses at all metacarpals and phalanges. Reduced or absent ossification of the cervical vertebrae leads to cervical instability with anterior or posterior kinking of the cervical spine (swan neck-like deformity, kyknodysostosis). As a result of the cervical spine instability or deformation, five of six patients in our series suffered cervical cord injury that manifested clinically as limb spasticity. Although the number of individuals observed is small, the high incidence of cervical spine deformation in SMMD is unique among skeletal dysplasias. Early diagnosis of SMMD by recognition of the radiographic pattern might prevent of the neurologic complications via prophylactic cervical spine stabilization. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Successive treatment with cyclosporine and infliximab in steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis.

OBJECTIVES: Rescue therapy with either cyclosporine (CYS) or infliximab (IFX) is an effective option in patients with intravenous steroid-refractory attacks of ulcerative colitis (UC). In patients who fail, colectomy is usually recommended, but a second-line rescue therapy with IFX or CYS is an alternative. The aims of this study were to investigate the efficacy and tolerance of IFX and CYS as a second-line rescue therapy in steroid-refractory UC or indeterminate colitis (IC) unsuccessfully treated with CYS or IFX.METHODS: This was a retrospective survey of patients seen during the period 2000-2008 in the GETAID centers. Inclusion criteria included a delay of <1 month between CYS withdrawal (when used first) and IFX, or a delay of <2 months between IFX (when used first) and CYS, and a follow-up of at least 3 months after inclusion. Time-to-colectomy, clinical response, and occurrence of serious adverse events were analyzed.RESULTS: A total of 86 patients (median age 34 years; 49 males; 71 UC and 15 IC) were successively treated with CYS and IFX. The median (+/-s.e.) follow-up time was 22.6 (7.0) months. During the study period, 49 patients failed to respond to the second-line rescue therapy and underwent a colectomy. The probability of colectomy-free survival (+/-s.e.) was 61.3 +/- 5.3% at 3 months and 41.3 +/- 5.6% at 12 months. A case of fatal pulmonary embolism occurred at 1 day after surgery in a 45-year-old man. Also, nine infectious complications were observed during the second-line rescue therapy.CONCLUSIONS: In patients with intravenous steroid-refractory UC and who fail to respond to CYS or IFX, a second-line rescue therapy may be effective in carefully selected patients, avoiding colectomy within 2 months in two-thirds of them. The risk/benefit ratio should still be considered individually.

Scapulalgie et neuropathie sus-scapulaire en pathologie sportive [Scapular pain and supra-scapular neuropathy in sports medicine]

Eight patients with shoulder pain are reported with a history of athletic activities. On examination, performed with a delay of several months, all patients had painful paresis and atrophy of spinati fossa. Electroneuromyography was carried out in all cases and showed a suprascapular nerve axonal loss from the spinati muscles or infraspinatus muscle, signs of denervation-reinnervation in spinati or infraspinatus muscles, normal examination of other scapular girdle muscles, and a coordinate spinati contraction with shoulder displacement excluding rotator cuff tears. All patients had conservative treatment and only two improved. Six patients underwent surgical decompression of the suprascapular nerve; in three, motor function clearly improved, and in three others pain improved. The factors leading to entrapment include stretch mechanisms associated with shoulder movements, leading to suprascapular nerve liability to mechanical lesions. In patients with shoulder pain, the authors recommend an early electrophysiological work-up to recognize an isolated suprascapular neuropathy. The surgical decompression of the nerve should be based on persistent shoulder pain after conservative treatment.

Revisió sobre l’eficàcia de les intervencions dirigides a cuidadors informals de malalts amb demència per a reduir els nivells de morbiditat psicològica

Revisió sobre l’eficàcia de les intervencions dirigides a cuidadorsinformals de malalts amb demència per a reduir els nivells de morbiditatpsicològicaAntecedentsL’envelliment de la població està relacionat amb l’augment de la prevalença dedemències tals com la malaltia d’Alzheimer. El caràcter progressiu, incapacitanti irreversible de la malaltia d’Alzheimer comporta dependència i demanda,obligant l’aparició d’un cuidador informal per cobrir les necessitats del malalt.Amb l’evolució de la malaltia, augmenta l’exigència de les cures i el cuidador esveu en risc de patir alteracions a qualsevol nivell, principalment a nivellpsicològic.Objectius1. Avaluar l’efectivitat de les intervencions dirigides a cuidadors informals depersones amb demència per a reduir la morbiditat psicològica, segons latipologia de les intervencions i els seus components.2. Avaluar l’efectivitat de les intervencions dirigides a cuidadors informals depersones amb demència per a reduir la morbiditat psicològica, segons lescaracterístiques sociodemogràfiques del cuidador i la persona que rep lescures, el tipus de càrrega i els instruments de mesura.Material i mètodesEs va realitzar una revisió bibliogràfica en les bases de dades: MEDLINEPubMed, CSIC-IME, CUIDEN i Biblioteca Cochrane Plus sobre lesintervencions dirigides a cuidadors informals de demència o Alzheimerd’estudis publicats entre el gener de 2002 i febrer de 2013. Els criteris d’inclusióvan ser: cuidadors informals que convisquessin amb la persona a qui donen lescures i sense remuneració econòmica, persones amb demència o Alzheimer noinstitucionalitzades, intervencions comparades entre un grup experimental i ungrup control, prioritat per revisions sistemàtiques i metanàlisis. La mostra finalla van composar 7 estudis.ResultatsLes diferents intervencions analitzades van mostrar dades estadísticamentsignificatives tot i produir efectes discrets en les diferents variables demorbiditat psicològica. Les intervencions psicoeducatives i les intervencionsdirigides als pacients van resultar efectives en la millora de la sensació debenestar i la simptomatologia del malalt. Les intervencions psicològiques vanincidir en la sobrecàrrega i la depressió. Les intervencions de suport vanproduir un augment dels coneixements, habilitats i de la xarxa social delcuidador. El dia de descans va disminuir l’estrès, l’ansietat i la càrrega objectivaperò els efectes van ser a curt termini. Les intervencions múltiplesestructurades van mostrar una disminució del risc d’institucionalització. Lesintervencions centrades en la resolució de problemes, superiors a 6 sessions oaquelles que havien realitzat seguiment, van mostrar efectes a llarg termini finsals 12 mesos. Altres intervencions pràctiques com les realitzades al domicili oamb tecnologia, no van mostrar suficient evidència científica. El sexe i l’edat delcuidador així com la relació de parentesc amb el malalt van mostrar diferènciesen els efectes de les intervencions.ConclusionsLes intervencions s’han de planificar en funció de les necessitats del cuidadorja que no hi ha cap intervenció que incideixi en totes les variables de morbiditatpsicològica. La variabilitat de tipologia i composició de les intervencions, lesdiferències sociodemogràfiques del cuidador i la persona que rep les cures i lescaracterístiques dels estudis influeixen en l’heterogeneïtat de resultats de larevisió. Aquests fets limiten la contundència de resultats pel que cal seguirinvestigant

Nuclear factor I-C regulates TGF-{beta}-dependent hair follicle cycling.

Skin appendages such as teeth and hair share several common signaling pathways. The nuclear factor I C (NFI-C) transcription factor has been implicated in tooth development, but a potential role in hair growth had not been assessed. In this study we found that NFI-C regulates the onset of the hair growth cycle. NFI-C(-/-) mice were delayed in the transition from the telogen to anagen phase of the hair follicle cycle after either experimental depilation or spontaneous hair loss. Lack of NFI-C resulted in delayed induction of the sonic hedgehog, Wnt5a, and Lef1 gene expression, which are key regulators of the hair follicle growth initiation. NFI-C(-/-) mice also showed elevated levels of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), an inhibitor of keratinocyte proliferation, and of the cell cycle inhibitor p21 at telogen. Reduced expression of Ki67, a marker of cell proliferation, was noted at the onset of anagen, indicating impaired activation of the hair progenitor cells. These findings implicate NFI-C in the repression of TGF-β1 signaling during telogen stage, resulting in the delay of progenitor cell proliferation and hair follicle regeneration in NFI-C-deficient mice. Taken together with prior observations, these findings also designate NFI-C as a regulator of adult progenitor cell proliferation and of postnatal tissue growth or regeneration.