997 resultados para análise do solo


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The Municipal Biological Reserve of Serra do Japi shelters an important forest remnant of Atlantic Rainforest in the state of São Paulo. For its ecological importance, were created instruments for environmental and territorial management of the Conservation Unit, with the regulation of the use and occupation of the land in its Buffer Zone (BZ) in 2004. The objective of this study was to analyze the evolution of the land cover in the BZ region of the Municipal Biological Reserve of Serra do Japi in Jundiaí-SP, between 1989 and 2010. It was used in this study the image analysis of the satellite LANDSAT-TM5, with the help of software ILWIS and IDRISI. The results showed that urban occupation has increased 37.47% and the agro pastoral and reforestation areas have decreased 36.62% and 72.22% respectively, while forest areas have increased 49.57%. However, the relative importance of the forest area in BZ ranged from 46.60% in 1989 to 69.71% in 2010, leading to the conclusion that this region was favored by changes in land cover in the period evaluated, despite strong pressure for urban expansion in its surroundings.

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The morphometric study in watersheds is a key part to managing watersheds, because from the morphometric indices can determine the risks and potential of each watershed and assess environmental impacts on them generated mainly by human activities. This study aimed to characterize the watershed of the river Verissimo, located in the municipality of Verissimo - MG, analyze morphometric indices and propose how best to use the soil to minimize erosion impacts to resources hídricos.Foi used digital charts 1:100,000 scale and AutoCAD software for the quantification of vector data. The watershed has an area of 146.055 km2 , 55.902 km perimeter. According to the morphometric indices is considered 5th order, highly branched, slightly elongated format of little risk to floods occur, its main channel corresponds to 28.541 kilometers and has undulated, with an average slope of 8.59%. Through the results of morphometric indices and roughness coefficient, shows the potential of watershed land use on pastures for livestock, and soil conservation practices and water to minimize the impacts of erosion and contamination of water resources.

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The knowledge of the soil occupation as for his nature, location, occurrence form, changes happened in certain periods, they are valuable for the programming of activities that you seek to the development agricultural, economical and social of the area. This work aimed at to identify and to quantify the soil occupation of Stream Petiço Watershed - Botucatu (SP), through the Geographical Information System IDRISI and data of sensor Landsat 5 TM of 09/06/97 and 23/08/2013. For the analysis of the results it was verified that the eucalyptus culture, due to existence of great reforestation companies in the watershed, together with the native forests they are predominant in the study area, the remaining of the area is occupied by pastures and soil prepared for the planting of agricultural cultures.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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This work deals with the continuation of Scientific Initiation research initiated by Tamura (2012), which draws up a mixture of soil and recycled aggregate analysis for paving of low traffic volume roads using local materials from the Vale do Paraíba region. The main steps of the process were the soil and recycled aggregate characterization, along with grading tests and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) applied to the soil, the recycled aggregate and the mixture of soil and recycled aggregate; aiming their use as base and sub-base in paving urban roads. The results are discussed, emphasizing the mechanical behavior. The current results are compared with the results of IC Tamura research, taking decisions over this job to the final product best result. For a greater understanding of the work in general were described paving, its structure, its components and its physical behavior. It has been intended to emphasize the importance of the mixture of soil and recycled aggregate to meet the quality requirements and compliance with the specifications of current technical standards, in the context of durability, natural materials economy, decreases volume in landfills and cost reduction

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This work deals with the continuation of Scientific Initiation research initiated by Tamura (2012), which draws up a mixture of soil and recycled aggregate analysis for paving of low traffic volume roads using local materials from the Vale do Paraíba region. The main steps of the process were the soil and recycled aggregate characterization, along with grading tests and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) applied to the soil, the recycled aggregate and the mixture of soil and recycled aggregate; aiming their use as base and sub-base in paving urban roads. The results are discussed, emphasizing the mechanical behavior. The current results are compared with the results of IC Tamura research, taking decisions over this job to the final product best result. For a greater understanding of the work in general were described paving, its structure, its components and its physical behavior. It has been intended to emphasize the importance of the mixture of soil and recycled aggregate to meet the quality requirements and compliance with the specifications of current technical standards, in the context of durability, natural materials economy, decreases volume in landfills and cost reduction

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No presente estudo sobre o tema: “Desenvolvimento e Justiça na Missão Integral: Uma análise crítica da presença da Teologia e Práxis da Missão Integral no Solo Paulistano” procura-se analisar a presença do conceito de desenvolvimento e justiça da Missão Integral no solo paulistano. Para tal análise tomou-se como sujeito de pesquisa a Primeira Igreja Batista de São Paulo. Esta dissertação foi desenvolvida no Programa de Pós- Graduação em Ciências da Religião, e pertence à linha de pesquisa “Religião, Sociedade e Cultura”. A metodologia adotada na coleta de dados foi de uma revisão bibliográfica e pesquisa de campo por meio de um roteiro de entrevista. Os questionamentos que nortearam a pesquisa foram: O que é desenvolvimento e Justiça na Missão Integral? É possível notar a presença desses conceitos na práxis e na teologia da Primeira Igreja Batista de São Paulo? Após uma análise da Missão Integral e da Igreja pesquisada, foi possível verificar as aproximações e distanciamentos, assim como hipóteses que justificassem esses fatos. No primeiro capítulo foi apresentada a Missão Integral, sua história, teologia e método. No segundo capítulo os conceitos de desenvolvimento e justiça foram trabalhados. O último capítulo apresentou a Primeira Igreja Batista de São Paulo; buscou estabelecer diálogo entre o conceito de Desenvolvimento e Justiça da Missão Integral e a teologia e práxis da Primeira Igreja Batista de São Paulo.

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A cultura do café no Brasil tem apresentado frequente deficiência de magnésio (Mg) limitando sua produtividade, portanto faz-se necessário o estudo de fontes que contenham Mg para essa cultura. Por outro lado, o estudo das metodologias de análise de K, Ca e Mg no solo é um outro ponto que precisa ser estudado para melhor manejo da fertilidade do solo e recomendação de adubações. Objetivou-se com o primeiro experimento avaliar a eficiência de fontes de magnésio para a cultura do café e a dinâmica deste nutriente no perfil do solo. E com o experimento desenvolvido em Arkansas-EUA, avaliar as correlações entre as concentrações de nutrientes do solo seco em estufa e úmido de campo extraídos com Mehlich-3 e 1 mol L-1 NH4OAc. Observou-se que o óxido e oxissulfato de Mg elevaram os valores de pH e CTC e diminuíram a concentração de H + Al do solo. As fontes diminuíram a disponibilidade de K e Ca, e aumentaram o Mg no solo. Na planta, óxido e sulfato de Mg proporcionaram maior concentração de Mg foliar. Apenas no segundo ano de avaliação houve aumento de produtividade do café. Os fertilizantes óxido e oxissulfato de Mg obtiveram o maior índice de eficiência agronômica em relação ao carbonato de Mg. No segundo experimento, K, Ca e Mg extraíveis com Mehlich-3 e NH4OAc foram altamente correlacionados (r2> 0,95) tanto para solo úmido de campo quanto para o seco em estufa. A relação entre as concentrações de K no solo seco em estufa e úmido de campo para Mehlich-3 e NH4OAc foram muito semelhantes e altamente correlacionados (r2 = 0,92). A secagem do solo em estufa teve efeito mínimo sobre as concentrações de Ca e reduziu a concentração de Mg tanto para Mehlich-3 quanto para NH4OAc. Entre os nutrientes estudados, a concentração de K foi a mais afetada pela secagem em estufa, necessitando de pesquisas de campo para correlacionar e calibrar novas recomendações agronômicas.

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This study aimed to evaluate the microclimate changes surrounding the wind farm Macau Pilot / RN, present in the municipality of the same name. To achieve this goal made use of remote sensing techniques using Landsat - 5 TM and 7 ETM +, from which made it possible evaluation of temperature changes on the surface, this around the park in periods prior to its implementation, to the today. For evaluation of the temperature data that has been generated by applying a template was performed its correlation with field data collection and evaluated the degree of correlation, in order to confirm the validity of the data acquired by satellite. Also held was a characterization of the climate of the region based on the data of this climatological station in Macau. Once collected this data made possible the evaluation of climate change policy in the study region. After validation of the temperature models, an analysis of the generated temperature histograms was performed visually could not identify any significant change. However when analyzing the temperature data at a higher level of detail, a data pattern of behavior was detected for both periods evaluated, yet could not see a distinction between the periods of pre-operation of the park, and post-operation . From this result was levantas hypotheses to explain the behavior of the data, the first of which is the presence of moisture in the soil, and the second to the soil composition. In order to validate the hypotheses were applied PDI techniques, involving a combination of different RGB bands of Landsat 5 and the implementation of Reason bands procedure that might show the elements present on the soil surface.

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Brazil is a country in development, rich in natural resources. In order to grow sustainably, it is necessary to Brazil to preserve its environment, which is an expressive challenge, especially to industries, such as those producing ceramic materials. This study was developed using Porcelain Tile Polishing Residue (RPP) in blends with soil to build compacted fills. This residue is a slurry generated during the polishing process of porcelain tiles and contains powdery material from the polished tile, the abrasives used during the process and cooling water. The RPP was collected from a private company located in Conde/PB and it was mixed with a sandy-clayey soil, to build the fills. Laboratorial tests were conducted with pure soil, pure RPP and blends in proportions of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% of RPP in addition to the dry mass of pure soil. The Chemical and Physical Characterization tests performed were: specific solid weight, grain size distribution, laser analysis of grain size distribution, Atterberg limits, X ray fluorescence, X ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and soil compaction,. The materials and blends were also compacted and direct shear tests and plate load tests were performed. Plate load tests were conducted using a circular plate with 30 cm diameter, on specimens of pure soil and 5% blend, compacted in a metallic box inside the Soil Mechanics Laboratory of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Both mechanical tests performed were conducted under inundated conditions, willing to reduce the influence of soil suction. An evaluation of the results of the tests performed shows that RPP is a fine material, with grain size distribution smaller than 0,015mm, composed mainly of silica and alumina, and particles in angular shape. The soil was characterized as a clayey sand, geologically known as a lateritic soil, with high percentages of alumina and iron oxide, and particles with rounded shape. Both the Soil and the blends presented low plasticity, while the residue showed a medium plasticity. Direct shear tests showed that the addition of RPP did not cause major changes into blends’ friction angle data, however, it was possible to note that, for the proportions studied, that is a tendency of obtain lower shear stresses for higher percentages of RPP in the blends. Both pure soil and 5% mixture showed a punching disruption for the Plate load test. For this same test, the allowable stress for 5% mixture was 44% higher than the pure soil, and smaller vertical settlement results for all stresses.

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Brazil is a country in development, rich in natural resources. In order to grow sustainably, it is necessary to Brazil to preserve its environment, which is an expressive challenge, especially to industries, such as those producing ceramic materials. This study was developed using Porcelain Tile Polishing Residue (RPP) in blends with soil to build compacted fills. This residue is a slurry generated during the polishing process of porcelain tiles and contains powdery material from the polished tile, the abrasives used during the process and cooling water. The RPP was collected from a private company located in Conde/PB and it was mixed with a sandy-clayey soil, to build the fills. Laboratorial tests were conducted with pure soil, pure RPP and blends in proportions of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% of RPP in addition to the dry mass of pure soil. The Chemical and Physical Characterization tests performed were: specific solid weight, grain size distribution, laser analysis of grain size distribution, Atterberg limits, X ray fluorescence, X ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and soil compaction,. The materials and blends were also compacted and direct shear tests and plate load tests were performed. Plate load tests were conducted using a circular plate with 30 cm diameter, on specimens of pure soil and 5% blend, compacted in a metallic box inside the Soil Mechanics Laboratory of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Both mechanical tests performed were conducted under inundated conditions, willing to reduce the influence of soil suction. An evaluation of the results of the tests performed shows that RPP is a fine material, with grain size distribution smaller than 0,015mm, composed mainly of silica and alumina, and particles in angular shape. The soil was characterized as a clayey sand, geologically known as a lateritic soil, with high percentages of alumina and iron oxide, and particles with rounded shape. Both the Soil and the blends presented low plasticity, while the residue showed a medium plasticity. Direct shear tests showed that the addition of RPP did not cause major changes into blends’ friction angle data, however, it was possible to note that, for the proportions studied, that is a tendency of obtain lower shear stresses for higher percentages of RPP in the blends. Both pure soil and 5% mixture showed a punching disruption for the Plate load test. For this same test, the allowable stress for 5% mixture was 44% higher than the pure soil, and smaller vertical settlement results for all stresses.

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No presente estudo sobre o tema: “Desenvolvimento e Justiça na Missão Integral: Uma análise crítica da presença da Teologia e Práxis da Missão Integral no Solo Paulistano” procura-se analisar a presença do conceito de desenvolvimento e justiça da Missão Integral no solo paulistano. Para tal análise tomou-se como sujeito de pesquisa a Primeira Igreja Batista de São Paulo. Esta dissertação foi desenvolvida no Programa de Pós- Graduação em Ciências da Religião, e pertence à linha de pesquisa “Religião, Sociedade e Cultura”. A metodologia adotada na coleta de dados foi de uma revisão bibliográfica e pesquisa de campo por meio de um roteiro de entrevista. Os questionamentos que nortearam a pesquisa foram: O que é desenvolvimento e Justiça na Missão Integral? É possível notar a presença desses conceitos na práxis e na teologia da Primeira Igreja Batista de São Paulo? Após uma análise da Missão Integral e da Igreja pesquisada, foi possível verificar as aproximações e distanciamentos, assim como hipóteses que justificassem esses fatos. No primeiro capítulo foi apresentada a Missão Integral, sua história, teologia e método. No segundo capítulo os conceitos de desenvolvimento e justiça foram trabalhados. O último capítulo apresentou a Primeira Igreja Batista de São Paulo; buscou estabelecer diálogo entre o conceito de Desenvolvimento e Justiça da Missão Integral e a teologia e práxis da Primeira Igreja Batista de São Paulo.

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As estruturas de solo reforçado com geossintéticos são normalmente constituídas por solos granulares com boas propriedades físicas e mecânicas. O uso de apenas este tipo de solos pode proporcionar o aumento, por vezes insustentável, do custo da execução das estruturas e o aumento do seu impacto ambiental. Deste modo, as estruturas de solo reforçado perdem a sua vantagem competitiva em relação a outros tipos de estruturas (muros de betão, muros de gravidade, muros de gabiões, etc.). Para resolver este problema podem ser utilizados outros tipos de solos (solos locais, finos, com propriedades físicas e mecânicas piores mas, no entanto, mais baratos) para a execução deste tipo de estruturas. De forma geral, com este estudo pretendeu-se contribuir para o incremento do conhecimento sobre a utilização de solos finos para a construção de estruturas de solo reforçado (muros e taludes). Para tal avaliaram-se as diferenças no comportamento mecânico dos materiais compósitos (solo granular reforçado versus solo fino reforçado) e das estruturas de solo reforçado constituídas com os dois tipos de solos. Assim, os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar: a influência de vários parâmetros nas propriedades mecânicas e na capacidade de carga dos solos reforçados com geossintéticos; a influência de vários parâmetros no dimensionamento das estruturas de solo reforçado; e o comportamento das estruturas dimensionadas (incluindo a estabilidade global e a influência do processo construtivo) recorrendo a uma ferramenta numérica (PLAXIS). Para cumprir os objetivos propostos foram realizadas análises experimentais em laboratório (análise do comportamento do solo reforçado através de ensaios triaxiais e de California Bearing Ratio) e análises numéricas (dimensionamento de estruturas de solo reforçado; modelação numérica do comportamento através de uma ferramenta numérica comercial com o método dos elementos finitos). Os resultados dos ensaios experimentais mostraram que o comportamento mecânico e a capacidade de carga do solo foram incrementados com a inclusão das camadas de geossintético. Este efeito variou com os diversos parâmetros analisados mas, de forma geral, foi mais importante no solo fino (solo com propriedades mecânicas piores). As análises numéricas mostraram que as estruturas de solo fino precisaram de maior densidade de reforços para serem estáveis. Além disso, as estruturas de solo fino foram mais deformáveis e o efeito do seu processo construtivo foi mais importante (principalmente para estruturas de solo fino saturado).

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The main objective is to analyze the abrasive wear resistance to the low stress of the elements that make up the organs of road machinery that are exposed directly to contact with abrasives. These samples were analyzed after these elements are coated superficially by the process of welding electrode coated with (SAER) and the manual process of coating type LVOF thermal spraying. As well, is to provide suggestions for a better recovery and return of these elements, which are reducing costs and avoiding downtime in the fronts of service. The samples were made from a substrate of carbon ABNT 1045 tempered steel, following the same specifications and composition of metals and alloys of constituents was followed the standard governing the dimensions of these samples and in accordance with the corresponding size. The results were evaluated by testing the hardness, abrasion resistance to wear by the low stress and the loss of volume involving the microstructure of coatings analyzed

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A cartografia temática surge como um aliado indispensável ao estudo e conhecimento do estado da paisagem e dos ecossistemas terrestres. Angola é um país com uma enorme lacuna em termos de informação cartográfica para suporte a diversas actividades desenvolvidas em várias áreas. É por isso necessária informação sobre a superfície terrestre que registe as alterações temporais ocorridas nos ecossistemas e identifique os factores que estão na sua origem de forma a implementar medidas que permitam uma gestão mais sustentável do seu enorme território. O presente estudo foi realizado no sector Sudoeste de Angola, abrangendo os municípios do Lubango, Humpata e Chibia, com uma área aproximada de 9600 km2. Os objectivos foram: a) cartografar o coberto do solo e monitorizar as alterações ocorridas na área de estudo no período 1990-2010, b) analisar e interpretar as alterações da estrutura da paisagem nos últimos 20 anos usando cartografia de ocupação do solo, produzida recorrendo a imagens de satélite, e métricas da paisagem, e c) quantificar e examinar a relação entre a fragmentação da paisagem e os factores geradores. A metodologia utilizada no estudo é composta por duas partes, sendo a primeira dedicada às operações de processamento e interpretação de imagens de satélite Landsat e, a segunda dedicada à produção de novas métricas de fragmentação da paisagem com recurso à ferramenta SIG utilizando operações de álgebra de mapas. O comportamento da fragmentação é analisado, à luz do efeito dos fatores ambientais e socioeconómicas ao nível da região. Os resultados obtidos, através da aplicação de técnicas de deteção remota e usando imagens Landsat TM e ETM+, permitiram a elaboração de mapas de coberto do solo, onde se distinguiram 8 classes temáticas e espectralmente diferentes. Verificou-se em termos globais que aproximadamente 38% da área sofreu algum tipo de alteração no período estudado, sendo as classes de miombo e áreas cultivadas as que mais alterações sofreram. A fragmentação da paisagem foi avaliada através da implementação de novas métricas, mostrando os resultados, que no período 1990-2000, a fragmentação foi superior à que se verificou entre 2000-2010. A nível espacial, a dinâmica de fragmentação foi mais acentuada, entre 1990-2000, na Humpata e, entre 2000-2010, no Lubango; ANALYSIS OF LANDSCAPE AND LAND USE LAND COVER CHANGE IN LUBANGO AND SURROUNDINGS ABSTRACT: Thematic cartography shows up as an essential ally in the study and knowledge of the state of landscapes and terrestrial ecosystems. Angola is a country with an enormous lack of cartographic information to support the several activities carried out in a variety of areas. This is the reason information on the earth’s surface is necessary, registering alterations which occur over time in ecosystems and identifying the associated factors in its origin, so as to implement metrics that allow a more sustainable management of its enormous territory. This study was carried out in the Southeast of Angola in the Lubango, Humpata and Chibia Municipalities, with an area of approximately 9600 km2. Our objectives were the following: a) land cover mapping and land cover changes monitoring over the period 1990 to 2010 using Landsat images, b) to analyze and interpret landscape structures changes using land cover maps, and landscapes metrics, and c) to quantify and to examine the relationship between landscape fragmentation and its drivers. The methodology developed in the study has two parts, the first includes Landsat satellite images processing and interpretation and, the second the production of new landscape fragmentation metrics with support to a GIS tool and algebraic mapping operations. The fragmentation behavior is analyzed, taking into account the effect of environmental and socioeconomic factors at a regional level. The results allowed obtaining land cover maps, in which 8 spectrally different thematic classes were distinguished. It was observed that 38% of the area suffered some type of alteration in the studied period, with higher changes observed in the classes of miombo and agriculture. Landscapes fragmentation results, evaluated through the implementation of new metrics, show that, values are greater in the period 1990-2000 than in 2000-2010. At municipality level, fragmentation dynamics were more accentuated in Humpata between 1990 -2000 and in Lubango between 2000 -2010.