Activated carbons chemically modified by concentrated H2SO4 for the adsorption of the pollutants from wastewater and the dibenzothiophene from fuel oils

The surface properties, porosities, and adsorption capacities of activated carbons (AC) are modified by the oxidation treatment using concentrated H2SO4 at temperatures 150-270 degreesC. The modified AC was characterized by N-2 adsorption, base titration, FTIR, and the adsorption of iodine, chlorophenol, methylene blue, and dibenzothiophene. The treatment of AC with concentrated H2SO4 at 250 degreesC greatly increases the mesoporous volume from 0.243 mL/g to 0.452 mL/g, specific surface areas from 393 m(2)/g to 745 m(2)/g, and acidic surface oxygen complexes from 0.071 meq/g to 1.986 meq/g as compared with the unmodified AC. The base titration results indicate that the amount of acidic surface oxygen groups on the modified AC increases with increasing the treatment temperatures and carboxyls and phenols are the most abundant carbon-oxygen functional groups. The carboxyl groups, COO- species, and hydroxyl groups are detected mainly for the sample treated at 250 degreesC. The mesoporous properties of the AC modified by concentrated H2SO4 were further tested by the adsorption of methylene blue and dibenzothiophene. The AC modified by concentrated H2SO4 at 250 degreesC has much higher adsorption capacities for large molecules (e.g., methylene blue and dibenzothiophene) than the unmodified AC but less adsorption capacities for small molecules (e.g., iodine). The adsorption results from aqueous solutions have been interpreted using Freundlich adsorption models.

自适应笔式用户界面研究

笔式用户界面是HCI领域重要的研究方向，是Post-WIMP用户界面时代的主要界面形态之一，其在思维捕捉或记录、概念设计、观点研讨和交流等领域已经有较好的应用。笔式用户界面在得到良好应用的同时，也存在着以下三个方面的挑战：(1)相比于图形用户界面而言，笔式用户界面具有交互的模糊性，离散交互和连续交互的混合性等交互特征，我们将笔式用户界面的这些交互特性称为笔式用户界面的交互复杂性，交互复杂性无疑增加了笔式用户界面的设计和实现的复杂度；(2)由于笔式交互基于纸笔隐喻，相比传统的键盘鼠标输入的图形用户界面具有更加自然高效的交互特性，这种自然高效的交互特性会使更多更广的用户使用笔式用户界面，这些用户之间的笔式输入习惯会存在差异，会自然的期望笔式用户界面能够较好的适应特定用户的个性化。(3)普适计算是二十一世纪的计算模式，在普适计算环境下，用户要求能够随时、随地根据任务的需要来访问和操作各种信息，而支持多种环境下的不同的笔式交互设备无疑便利了用户的需求，因此笔式交互是普适计算环境下重要的交互方式，普适计算下也同时要求笔式用户界面能够适应设备和环境的多样化的计算要求。综上所述，解决笔式用户界所面对的交互复杂性和用户、设备、环境的适应性需求将是笔式用户界面的重要研究方向之一。 本文在总结笔式用户界面的发展的情况下，分析了笔式用户界面面临的上述三个方面的挑战。在分析面临挑战的基础上，阐述了本文研究的动机，即用自适应的方法来解决上述笔式用户界面所面临的挑战，即将本文的工作定位在自适应笔式用户界面研究上。 本文在分析了自适应用户界面和笔式用户界面相关研究的基础上，先后从以下几个方面展开研究：(1)研究了什么样的笔手势是良好的笔手势，提出了意义性的笔手势及其分类，并通过定量实验评估的方法验证了意义性笔手势的易学易记特性，为设良好的笔手势提供了参考依据；(2)提出了用自适应的策略来解决手势在使用时适应用户个性化输入的问题；(3)提出了自适应的基于笔和语音的多通道交互技术，并在此基础上建立了一个自适应的多通道几何白板系统；(4)提出了实现笔式用户界面的交互框架，并且在此框架的基础上与实践相结合总结性地提出了自适应笔式用户界面的软件体系结构；(5)在自适应笔式软件体系结构的基础上，本文最后描述了自适应笔式用户界面的软件开发方法，并通过实例来说明该方法的具体应用；(6)最后本文基于上述研究实现了一个自适应的多通道几何白板应用和一个自适应的表单系统。综上所述，本文从不同的层次展开了对自适应笔式用户界面的研究。这些层次是：(1)用户研究层次；(2)相关技术及框架研究层次；(3)软件体系结构和开发方法层次；(4)应用原型。 在自适应笔式用户界面的研究中，我们从上述五个方面展开了研究工作，其中主要的创新点有： (1)意义性笔手势及其实验评估 提出了意义笔手势的定义、分类及其易记性优势的假设。并通过定量的评估实验验证假设。在文献调研和用户调查的基础上，提出与所代表的命令有形象性的，意义性连接的笔手势是设计良好的笔手势，称为意义性笔手势，并将意义性笔手势分成三类，即为：指示性笔手势、实物隐喻笔手势和文化约定笔手势。最后，我们通过一个定量实验，评估意义性笔手势在易学性上是否优于非意义性笔手势。 (2)自适应的笔手势界面框架 在笔式用户界面中，静态识别器不能解决如下问题：不同用户对同一命令手势的输入差异大于某一用户在输入不同手势时的差异。本文提出了自适应的笔手势界面框架来解决这种用户手势输入的个性化问题。 (3)自适应的基于笔和语音交互的多通道交互技术 在多通道用户界面中，自适应性能够更好的发挥多通道交互的优势，本文提出了自适应的基于笔和语音的多通道交互技术，阐述了该自适应多通道的交互框架，详细阐述了输入模块、融合模块和自适应模块。对多通道的输入，融合，自适应策略进行了详细描述。 (4)笔式用户界面的交互框架和自适应笔式用户界面的软件体系结构 针对笔式用户界面的交互复杂性，在相关研究的基础上，提出了基于层次状态机的交互框架。同时基于框架，面向笔式用户界面的多设备、多环境、多用户的应用需求，提出了自适应笔式用户界面的软件体系结构，为自适应笔式用户界面的设计和开发提供指导。 (5)自适应笔式用户界面的软件开发方法 在以人为中心的设计方法和极限编程XP的开发方法的基础上，和实践相结合，根据自适应笔式用户界面的特点，提出了自适应笔式用户界面开发的总体流程，该流程重点描述了笔式用户界面自适应性的需求分析、设计开发及评估。在自适应笔式用户界面软件体系结构和总体开发流程的基础上，提出了自适应笔式用户界面的设计和开发流程，用以指导自适应笔式用户界面的设计和开发。 (6)原型实例 本部分在上述研究的基础上，建立了两个原型应用，一个为自适应的多通道用应用，本部分详细描述了该应用的模块组成及其关系，特别针对自适应模块，描述了自适应的策略。另一个为自适应表单应用，详细描述了该表单应用的需求分析、设计和实现、评估。

Synthesis, characterization and catalytic properties of chiral BINOL functionalized mesoporous silicas for enantioselective Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction

Several Chiral BINOL functionalized mesoporous silicas were prepared by post grafting of organosilane derivatives of (S)-BINOL (1,1'-bi-2-naphthol) on SBA-15 and characterized by C-13 CP/MAS NMR, FT-IR, UV-visible absorption spectra, elemental analysis, powder XRD, nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms and TEM techniques. Their catalytic properties were demonstrated in enantioselective Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction of 3-phenylpropanal and cyclohexenone.

Palladium within ionic liquid functionalized mesoporous silica SBA-15 and its catalytic application in room-temperature Suzuki coupling reaction

Initially, pore walls of mesoporous silica SBA-15 with template were modified with chlorotrimethylsilane. Then imidazolium salts were similarly incorporated covalently in the inner pore walls of mesoporous silica SBA-15 albeit without the template. Finally, palladium salts were introduced into the pore channels of the previously processed mesoporous silica via electrostatic interaction. The resulting palladium catalysts demonstrated exceptional activity for the room-temperature Suzuki Coupling reaction in aqueous-organic mixed solvents and good recycling ability for at least 4-6 times.

Novel Sulfonated Polyimide Ionomers by Incorporating Pyridine Functional Group in the Polymer Backbone

A series of sulfonated polyimides (SPIs) containing pyridine ring in the polymer backbone were synthesized by the polycondensation of 1,4,5,8-naphthalene-tetracarboxylic dianhydride (NTDA), 5-(2,6-bis(4-arninophenyl)pyridin-4-yl)-2-methoxy benzene sulfonic acid (SDAM), and 4,4'-diaminodiphenyl ether (ODA). Flexible, transparent, and tough membranes were obtained. Property study revealed that all the membranes displayed high thermal stability with the desulfonation and decomposition temperature higher than 290 and 540 degrees C, respectively, as well as good mechanical property with Young's modulus larger than 1.0 GPa, maximum strength (MS) on a scale of 60-80 MPa, and elongation at break (EB) ranged from 41.79 to 75.17%.

Formation of [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+)-containing microstructures induced by electrostatic assembly and their application in solid-state detection of electrochemiluminescence

Tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) ((Ru(bpy)(3)](2+)) is one of the most extensively studied and used electrochemiluminescent (ECL) compounds owing to its superior properties, which include high sensitivity and stability under moderate conditions in aqueous solution. In this paper we present a simple method for the preparation of [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+)-containing microstructures based on electrostatic assembly The formation of such micro-structures occurs in a single process by direct mixing of aqueous solutions of [Ru(bpy)(3)]Cl-2 and K-3[Fe(CN)(6)] at room temperature. The electrostatic interactions between [Ru(bpy)(3)]Cl-2 cations and [Fe(CN)(6)](3-) anions cause them to assemble into the resulting microstructures. Both the molar ratio and concentration of reactants were found to have strong influences on the formation of these microstructures. Most importantly, the resulting [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+)- containing microstructures exhibit excellent ECL behavior and, therefore, hold great promise for solid-state ECL detection in capillary electrophoresis (CE) or CE microchips.

Luminescent supramolecular microstructures containing Ru(bpy)(3)(2+): Solution-based self-assembly preparation and solid-state electrochemiluminescence detection application

In this correspondence, we report on the first preparation of novel, robust Ru(bpy)(3)(2+)-containing supramolecular microstructures via a solution-based self-assembly strategy, carried out by directly mixing H2PtCl6 and Ru(bpy)(3)Cl-2 aqueous solutions at room temperature. It reveals that both the molar ratio and concentration of reactants have a heavy influence on the morphologies of such microstructures. The electrochemical behavior of the Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) components contained in the solid film of the microstructures formed on the electrode surface is also studied and found to exhibit a diffusion-controlled voltammetric feature. Most importantly, such microstructures exhibit excellent electrochemiluminescence (ECL) behaviors and therefore hold great promise as new luminescent materials for solid-state ECL detection in capillary electrophoresis (CE) or CE microchip.

A novel alcohol dehydrogenase biosensor based on solid-state electrogenerated chemiluminescence by assembling dehydrogenase to Ru(bpy)(3)(2+)-Au nanoparticles aggregates

Based on electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL), a novel method for fabrication of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) biosensor by self-assembling ADH to Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) -AuNPs aggregates (Ru-AuNPs) on indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode surface has been developed. Positively charged Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) could be immobilized stably on the electrode surface with negatively charged AuNPs in the form of aggregate via electrostatic interaction. On the other hand, AuNPs are favourable candidates for the immobilization of enzymes because amine groups and cysteine residues in the enzymes are known to bind strongly with AuNPs. Moreover, AuNPs can act as tiny conduction centers to facilitate the transfer of electrons. Such biosensor combined enzymatic selectivity with the sensitivity of ECL detection for quantification of enzyme substrate, and it displayed wide linear range, high sensitivity and good stability.

One-step synthesis of palladium/SBA-15 nanocomposites and its catalytic application

Well-dispersed palladium nanoparticles in mesoporous SBA- 15 SiO2 were prepared in a facile one-step approach during sol-gel route under reductive atmosphere. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results indicate that as-synthesized nanocomposites basically remain ordered two-dimensional hexagonal mesostructure while transmission electron microscopy (TEM) study exhibits a well dispersion of palladium nanoparticles within the mesoporous SBA-15 channels. The size of Pd nanoparticles is approximately in the range of 5-10nm. However, the resulting nanocomposites exhibit a highly catalytic activity and reused ability at least after five recycles without ligand in air for both the Suzuki and Heck coupling reactions.

Synthesis and characterization of novel sulfonated polyimides from 1,4-bis(4-aminophenoxy)-naphthyl-2,7-disulfonic acid

A novel sulfonated diamine monomer, 1,4-bis(4-aminophenoxy)-naphthyl-2,7-disulfonic acid (BAPNDS), was synthesized. A series of sulfonated polyimide copolymers were prepared from BAPNDS, 1,4,5,8-naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (NTDA) and nonsulfonated diamine 4,4'-diaminodiphenyl ether (ODA). Flexible, transparent, and mechanically strong membranes were obtained. The membranes displayed slightly anisotropic membrane swelling. The dimensional change in thickness direction was larger than that in planar. The novel SPI membranes showed higher conductivity, which was comparable or even higher than Nafion 117. Membranes exhibited methanol permeability from 0.24 x 10(-6) to 0.80 X 10(-6) cm(2)/s at room temperature, which was much lower than that of Nafion (2 x 10-6 CM2/s). The copolymers were thermally stable up to 340 degrees C. These preliminary results have proved its potential availability as proton-exchange membrane for PEMFCs or DMFCs.

Synthesis and properties of a novel isomeric polyimide/SiO2 hybrid material

A novel isomeric polyimide/SiO2 hybrid material was successfully prepared through sol-gel technique, and its structure, thermal properties and nano-indenter properties were investigated. First, 3-[(4-phenylethynyl)phthalimide]propyl triethoxysilane (PEIPTES) was successfully synthesized, its structure was characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR and C-13 NMR. The researches on solubility and thermal properties of PEIPTES show that it can be used for modifying nano-SiO2 precursor. Nano-SiO2 precursor was synthesized by tetraethoxysilane (TECS) through sol-gel technique. Then the PEIPTES solution and the nano-SiO2 precursor were mixed for 6 h to let the PEIPTES molecules react with the nano-SiO2 precursor, and modified nano-SiO2 precursor was obtained. The modified reaction was confirmed by the analyses of FT-IR. At last, isomeric polyimide/SiO2 hybrid material was produced by using isomeric polyimide resin solution and the modified nano-SiO2 precursor after heat treatment process. The structure analysis by SEM indicated that SiO2 particles dispersed in isomeric polyimide matrix homogeneously with nanoscale. Thermogravimetric analyzer, dynamic mechanical thermal analyzer and nano-indenter XP was employed to detect the properties of the materials, the results demonstrated that isomeric polyimide/SiO2 hybrid material has much better thermal properties and nano-indenter properties than those of isomeric polyimide.

Polyelectrolyte-functionalized ionic liquid for electrochemistry in supporting electrolyte-free aqueous solutions and application in amperometric flow injection analysis

As a green process, electrochemistry in aqueous solution without a supporting electrolyte has been described based on a simple polyelectrolyte-functionalized ionic liquid (PFIL)-modified electrode. The studied PFIL material combines features of ionic liquids and traditional polyelectrolytes. The ionic liquid part provides a high ionic conductivity and affinity to many different compounds. The polyelectrolyte part has a good stability in aqueous solution and a capability of being immobilized on different substrates. The electrochemical properties of such a PFIL-modified electrode assembly in a supporting electrolyte-free solution have been investigated by using an electrically neutral electroactive species, hydroquinone ( HQ) as the model compound. The partition coefficient and diffusion coefficient of HQ in the PFIL film were calculated to be 0.346 and 4.74 X 10(-6) cm(2) s(-1), respectively. Electrochemistry in PFIL is similar to electrochemistry in a solution of traditional supporting electrolytes, except that the electrochemical reaction takes place in a thin film on the surface of the electrode. PFILs are easily immobilized on solid substrates, are inexpensive and electrochemically stable. A PFIL-modified electrode assembly is successfully used in the flow analysis of HQ by amperometric detection in solution without a supporting electrolyte.