Materials Research for HiPER Laser Fusion Facilities: Chamber Wall, Structural Material and Final Optics

The European HiPER project aims to demonstrate commercial viability of inertial fusion energy within the following two decades. This goal requires an extensive Research &Development program on materials for different applications (e.g., first wall, structural components and final optics). In this paper we will discuss our activities in the framework of HiPER to develop materials studies for the different areas of interest. The chamber first wall will have to withstand explosions of at least 100 MJ at a repetition rate of 5-10 Hz. If direct drive targets are used, a dry wall chamber operated in vacuum is preferable. In this situation the major threat for the wall stems from ions. For reasonably low chamber radius (5-10 m) new materials based on W and C are being investigated, e.g., engineered surfaces and nanostructured materials. Structural materials will be subject to high fluxes of neutrons leading to deleterious effects, such as, swelling. Low activation advanced steels as well as new nanostructured materials are being investigated. The final optics lenses will not survive the extreme ion irradiation pulses originated in the explosions. Therefore, mitigation strategies are being investigated. In addition, efforts are being carried out in understanding optimized conditions to minimize the loss of optical properties by neutron and gamma irradiation

Assessment of Content of Tritium, Other Hydrogen Isotopes and Helium in a W Armor for an Experimental HIPER Chamber

Tritium breeding is an essential component of future fusion nuclear reactors. Nuclear fusion reactors require Kg quantities of tritium per year of operation.

Neutronics and activation of the preliminary reacion chamber of HiPER reactor based in a SCLL blanket

Neutronics and activation of the preliminary reacion chamber of HiPER reactor based in a SCLL blanket

Chamber of valves in the Arenoso reservoir

Of the south of Spain, near the province of Cordova, in a tributary of the Guadalquivir River it has been constructed during the years 2004 to 2007 the reservoir called El Arenoso. El Arenoso reservoir that belongs to Environment Ministry is destined to downstream Guadalquivir’s water supply and the general regulation of the river. The dam is located on the same name river and it is next to the Montoro’s municipal district, 41 km northeast of Cordova. The main work consists on an embankment dam, with central clay core, and slates and greywacke shoulders. The core is covered downstream with a filter material and upstream with a transition material. The dimensions of the dam are 80 m high, 1.480 m long at its crest, and it has been needed more than 3 million m3 of materials, creating a waterproof barrier able to keep 160 hm3 as a useful reservoir. In the zone of the core is located the chamber of valves with a horizontal clearance of 10 m and a vertical clearance of 14,517 m. The present article exposes the most important characteristics of project and construction, of valves chamber of the Arenoso reservoir.

Chamberí, s. XIX: trazas en la ciudad

El barrio de Chamberí, situado la norte del casco histórico de Madrid, fue en su origen un arrabal exterior al recinto cercado de la Villa. Se ubicó sobre una infraestructura viaria previa formada por la carretera de Francia, cuyo trazado había sido regularizado a principios del s XIX, y los paseos arbolados creados treinta años después. La Administración intentó controlar el incipiente núcleo de población surgido de forma espontánea. Los Arquitectos Municipales levantaron un plano del estado del lugar, redactaron unas escuetas reglas de construcción y dibujaron sucesivos planos de alineaciones en los que se prefiguraba la ciudad. Pero el traslado de la ciudad planeada al terreno dependía de la iniciativa de los propietarios del suelo y el proceso fue lento y difícil. Al finalizar el cuarto de siglo que discurrió entre 1833 y 1858, en que Chamberí fue un arrabal independiente al margen de la Villa, el tejido urbano consolidado era discontinuo y desigual. La puesta en marcha del Ensanche de Madrid marcó un cambio de rumbo. Los terrenos ocupados por el arrabal entraron a formar parte de él. Se proyectó una nueva ordenación para el barrio en relación con el conjunto del Ensanche que alteraba el planeamiento vigente. Las protestas de los propietarios de Chamberí, que veían como sus casas podían llegar a ser arrasadas, influyeron de forma decisiva, entre otras cuestiones, en el desmantelamiento del Plan Castro. Las trazas del arrabal planeadas a mediados del siglo XIX que se habían materializado en el terreno permanecen en la ciudad actual. En esta investigación se ha analizado la forma urbana del barrio y su evolución en el tiempo, intentando descifrar sus causas. Se describe el territorio donde se ubicó Chamberí, los asentamientos existentes y los elementos que limitaron su extensión: la ciudad cercada por el sur, los cuatro cementerios que jalonaban la antigua carretera de Francia por poniente y la vaguada de la Castellana por el este. Se compara el crecimiento del tejido urbano en la realidad con los proyectos de ordenación realizados para el arrabal. También se han estudiado las arquitecturas no construidas y los proyectos de ciudad no realizados. Estas ideas, que solo fueron líneas y manchas en el papel, nos permiten imaginar como pudo haber sido el barrio si la historia hubiera seguido otros caminos posibles. En la búsqueda de esas ciudades perdidas, tanto las que existieron como las tan solo pensadas, se ha utilizado el dibujo como medio irrefutable de proyectar el pasado y expresar su forma. Se ha realizado una secuencia cronológica de 22 planimetrías que muestra la transformación de Chamberí y su entorno, y los proyectos realizados para ese territorio con idénticos criterios -misma escala y recursos gráficos similares- que se encuentran en las primeras páginas del tomo II de este documento. La narración gráfica del proceso evolutivo se concluye con un plano a mayor escala, subdividido en cuatro cuadrantes, en el que se superponen sobre el parcelario actual varios de los momentos para evidenciar las permanencias y mutaciones. Así mismo, el discurso general es gráfico y literal; las palabras se complementan con las imágenes existentes sobre las cuestiones tratadas y con los dibujos elaborados que las reconstituyen.

Neutronics and activation of the preliminary reaction chamber of HiPER reactor based in a SCLL blanket

The HiPER reactor design is exploring different reaction chambers. In this study, we tackle the neutronicsand activation studies of a preliminary reaction chamber based in the following technologies: unpro-tected dry wall for the First Wall, self-cooled lead lithium blanket, and independent low activation steelVacuum Vessel. The most critical free parameter in this stage is the blanket thickness, as a function ofthe6Li enrichment. After a parametric study, we select for study both a ?thin? and ?thick? blanket, with?high? and ?low?6Li enrichment respectively, to reach a TBR = 1.1. To help to make a choice, we com-pute, for both blanket options, in addition to the TBR, the energy amplification factor, the tritium partialpressure, the203Hg and210Po total activity in the LiPb loop, and the Vacuum Vessel thickness requiredto guarantee the reweldability during its lifetime. The thin blanket shows a superior performance in thesafety related issues and structural viability, but it operates at higher6Li enrichment. It is selected forfurther improvements. The Vacuum Vessel shows to be unviable in both cases, with the thickness varyingbetween 39 and 52 cm. Further chamber modifications, such as the introduction of a neutron reflector,are required to exploit the benefits of the thin blanket with a reasonable Vacuum Vessel.

Deployment of an all-in-one millimetre-wave anechoic chamber

This paper describes the new anechoic chamber available at The University of Kent, UK. This facility includes a spherical near/far field, planar near field, cylindrical near field and a compact range. The facility allows measurement from 600 MHz up to 110 MHz. The spherical, planar and cylindrical ranges covers up to 40 GHz and the compact range is available from 50 GHz up to 110 MHz. Immediate plans are to use the new facility to measure body-centric antennas and sensing nodes together with near field sampling of finite sized Frequency Selective Surfaces.

Sampling strategies using the "accumulation chamber" for monitoring geological storage of CO2

Fundación Ciudad de la Energía (CIUDEN) is carrying out a project of geological storage of CO2, where CO2 injection tests are planned in saline aquifers at a depth of 1500 m for scientific objectives and project demonstration. Before any CO2 is stored, it is necessary to determine the baseline flux of CO2 in order to detect potential leakage during injection and post-injection monitoring. In November 2009 diffuse flux measurements of CO2 using an accumulation chamber were made in the area selected by CIUDEN for geological storage, located in Hontomin province of Burgos (Spain). This paper presents the tests carried out in order to establish the optimum sampling methodology and the geostatistical analyses performed to determine the range, with which future field campaigns will be planned.

Quasi-cylindrical approximation to the swirling flow in an atomizer chamber

A quasi-cylindrical approximation is used to analyse the axisymmetric swirling flow of a liquid with a hollow air core in the chamber of a pressure swirl atomizer. The liquid is injected into the chamber with an azimuthal velocity component through a number of slots at the periphery of one end of the chamber, and flows out as an anular sheet through a central orifice at the other end, following a conical convergence of the chamber wall. An effective inlet condition is used to model the effects of the slots and the boundary layer that develops at the nearby endwall of the chamber. An analysis is presented of the structure of the liquid sheet at the end of the exit orifice, where the flow becomes critical in the sense that upstream propagation of long-wave perturbations ceases to be possible. This nalysis leads to a boundary condition at the end of the orifice that is an extension of the condition of maximum flux used with irrotational models of the flow. As is well known, the radial pressure gradient induced by the swirling flow in the bulk of the chamber causes the overpressure that drives the liquid towards the exit orifice, and also leads to Ekman pumping in the boundary layers of reduced azimuthal velocity at the convergent wall of the chamber and at the wall opposite to the exit orifice. The numerical results confirm the important role played by the boundary layers. They make the thickness of the liquid sheet at the end of the orifice larger than predicted by rrotational models, and at the same time tend to decrease the overpressure required to pass a given flow rate through the chamber, because the large axial velocity in the boundary layers takes care of part of the flow rate. The thickness of the boundary layers increases when the atomizer constant (the inverse of a swirl number, proportional to the flow rate scaled with the radius of the exit orifice and the circulation around the air core) decreases. A minimum value of this parameter is found below which the layer of reduced azimuthal velocity around the air core prevents the pressure from increasing and steadily driving the flow through the exit orifice. The effects of other parameters not accounted for by irrotational models are also analysed in terms of their influence on the boundary layers.

Assessment of diastolic chamber properties of the right ventricle by global fitting of pressure-volume data and conformational analysis of 3D + T echocardiographic sequences

Assessment of diastolic chamber properties of the right ventricle by global fitting of pressure-volume data and conformational analysis of 3D + T echocardiographic sequences

Gentrificación en Chamberí: análisis de la evolución urbanística del distrito

¿Cómo están cambiando las ciudades a comienzos del siglo XXI? ¿Qué importancia tiene la globalización en el entorno más cercano que podemos encontrar: nuestro barrio? El fenómeno urbano conocido como gentrificación está actuando con fuerza en los centros históricos de muchas ciudades europeas. Madrid no es una excepción, y las tendencias demográficas, comerciales e inmobiliarias de los últimos años en la ciudad la sitúan como una afectada más por este movimiento. Chamberí es un distrito que nació con identidad obrera, pero poco a poco fue elevando su posición social y se alzó como una zona acomodada de Madrid. Presenta los problemas comunes del centro consolidado de una ciudad: dificultades de crecimiento y renovación. En los últimos años está sufriendo numerosos cambios que, aunque no son visibles en el día a día, muestran una tendencia común algo diferente a la de la ciudad de Madrid. Para detectar si Chamberí se suma a la cada vez más presente gentrificación de las áreas históricas de las ciudades, este trabajo realiza el estudio analítico del distrito y de los barrios que lo componen mediante las variables estadísticas disponibles en el Ayuntamiento de Madrid. Se analizan los cambios producidos en los últimos años en una de las áreas más antiguas de la capital y se relacionan con una posible tendencia de gentrificación que, afectará en mayor medida a unos barrios que a otros.

Visual and optical performance and quality of life after implantation of posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens

Purpose To evaluate visual, optical, and quality of life (QoL) outcomes and intercorrelations after bilateral implantation of posterior chamber phakic intraocular lenses. Methods Twenty eyes with high to moderate myopia of 10 patients that underwent PRL implantation (Phakic Refractive Lens, Carl Zeiss Meditec AG) were examined. Refraction, visual acuity, photopic and low mesopic contrast sensitivity (CS) with and without glare, ocular aberrations, as well as QoL outcomes (National Eye Institute Refractive Error Quality of Life Instrument-42, NEI RQL-42) were evaluated at 12 months postoperatively. Results Significant improvement in uncorrected (UDVA) and best-corrected distance (CDVA) visual acuities were found postoperatively (p < 0.01), with significant reduction in spherical equivalent (p < 0.01). Low mesopic CS without glare was significantly better than measurements with glare for 1.5, 3, and 6 cycles/degree (p < 0.01). No significant correlations between higher order root mean square (RMS) with CDVA (r = −0.26, p = 0.27) and CS (r ≤ 0.45, p ≥ 0.05) were found. Postoperative binocular photopic CS for 12 cycles/degree and 18 cycles/degree correlated significantly with several RQL-42 scales. Glare index correlated significantly with CS measures and scotopic pupil size (r = −0.551, p = 0.04), but not with higher order RMS (r = −0.02, p = 0.94). Postoperative higher order RMS, postoperative primary coma and postoperative spherical aberration was significant higher for 5-mm pupil diameter (p < 0.01) compared with controls. Conclusions Correction of moderate to high myopia by means of PRL implantation had a positive impact on CS and QoL. The aberrometric increase induced by the surgery does not seem to limit CS and QoL. However, perception of glare is still a relevant disturbance in some cases possibly related to the limitation of the optical zone of the PRL.

The posterior chamber phakic refractive lens (PRL): a review

Implantation of phakic intraocular lenses (pIOLs) is a reversible refractive procedure, preserving the patient’s accommodative function with minimal induction of higher order aberrations compared with corneal photoablative procedures. Despite this, as an intraocular procedure, it has potential risks such as cataracts, chronic uveitis, pupil ovalization, corneal endothelial cell loss, pigmentary dispersion syndrome, pupillary block glaucoma, astigmatism, or endophthalmitis. Currently, only two models of posterior chamber pIOLs are commercially available, the implantable collammer lens (STAAR Surgical Co.) and the phakic refractive lens (PRL; Zeiss Meditec). The number of published reports on the latter is very low, and some concerns still remain about its long-term safety. The present article reviews the published literature on the outcomes after PRL implantation in order to provide a general overview and evaluate its real potential as a surgical refractive option.

Chamber plan, ca. 1801

Interior floor plan of Hollis Hall. Includes dimensions for student rooms and hallways.