998 resultados para cocção de alimentos
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Para a produção de mudas de qualidade, é necessária a utilização de substratos com propriedades físicas, químicas e biológicas que condicionem a germinação adequada das sementes e o estabelecimento das mudas. Neste sentido, foi realizado um experimento no Centro de Ciências Agrárias, da Universidade Federal da Paraíba, com o objetivo de avaliar o crescimento e a composição mineral de mudas de mangabeiras (Hancornia speciosa) em substratos compostos por diferentes proporções de fibra de coco (0% a 40%), esterco bovino (0% a 25%), terra vegetal (25% a 70%) e 15% de areia, fertilizados com superfosfato triplo (0; 5,5 e 11 g dm-3). A terra vegetal e a fibra de coco exerceram efeitos benéficos às mudas com o aumento de suas proporções no substrato. A adição do esterco e do superfosfato triplo inibiu a produção de matéria seca e a área foliar das mudas. Houve aumento dos teores de nutrientes nas mudas com o aumento da concentração de esterco nos substratos. Pela estimativa dos resultados, o substrato que proporciona maior crescimento e composição mineral mais equilibrada nas mudas de mangabeira deve ser constituído por 14% de esterco, 56% de terra vegetal, 15% de fibra de coco, 15% de areia e 4 g dm-3 de superfosfato triplo.
Composição química, propriedades mecânicas e térmicas da fibra de frutos de cultivares de coco verde
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O consumo da água de coco verde, in natura ou industrializada, vem gerando um grande problema ambiental, devido ao destino final da casca dos frutos. Aproximadamente 85% do peso bruto do coco verde é constituído pelas cascas, que são acumuladas em lixões ou às margens de estradas. Como a minimização da geração desse resíduo implicaria a redução da atividade produtiva associada, o seu aproveitamento torna-se uma necessidade. Neste sentido, este estudo teve como objetivo investigar as características da fibra de coco verde de diversos cultivares em função do ponto de colheita dos frutos, na composição química, nas propriedades mecânicas e térmicas, como forma de contribuir para avaliar seu potencial de aplicação na elaboração de novos materiais. Os resultados mostraram que a variação da composição química em função da cultivar de coco verde foi na faixa de 37,2 ± 0,8% a 43,9±0,7% e de 31,5±0,1% a 37,4±0,5% para os teores de lignina e celulose, respectivamente. A composição química não variou significativamente em função do ponto de maturação para a fibra da cultivar Anão-Verde-de-Jiqui (AVeJ). A fibra de cultivares de coco verde e AVeJ em diferentes pontos de maturação apresentaram propriedades térmicas e mecânicas semelhantes, as quais são próximas das propriedades das fibras de coco maduro, demonstrando, portanto, um potencial equivalente para serem utilizadas como reforço em matrizes poliméricas.
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No semiárido, a escassez de água de boa qualidade faz com que os produtores utilizem água salobra para preparar a solução nutritiva. Com o objetivo de investigar a utilização de água salobra na irrigação de meloeiro (Cucumis melo L., cv. AF 015) cultivado em substrato de fibra de coco em casa de vegetação, plantas foram nutridas com soluções salinas de condutividades elétricas (CEs) 1,1 (testemunha); 2,5; 4,0 e 5,5 dS m-1 aplicadas durante as fases: crescimento vegetativo (10-30 dias após o transplantio-DAT); florescimento (31-50 DAT) e frutificação e maturação (51-70 DAT). O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com 12 tratamentos arranjados em um esquema fatorial 4x3 (níveis de salinidade x tempo de exposição dos sais), com três repetições. Houve correlação na perda relativa por incremento de CEs das variáveis de crescimento e de produção do meloeiro em função da salinidade da solução nutritiva para cada fase de exposição. As soluções nutritivas preparadas com água salobra podem ser utilizadas no cultivo do meloeiro em substrato de fibra de coco com o mínimo de perdas relativas de massa média de frutos por incremento de CEs, quando aplicadas na fase de florescimento.
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CoCo is a collaborative web interface for the compilation of linguistic resources. In this demo we are presenting one of its possible applications: paraphrase acquisition.
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Selenium is both essential and toxic to man and animals, depending on the concentration and the ingested form. Most fruits and vegetables are poor sources of selenium, but coconut can be a good selenium source. Samples were suspended (1 + 4 v/v) in a mixture of tertiary amines soluble in water (10% v/v CFA-C). This simple sample treatment avoided contamination and decreased the analysis time. The standard additions method was adopted for quantification. The action of the autosampler was improved by the presence of the amines mixture in the suspension. A Varian model AA-800 atomic absorption spectrometer equipped with a graphite furnace and a GTA 100 autosampler was used for selenium determination in coconut water and coconut milk. Background correction was performed by means of the Zeeman effect. Pyrolytically coated graphite tubes were employed. Using Pd as chemical modifier, the pyrolysis and the atomization temperatures were set at 1400 and 2200ºC, respectively. For six samples, the selenium concentration in coconut water varied from 6.5 to 21.0 mug L-1 and in coconut milk from 24.2 to 25.1 mug L-1. The accuracy of the proposed method was evaluated by an addition-recovery experiment and all recovered values are in the 99.5-102.3% range. The main advantage of the proposed method is that it can be directly applied without sample decomposition.
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Simultaneous electrolytic deposition is proposed for minimization of Cu2+ and Pb2+ interferences on automated determination of Cd2+ by the Malachite Green-iodide reaction. During electrolysis of sample in a cell with two Pt electrodes and a medium adjusted to 5% (v/v) HNO3 + 0.1% (v/v) H2SO4 + 0.5 mol L-1 NaCl, Cu2+ is deposited as Cu on the cathode, Pb2+ is deposited as PbO2 on the anode while Cd2+ is kept in solution. With 60 s electrolysis time and 0.25 A current, Pb2+ and Cu2+ levels up to 50 and 250 mg L-1 respectively, can be tolerated without interference. With on-line extraction of Cd2+ in anionic resin minicolumn, calibration graph in the 5.00 - 50.0 µg Cd L-1 range is obtained, corresponding to twenty measurements per hour, 0.7 mg Malachite Green and 500 mg KI and 5 mL sample consumed per determination. Results of the determination of Cd in certified reference materials, vegetables and tap water were in agreement with certified values and with those obtained by GFAAS at 95% confidence level. The detection limit is 0.23 µg Cd L-1 and the RSD for typical samples containing 13.0 µg Cd L-1 was 3.85 % (n= 12).
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This study concerns certain problems inherent to the determination of fat-soluble vitamins in food, from extraction methods to identification and quantification. The discussion involves the main official and unofficial extraction methods coupled with spectrophotometric and HPLC techniques in which vitamins samples are obtained through liquid-liquid-solid and liquid-liquid-solid-solid extraction, indispensable to the analytical separation of different chemical compounds with vitamin functions. A saponification stage, possibly coupled with supercritical fluid extraction appears to be mandatory in the determination of vitamins A and E in their alcoholic forms. Alternative identification and quantification procedures are outlined: biological and chemical assays, analytical separations by HPLC (normal and reversed-phase), UV detection (all fat-soluble vitamins) and fluorescence detection (retinoids and tocopherols). Automation from sample preparation to quantification stages increases the data acquisition rate.
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Electroflotation (EF) with aluminum electrodes was applied in the treatment of Brazilian industrial coconut wastewater. The results show that EF with polarity inversion is a very good treatment when compared to others. The removal of pollutants in the wastewater after EF with polarity inversion was 96.3% of oils and grease, 99% of color and 66% of total organic carbon. Also, metal concentrations, turbidity and total solids were reduced.
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The aim of this work is to discuss selected applications of electroanalytical techniques for the detection of pesticides in foods and beverages, published in the last ten years. The applications involved different working electrodes for the electroanalytical determination of pesticides, namely amperometric biosensors, cholinesterase-based biosensors, polymer-modified electrodes, ultramicroelectrodes and hanging mercury drop electrodes. They were used for several voltammetric and amperometric techniques in different analytical procedures for the detection and quantification of different classes of pesticides in different food matrices.
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A very simple spectrophotometric method is described for resolving binary mixture of the food colorants Sunset Yellow (INS 110) and Tartrazine Yellow (INS 102) by using the first derivative spectra with measurements at zero-crossing wavelengths. Before the spectrophotometric measurements, the dyes were sorbed onto polyurethane foam and recovered in N,N-dimethilformamide. Commercial food products (gelatine and juice powder) were analysed by using the proposed method and the HPLC technique. The results are in very good agreement and the differences between the methods is not statistically important. Therefore, the first-order derivative spectrophotometric method is accurate, precise, reliable and could be applied to the routine analysis of food samples.
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Fumonisins are mycotoxins occurring worldwide, mainly in maize and maize-based food products, which could affect animal and human health. This paper reviews analytical methodologies for the determination of these fungal toxins in foods. It includes extraction, cleanup, derivatization procedures, detection, quantification, and confirmation procedures. Initial attempts at gas chromatographic methods and thin layer chromatography were supplanted by liquid chromatographic methods, mainly performed with fluorometric detection, or mass spectrometry detection, enabling the analysis of polar and thermolabile chemicals without chemical derivatization, which results in lower limits of detection. Alternative methods, such as enzyme linked immunosorbent assay or zone capillary zone electrophoresis, are also described.
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El progreso científico y tecnológico ha tenido muchas consecuencias beneficiosas para la humanidad pero también conlleva riesgos. Un ámbito en el que estos dos aspectos de la cuestión se manifiestan más claramente es el de la alimentación humana. Las posibilidades actuales de la industria alimentaria permiten la obtención de productos cada vez más adaptados a las necesidades y gustos del consumidor No obstante, existe una desconfianza frente a los alimentos transformados que se juzgan, injustamente, como menos seguros que los frescos o naturales. Ciertos escándalos de gran resonancia alimentan esta desconfianza, y no suele tenerse en cuenta que las vacas locas, los pollos con dioxinas o la carne con hormonas, por ejemplo, son problemas de las fases primarias de producción, agrícola y ganadera, y no de la industria alimentaria propiamente dicha. Bajo la perspectiva global de lo que son los alimentos y de lo que conocemos de su composición y funciones en el ser humano, y teniendo en cuenta de que el riesgo cero no existe para ninguna actividad, y por lo tanto tampoco en la alimentación, se puede afirmar que nuestros alimentos nunca han sido tan seguros como en la actualidad, aunque sigue habiendo problemas y en un tema como éste, de evidente implicación sanitaria, toda precaución es poca. En este artículo se discuten las relaciones entre alimentación y riesgo y la percepción social sobre estas relaciones, se describen someramente los componentes tóxicos naturales de los alimentos, la contaminación de los mismos, los problemas de alteración y deterioro, así como la adulteración y el fraude y sus consecuencias. También se aborda la significación de casos actuales que cuestionan la seguridad de los alimentos y el papel del control alimentario, por parte de productores y administraciones para garantizar la calidad y la seguridad de los alimentos.
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Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry was used to determine Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Zn and Cu in samples of processed and natural coconut water. The sample preparation consisted in a filtration step followed by a dilution. The analysis was made employing optimized instrumental parameters and the results were evaluated using methods of Pattern Recognition. The data showed common concentration values for the analytes present in processed and natural samples. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) indicated that the samples of different kinds were statistically different when the concentrations of all the analytes were considered simultaneously.
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The aim of this work was to develop and to validate a methodology using HPLC for the simultaneous determination of folates and folic acid in foods. The limits of detection and the recovery rates for the vitamins in the certified reference materials were respectively 5 pg/mL and 94-108% for 5-MTHF, 7 pg/mL and 97-102% for THF, 30 pg/mL and 97.9-104% for 5-FTHF, 30 pg/mL and 95-107 for 10-FFA, 5 ng/mL and 97-102% for FA and 5 ng/mL and 98-103% for 10-MFA. Repeatability showed a coefficient of variation below 3.9% for all the vitamins. The proposed methodology was shown to be efficient when applied to different certified reference materials, namely pig's liver (BCR487), powdered milk (BCR421) and a vegetable mixture (BCR485).
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Synthetic dyes are much used in processed foods. HPLC was applied to different types of snacks, such as colored cereals, chocolate confetti, chewing gums and candies for the determination of those additives. In the case of artificially colored breakfast cereals, 71% of the samples exceeded the allowed limits. Regarding the portions recommended for consumption by the makers of two of the samples, the amounts exceeded those allowed by the Brazilian legislation. In the case of chocolate confetti and candies none of the samples showed higher amounts than those allowed. However 37% of the chewing gum samples presented larger contents than the authorized ones, and one sample contained five times more synthetic dyes than allowed.