A reduction of CETP activity, not an increase, is associated with modestly impaired postprandial lipemia and increased HDL-Cholesterol in adult asymptomatic women

Background: The relationship between CETP and postprandial hyperlipemia is still unclear. We verified the effects of varying activities of plasma CETP on postprandial lipemia and precocious atherosclerosis in asymptomatic adult women. Methods: Twenty-eight women, selected from a healthy population sample (n = 148) were classified according to three CETP levels, all statistically different: CETP deficiency (CETPd <= 4.5%, n = 8), high activity (CETPi >= 23.8, n = 6) and controls (CTL, CETP >= 4.6% and <= 23.7%, n = 14). After a 12 h fast they underwent an oral fat tolerance test (40 g of fat/m(2) of body surface area) for 8 hours. TG, TG-rich-lipoproteins (TRL), cholesterol and TRL-TG measurements (AUC, AUIC, AR, RR and late peaks) and comparisons were performed on all time points. Lipases and phospholipids transfer protein (PLTP) were determined. Correlation between carotid atherosclerosis (c-IMT) and postprandial parameters was determined. CETP TaqIB and I405V and ApoE-epsilon 3/epsilon 2/epsilon 4 polymorphisms were examined. To elucidate the regulation of increased lipemia in CETPd a multiple linear regression analysis was performed. Results: In the CETPi and CTL groups, CETP activity was respectively 9 and 5.3 higher compared to the CETPd group. Concentrations of all HDL fractions and ApoA-I were higher in the CETPd group and clearance was delayed, as demonstrated by modified lipemia parameters (AUC, AUIC, RR, AR and late peaks and meal response patterns). LPL or HL deficiencies were not observed. No genetic determinants of CETP deficiency or of postprandial lipemia were found. Correlations with c-IMT in the CETPd group indicated postprandial pro-atherogenic associations. In CETPd the regression multivariate analysis (model A) showed that CETP was largely and negatively predicted by VLDL-C lipemia (R(2) = 92%) and much less by TG, LDL-C, ApoAI, phospholipids and non-HDL-C. CETP (model B) influenced mainly the increment in ApoB-100 containing lipoproteins (R(2) = 85% negatively) and phospholipids (R(2) = 13%), at the 6(th)h point. Conclusion: The moderate CETP deficiency phenotype included a paradoxically high HDL-C and its sub fractions (as earlier described), positive associations with c-IMT, a postprandial VLDL-C increment predicting negatively CETP activity and CETP activity regulating inversely the increment in ApoB100-containing lipoproteins. We hypothesize that the enrichment of TG content in triglyceride-rich ApoB-containing lipoproteins and in TG rich remnants increases lipoproteins` competition to active lipolysis sites, reducing their catabolism and resulting on postprandial lipemia with atherogenic consequences.

O polimorfismo da apolipoproteina e em três grupos étnicos e suas influências sobre os níveis lipídicos e a doença de Alzheimer

O gene da apolipoproteina E (APOE) possui três alelos com freqüências polimórficas. Esta apolipoproteína possui um importante papel no metabolismo de lipídeos, crescimento e regeneração neuronal, e parece estar relacionada com a doença de Alzheimer. No entanto, a magnitude destas influências difere de acordo com a população estudada, sugerindo uma interação genótipo/ambiente. No presente trabalho, foram estudadas seis tribos indígenas sul-americanas (n=186), 100 negróides e 466 caucasóides de Porto Alegre. Destes últimos, 343 foram investigados quanto à associação com níveis lipídicos e 23 quanto à associação com doença de Alzheimer. Todas as amostras foram amplificadas pela reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) e clivadas com a enzima de restrição Hha I. Os genótipos foram identificados após separação dos fragmentos de restrição por eletroforese em gel de agarose a 4% corado com brometo de etídeo. O presente estudo teve os seguintes objetivos específicos: 1)Determinar as freqüências gênicas e genotípicas da APOE nas populações negróides e caucasóides de Porto Alegre e de seis tribos indígenas da América do Sul; 2)Verificar se as associações entre os alelos da APOE e lipídeos séricos descritas em caucasóides também ocorrem em populações indígenas brasileiras; 3)Investigar a influência do polimorfismo do gene APOE em pacientes com hipercolesterolemia e hipertrigliceridemia, bem como em indivíduos normais da população de Porto Alegre e 4)Determinar a distribuição dos alelos da APOE em uma amostra de pacientes com Doença de Alzheimer.

Effects of apolipoprotein B-100 on the metabolism of a lipid microemulsion model in rats

In previous studies, it was shown that lipid microemulsions resembling LDL (LDE) but not containing protein, acquire apolipoprotein E when injected into the bloodstream and bind to LDL receptors (LDLR) using this protein as ligand. Aiming to evaluate the effects of apolipoprotein (apo) B-100 on the catabolism of these microemulsions, LDE with incorporated apo B-100 (LDE-apoB) and native LDL, all labeled with radioactive lipids were studied after intraarterial injection into Wistar rats. Plasma decay curves of the labels were determined in samples collected over 10 h and tissue uptake was assayed from organs excised from the animals sacrificed 24 h after injection. LDE-apo B had a fractional clearance rate (FCR) similar to native LDL (0.40 and 0.33, respectively) but both had FCR pronouncedly smaller than LDE (0.56, P<0.01). Liver was the main uptake site for LDE, LDE-apoB, and native LDL, but LDE-apoB and native LDL had lower hepatic uptake rates than LDE. Pre-treatment of the rats with 17 alpha-ethinylestradiol, known to upregulate LDLR, accelerated the removal from plasma of both LDE and LDE-apoB, but the effect was greater upon LDE than LDE-apoB. These differences in metabolic behavior documented in vivo can be interpreted by the lower affinity of LDLR for apo B-100 than for apo E, demonstrated in in vitro studies. Therefore, our study shows in vivo that, in comparison with apo E, apo B is a less efficient ligand to remove lipid particles such as microemulsions or lipoproteins from the intravascular compartment. (C) 1999 Elsevier B.V. B.V. All rights reserved.

Long-term orange juice consumption is associated with low LDL-cholesterol and apolipoprotein B in normal and moderately hypercholesterolemic subjects

Abstract. Background: This study investigated the hypothesis that long-term orange juice consumption (≥ 12 months) was associated with low risk factors for cardiovascular disease in adult men and women with normal and moderately high cholesterol blood levels. Methods. The sample consisted of 103 men (18-66 y) and 26 women (18-65 y); all were employees of an orange juice factory with daily access to free orange juice. The results showed that 41% of the individuals consumed 2 cups (480 mL) of orange juice per day for at least twelve months, while 59% of the volunteers are non-consumers of orange juice. Results: Orange juice consumers with normal serum lipid levels had significantly lower total cholesterol (-11%, p <0.001), LDL-cholesterol (-18%, p < 0.001), apolipoprotein B (apo B) (-12%, p < 0.01) and LDL/HDL ratio (-12%, p < 0.04) in comparison to non-consumers, as did the consumers with moderate hypercholesterolemia: lower total cholesterol (-5%, p <0.02), LDL-cholesterol (-12%, p <0.03), apolipoprotein B (-12%, p <0.01) and LDL/HDL ratio (-16%, p <0.05) in comparison the non-consumers counterparts. Serum levels of homocysteine, HDL- cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-1, body composition and the dietary intake of food energy and macronutrients did not differ among orange juice consumers and non-consumers, but vitamin C and folate intake was higher in orange juice consumers. Conclusion: Long-term orange juice consumers had lower levels of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, apo B and LDL/HDL ratio and an improvement of folate and vitamin C in their diet. © 2013 Aptekmann and Cesar; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

Efeito combinado de polimorfismo nos genes do metabolismo lipídico (LIPC, APOA1 E APOE) e estilo de vida sobre os fatores de risco para doenças crônicas em adolescentes

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Exercício físico, marcadores inflamatórios e genótipo da APOE em idosos com comprometimento cognitivo leve e idosos cognitivamente preservados

Pós-graduação em Ciências da Motricidade - IBRC

Association of apolipoprotein B and adiponectin receptor 1 genes with carcass, bone integrity and performance traits in a paternal broiler line

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Relationship Between Regional Brain Volumes and Cognitive Performance in the Healthy Aging: An MRI Study Using Voxel-Based Morphometry

The presence of cognitive impairment is a frequent complaint among elderly individuals in the general population. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between aging-related regional gray matter (rGM) volume changes and cognitive performance in healthy elderly adults. Morphometric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures were acquired in a community-based sample of 170 cognitively-preserved subjects (66 to 75 years). This sample was drawn from the "Sao Paulo Ageing and Health" study, an epidemiological study aimed at investigating the prevalence and risk factors for Alzheimer's disease in a low income region of the city of Sao Paulo. All subjects underwent cognitive testing using a cross-culturally battery validated by the Research Group on Dementia 10/66 as well as the SKT (applied on the day of MRI scanning). Blood genotyping was performed to determine the frequency of the three apolipoprotein E allele variants (APOE epsilon 2/epsilon 3/epsilon 4) in the sample. Voxelwise linear correlation analyses between rGM volumes and cognitive test scores were performed using voxel-based morphometry, including chronological age as covariate. There were significant direct correlations between worse overall cognitive performance and rGM reductions in the right orbitofrontal cortex and parahippocampal gyrus, and also between verbal fluency scores and bilateral parahippocampal gyral volume (p < 0.05, familywise-error corrected for multiple comparisons using small volume correction). When analyses were repeated adding the presence of the APOE epsilon 4 allele as confounding covariate or excluding a minority of APOE epsilon 2 carriers, all findings retained significance. These results indicate that rGM volumes are relevant biomarkers of cognitive deficits in healthy aging individuals, most notably involving temporolimbic regions and the orbitofrontal cortex.

The Role of Dyslipidemia on Ocular Surface, Lacrimal and Meibomian Gland Structure and Function

Purpose: Dyslipidemia is characterized by high lipid blood levels that are risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, which are leading causes of death. However, it is unclear whether dyslipidemia is a cause of the dry eye syndrome (DES). Therefore we determined in transgenic mice models of dyslipidemia, whether there is an association with DES development. Methods: Dyslipidemic models included male and female adult mice overexpressing apolipoprotein CIII (Apo CIII), LDL receptor knockout (LDLR-KO) and ApoE knockout (ApoE-KO). They were compared with age-and gender-matched C57BL/6 mice. Ocular health was evaluated based on corneal slit lamp assessment, phenol red thread test (PRT) and impression cytology. Blood lipid profiles and histology of meibomian and lacrimal glands were also evaluated. Effects of high-fat diet and aging were observed in LDLR-KO and ApoCIII strains, respectively. Results: Body weight and lacrimal gland weight were significantly higher in male mice compared to females of the same strain (P < 0.05). Body weight was significantly lower in LDLRKO mice receiving high lipid diet compared to their controls (P = 0.0043). ApoE-KO were hypercholesterolemic and ApoCIII hypertriglyceridemic while LDLR-KO showed increases in both parameters. The PRT test was lower in male LDLR-KO mice with high-fat diet than control mice with standard diet (P = 0.0273). Aging did not affect lacrimal structural or functional parameters of ApoCIII strain. Conclusions: DES development is not solely dependent on dyslipidemia in relevant mice models promoting this condition. On the other hand, lacrimal gland structure and function are differentially impacted by lipid profile changes in male and female mice. This dissociation suggests that other factors beside dyslipidemia impact on tear film dysfunction and DES development.

Interaction between APOE4 genotype and environmental risk factors in Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is probably caused by both genetic and environmental risk factors. The major genetic risk factor is the E4 variant of apolipoprotein E gene called apoE4. Several risk factors for developing AD have been identified including lifestyle, such as dietary habits. The mechanisms behind the AD pathogenesis and the onset of cognitive decline in the AD brain are presently unknown. In this study we wanted to characterize the effects of the interaction between environmental risk factors and apoE genotype on neurodegeneration processes, with particular focus on behavioural studies and neurodegenerative processes at molecular level. Towards this aim, we used 6 months-old apoE4 and apoE3 Target Replacement (TR) mice fed on different diets (high intake of cholesterol and high intake of carbohydrates). These mice were evaluated for learning and memory deficits in spatial reference (Morris Water Maze (MWM)) and contextual learning (Passive Avoidance) tasks, which involve the hippocampus and the amygdala, respectively. From these behavioural studies we found that the initial cognitive impairments manifested as a retention deficit in apoE4 mice fed on high carbohydrate diet. Thus, the genetic risk factor apoE4 genotype associated with a high carbohydrate diet seems to affect cognitive functions in young mice, corroborating the theory that the combination of genetic and environmental risk factors greatly increases the risk of developing AD and leads to an earlier onset of cognitive deficits. The cellular and molecular bases of the cognitive decline in AD are largely unknown. In order to determine the molecular changes for the onset of the early cognitive impairment observed in the behavioural studies, we performed molecular studies, with particular focus on synaptic integrity and Tau phosphorylation. The most relevant finding of our molecular studies showed a significant decrease of Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) in apoE4 mice fed on high carbohydrate diet. Our results may suggest that BDNF decrease found in apoE4 HS mice could be involved in the earliest impairment in long-term reference memory observed in behavioural studies. The second aim of this thesis was to study possible involvement of leptin in AD. There is growing evidence that leptin has neuroprotective properties in the Central Nervous System (CNS). Recent evidence has shown that leptin and its receptors are widespread in the CNS and may provide neuronal survival signals. However, there are still numerous questions, regarding the molecular mechanism by which leptin acts, that remain unanswered. Thus, given to the importance of the involvement of leptin in AD, we wanted to clarify the function of leptin in the pathogenesis of AD and to investigate if apoE genotype affect leptin levels through studies in vitro, in mice and in human. Our findings suggest that apoE4 TR mice showed an increase of leptin in the brain. Leptin levels are also increased in the cerebral spinal fluid of AD patients and apoE4 carriers with AD have higher levels of leptin than apoE3 carriers. Moreover, leptin seems to be expressed by reactive glial cells in AD brains. In vitro, ApoE4 together with Amyloid beta increases leptin production by microglia and astrocytes. Taken together, all these findings suggest that leptin replacement might not be a good strategy for AD therapy. Our results show that high leptin levels were found in AD brains. These findings suggest that, as high leptin levels do not promote satiety in obese individuals, it might be possible that they do not promote neuroprotection in AD patients. Therefore, we hypothesized that AD brain could suffer from leptin resistance. Further studies will be critical to determine whether or not the central leptin resistance in SNC could affect its potential neuroprotective effects.

Charakterisierung der Apolipoprotein J-Genregulation in Fibroblasten und glatten Gefäßmuskelzellen durch nekrotische Zellen und Toll-like Rezeptoren

Apolipoprotein J (ApoJ) ist ein sezerniertes heterodimeres 80kDa Glykoprotein mit zytoprotektiven und antiinflammatorischen Eigenschaften, das ein nahezu ubiquitäres Expressionsmuster aufweist. Eine stark erhöhte ApoJ-Expression ist mit neurodegenerativen Erkrankungen, Atherosklerose, myokardialem Infarkt sowie einer Vielzahl anderer pathophysiologischer Bedingungen assoziiert. Die potentielle Bedeutung von ApoJ umfasst eine Funktion als extrazelluläres Chaperon, Komplementinhibitor, NF-kB-Inhibitor sowie eine Beteiligung an der Endozytose von nekrotischen Zellfragmenten. Unter Bedingungen, die zu einer massiven Akkumulation von absterbenden Zellen führen, ist eine vermehrte Expression von ApoJ auf die überlebenden Nachbarzellen in den betroffenen Geweben beschränkt. Die molekularen Mechanismen, die dieser gesteigerten ApoJ-Genexpression zugrunde liegen, sind jedoch unbekannt. Untersuchungen unserer Arbeitsgruppe konnten zeigen, dass eine Inkubation mit nekrotischem Zellmaterial in vitro eine Akkumulation von ApoJ-mRNA in Fibroblasten der Zelllinie Rat1 induziert, was darauf hindeutet, dass unter pathophysiologischen Bedingungen von nekrotischen Zellen exponierte bzw. freigesetzte Faktoren zu einer gesteigerten ApoJ-Genexpression in umliegenden vitalen Zellen beitragen können. Die im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit durchgeführten Untersuchungen zeigen eine Korrelation zwischen der Expression von Toll-like Rezeptoren (TLRs) in Fibroblasten (Rat1), glatten Gefäßmuskelzellen (CRL2018) sowie embryonalen Dottersackzellen (10A) und einer durch nekrotische Zellen induzierten ApoJ-mRNA-Expression in diesen Zelllinien. Es wird angenommen, dass TLRs neben pathogenassoziierten Strukturen (PAMPs) auch durch körpereigene Agonisten wie Hitzeschockproteine und Nukleinsäuren aktiviert werden. In weiterführenden Experimenten stellte sich unter anderem heraus, dass neben nekrotischen Zellen auch der TLR3-spezifische Agonist Poly(I:C), eine synthetische doppelsträngige RNA, ausschließlich in den beiden TLR3-exprimierenden Zelllinien CRL2018 und Rat1, nicht jedoch in TLR3-defizienten 10A-Zellen, die ApoJ-mRNA-Expression induziert. Darüber hinaus führt auch die Inkubation mit eukaryotischer RNA (Gesamt-RNA, t-RNA) zu einer Akkumulation von ApoJ-mRNA in CRL2018-Zellen. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit zeigen erstmals, dass die Expression von ApoJ-mRNA durch extrazelluläre Ribonukleinsäuren in TLR3-abhängiger Weise induziert wird, was darauf hindeutet, dass in verletzten Geweben aus post-apoptotischen oder nekrotischen Zellen freigesetzte Ribonukleinsäuren zu einer vermehrten ApoJ-Genexpression in vitalen Nachbarzellen beitragen.

Bedeutung und Regulation von Apolipoprotein J in atherosklerotischen Läsionen

Apolipoprotein J (ApoJ) ist ein heterodimeres sekretiertes Glycoprotein, welchem sowohl antiapoptotische als auch antiinflammatorische Eigenschaften zugeschrieben werden. Es wird unter vielen pathophysiologischen Zuständen verstärkt exprimiert. Dazu zählen viele Krankheiten wie z.B. Krebs, M. Alzheimer, Creuzfeldt Jakob und Atherosklerose. Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich zum Einen mit der Funktion von ApoJ bei Atherosklerose und zum Anderen mit der Regulation von ApoJ durch in atherosklerotischen Läsionen vorkommende Bestandteile. Für die Untersuchungen der Funktion von ApoJ bei der Atherosklerose wurde die „Mainzer Hypothese“ zugrunde gelegt, die davon ausgeht, dass enzymatisch verdautes LDL (high density lipoprotein) (E-LDL) ursächlich für die Entstehung von atherosklerotischen Läsionen ist. In der vorliegenden Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass ApoJ zwar an E-LDL bindet, nicht aber an natives LDL und dass durch diese Bindung die zytotoxische Wirkung von E-LDL auf glatte Muskelzellen der Ratte unterdrückt wird. Mittels Annexinfärbung und Caspase-Messung konnte gezeigt werden, dass ApoJ in diesem Fall eine antiapoptotische Funktion aufweist. Durch immunhistochemische Untersuchungen an humanen Gewebsschnitten aus frühen atherosklerotischen Läsionen konnte eine Kolokalisation von ApoJ und E-LDL nachgewiesen werden. Diese Ergebnisse unterstreichen die Mainzer Hypothese. Durch eine Behandlung von glatten Muskelzellen der Ratte mit den Lipoproteinen LDL/E-LDL und nekrotischen Zellen sollte die Regulation von ApoJ durch in atherosklerotischen Läsionen vorhandenen Stimuli untersucht werden. Frühere Arbeiten unserer Arbeitsgruppe konnten bereits zeigen, dass eine Behandlung mit nekrotischen Zellen zu einer vermehrten Expression der ApoJ-mRNA führt und dass diese Regulation in Korrelation mit der Expression von Toll-like Rezeptoren (TLR) der verschiedenen Zellen steht. In dieser Arbeit konnte RNA aus nekrotischen Zellen als ApoJ-induzierende Komponente identifiziert werden. Durch Inhibition der TLR3-Signalwege konnten erste Hinweise darüber gewonnen werden, über welche Signaltransduktionswege die ApoJ Regulation erfolgt. Eine Behandlung der Zellen mit E LDL und LDL hingegen führte zu einer Repression der ApoJ-Sekretion. Diese Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass in atherosklerotischen Läsionen sowohl ApoJ induzierende wie auch repremierende Stimuli vorhanden sind.

Pathogenetische Bedeutung der Glutathionperoxidase-1 in der arteriellen Gefäßwand

Die antioxidative Aktivität des Enzyms Glutathionperoxidase-1 (GPx-1) schützt vor Atherosklerose und ihren Folgeerkrankungen. In einer Vorstudie konnten wir zeigen, dass der Mangel an GPx-1 die Atheroskleroseentwicklung in Apolipoprotein E defizienten (ApoE-/-) Mäusen beschleunigt und modifiziert. Allerdings sind die Verteilung der GPx-1 in atherosklerotischen Läsionen und die Mechanismen für den erhöhten Makrophagengehalt in der Läsion noch nicht geklärt. Deshalb haben wir (1) die in-situ Expression der GPx-Isoformen in atherosklerotischen Läsionen von GPx-1-/-ApoE-/- und ApoE-/- Mäusen und (2) den Einfluss der GPx-1 Defizienz auf die Schaumzellbildung und Proliferation der Peritonealmakrophagen in ApoE-/- Mäusen untersucht. Die GPx-1-/-ApoE-/- und ApoE-/- Weibchen wurden für 6 und 12 Wochen auf einer atherogenen „Western-type“ Diät gehalten. Die in situ-Hybridisierung zeigte, dass die verschiedenen Isoformen der GPx (GPx-1, GPx-3, GPx-4) vorwiegend in Makrophagen, nicht jedoch in glatten Muskelzellen der atherosklerotischen Läsionen von ApoE-/- Mäusen exprimiert wurden. Für die in vitro Untersuchungen wurden 5 Monate alte, GPx-1 defiziente und Wildtyp-Mäuse, gehalten auf Normaldiät, verwendet. Die Öl-Rot-O Färbung zeigte, dass die GPx-1 Defizienz die OxLDL (oxidiertes LDL) - und E-LDL (enzymatisch modifiziertes LDL) - induzierte Schaumzellbildung förderte. Darüber hinaus war die OxLDL-induzierte Cholesterinakkumulation (zellulärer Cholesterinester/ Cholesterin-Gehalt) in GPx-1 defizienten Makrophagen verstärkt, sodass ein Mangel an GPx-1 die Aufnahme von OxLDL durch Monozyten und damit die Umwandlung in Schaumzellen beschleunigt. Hinsichtlich der Proliferation zeigte sich, dass MCSF (Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Facotr) ein stärkerer Stimulus als OxLDL ist. Ein Mangel an GPx-1 fördert die Proliferation zusätzlich. Daran ist die ERK1/2 (extracellular-signal regulated kinase 1/2) - Kaskade beteiligt, denn es wurde eine schnelle Phosphorylierung der ERK1/2-Kaskade durch MCSF und/oder OxLDL nachgewiesen. Entsprechend reduzieren ERK1/2-Inhibitoren die proliferative Aktivität der Makrophagen. Die Hemmung der p38-MAPK (p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase) führt zur vermehrten Proliferation und bei gleichzeitig verringerter Caspase-3/7 Aktivität der Makrophagen unabhängig von der Expression der GPx-1. Ein Mangel an GPx-1 hat auch keinen Einfluss auf die MCSF-vermittelte Aktivierung der p38-MAPK und JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase). Zusammenfassend läßt sich feststellen, dass die GPx-1-Defizienz einen signifikanten Einfluss auf die Schaumzellbildung und Proliferation von Makrophagen hat, was zur Beschleunigung der Atherosklerose und zu vermehrter Zellularität der entstehenden atherosklerotischen Läsionen führt. Die Proliferation wird über den ERK1/2 Signal-transduktionsweg positiv und über den p38-MAPK Weg negativ reguliert, wobei die ERK1/2-Kaskade empfindlich gegenüber oxidativem Stress bei GPx-1-Defizienz ist.