Tuberculosis Mortality and Living Conditions in Bern, Switzerland, 1856-1950.

BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) is a poverty-related disease that is associated with poor living conditions. We studied TB mortality and living conditions in Bern between 1856 and 1950. METHODS We analysed cause-specific mortality based on mortality registers certified by autopsies, and public health reports 1856 to 1950 from the city council of Bern. RESULTS TB mortality was higher in the Black Quarter (550 per 100,000) and in the city centre (327 per 100,000), compared to the outskirts (209 per 100,000 in 1911-1915). TB mortality correlated positively with the number of persons per room (r = 0.69, p = 0.026), the percentage of rooms without sunlight (r = 0.72, p = 0.020), and negatively with the number of windows per apartment (r = -0.79, p = 0.007). TB mortality decreased 10-fold from 330 per 100,000 in 1856 to 33 per 100,000 in 1950, as housing conditions improved, indoor crowding decreased, and open-air schools, sanatoria, systematic tuberculin skin testing of school children and chest radiography screening were introduced. CONCLUSIONS Improved living conditions and public health measures may have contributed to the massive decline of the TB epidemic in the city of Bern even before effective antibiotic treatment became finally available in the 1950s.

Winter in der Tatra [Illustration] : nach einem farbigen Holzschnitt

Jakob Glasner

Na 50 Nachlass Arthur Schopenhauer - 'Schopenhauer-Archiv', 625 - Mitteilung von Edward J. Young der für zwei Artikel verantwortlichen Verfasser in der Westminster Review John Oxenford

u.a.: Besuch bei Schopenhauer im Sommer 1856;

Puntos de vista acerca de la revolución mexicana en John Reed y Jack London

En el presente trabajo me centraré en el análisis comparado de "El mexicano" (1911) de Jack London con México insurgente (1914) y tres cuentos incluidos en Hija de la revolución y otros cuentos: "Mac-American" (1914), "Cuadros de México" (1914) y ?Endimión o en la frontera? (1916) de John Reed. El objetivo que me propongo es el de establecer una correlación entre dos autores que abordan en sus escritos el tema de la revolución mexicana a partir de un análisis comparado de las obras antes mencionadas. Las primeras hipótesis que construí parten de la base común de ofrecernos una visión particular del fenómeno político, social y económico que marcó a México a principios del siglo XX: la revolución mexicana. Tomando como eje de comparación esta semejanza pude ir encontrando, a lo largo del análisis, puntos de divergencia en el modo en que estos dos escritores abordaron este mismo suceso. Por un lado se sitúa London, quien construye en "El mexicano" una representación simplista tanto de las características del revolucionario y de las motivaciones que lo llevan a decidirse por la lucha armada, como del régimen al que éste se opone. Frente a esta representación populista de la revolución mexicana, Reed pone en primer plano, tanto en México insurgente como en sus cuentos, lo complejo de ese mismo hecho ya sea por la confusión de los revolucionarios en torno al trasfondo ideológico que la revolución conllevó o por las diferentes motivaciones que los impulsaron a participar en la misma. Esta tesis inicial de la complejidad de la representación en Reed se sustenta, en el plano formal, por lo que podríamos denominar "técnica del montaje mural", en relación con el movimiento artístico denominado "muralismo" que se desarrolló en México luego de la revolución

Puntos de vista acerca de la revolución mexicana en John Reed y Jack London

En el presente trabajo me centraré en el análisis comparado de "El mexicano" (1911) de Jack London con México insurgente (1914) y tres cuentos incluidos en Hija de la revolución y otros cuentos: "Mac-American" (1914), "Cuadros de México" (1914) y ?Endimión o en la frontera? (1916) de John Reed. El objetivo que me propongo es el de establecer una correlación entre dos autores que abordan en sus escritos el tema de la revolución mexicana a partir de un análisis comparado de las obras antes mencionadas. Las primeras hipótesis que construí parten de la base común de ofrecernos una visión particular del fenómeno político, social y económico que marcó a México a principios del siglo XX: la revolución mexicana. Tomando como eje de comparación esta semejanza pude ir encontrando, a lo largo del análisis, puntos de divergencia en el modo en que estos dos escritores abordaron este mismo suceso. Por un lado se sitúa London, quien construye en "El mexicano" una representación simplista tanto de las características del revolucionario y de las motivaciones que lo llevan a decidirse por la lucha armada, como del régimen al que éste se opone. Frente a esta representación populista de la revolución mexicana, Reed pone en primer plano, tanto en México insurgente como en sus cuentos, lo complejo de ese mismo hecho ya sea por la confusión de los revolucionarios en torno al trasfondo ideológico que la revolución conllevó o por las diferentes motivaciones que los impulsaron a participar en la misma. Esta tesis inicial de la complejidad de la representación en Reed se sustenta, en el plano formal, por lo que podríamos denominar "técnica del montaje mural", en relación con el movimiento artístico denominado "muralismo" que se desarrolló en México luego de la revolución

Puntos de vista acerca de la revolución mexicana en John Reed y Jack London

En el presente trabajo me centraré en el análisis comparado de "El mexicano" (1911) de Jack London con México insurgente (1914) y tres cuentos incluidos en Hija de la revolución y otros cuentos: "Mac-American" (1914), "Cuadros de México" (1914) y ?Endimión o en la frontera? (1916) de John Reed. El objetivo que me propongo es el de establecer una correlación entre dos autores que abordan en sus escritos el tema de la revolución mexicana a partir de un análisis comparado de las obras antes mencionadas. Las primeras hipótesis que construí parten de la base común de ofrecernos una visión particular del fenómeno político, social y económico que marcó a México a principios del siglo XX: la revolución mexicana. Tomando como eje de comparación esta semejanza pude ir encontrando, a lo largo del análisis, puntos de divergencia en el modo en que estos dos escritores abordaron este mismo suceso. Por un lado se sitúa London, quien construye en "El mexicano" una representación simplista tanto de las características del revolucionario y de las motivaciones que lo llevan a decidirse por la lucha armada, como del régimen al que éste se opone. Frente a esta representación populista de la revolución mexicana, Reed pone en primer plano, tanto en México insurgente como en sus cuentos, lo complejo de ese mismo hecho ya sea por la confusión de los revolucionarios en torno al trasfondo ideológico que la revolución conllevó o por las diferentes motivaciones que los impulsaron a participar en la misma. Esta tesis inicial de la complejidad de la representación en Reed se sustenta, en el plano formal, por lo que podríamos denominar "técnica del montaje mural", en relación con el movimiento artístico denominado "muralismo" que se desarrolló en México luego de la revolución

Hydrochemical Atlas of the Arctic Ocean

Introduction: Chemical composition of water determines its physical properties and character of processes proceeding in it: freezing temperature, volume of evaporation, density, color, transparency, filtration capacity, etc. Presence of chemical elements in water solution confers waters special physical properties exerting significant influence on their circulation, creates necessary conditions for development and inhabitance of flora and fauna, and imparts to the ocean waters some chemical features that radically differ them from the land waters (Alekin & Liakhin, 1984). Hydrochemical information helps to determine elements of water circulation, convection depth, makes it easier to distinguish water masses and gives additional knowledge of climatic variability of ocean conditions. Hydrochemical information is a necessary part of biological research. Water chemical composition can be the governing characteristics determining possibility and limits of use of marine objects, both stationary and moving in sea water. Subject of investigation of hydrochemistry is study of dynamics of chemical composition, i.e. processes of its formation and hydrochemical conditions of water bodies (Alekin & Liakhin 1984). The hydrochemical processes in the Arctic Ocean are the least known. Some information on these processes can be obtained in odd publications. A generalizing study of hydrochemical conditions in the Arctic Ocean based on expeditions conducted in the years 1948-1975 has been carried out by Rusanov et al. (1979). The "Atlas of the World Ocean: the Arctic Ocean" contains a special section "Hydrochemistry" (Gorshkov, 1980). Typical vertical profiles, transects and maps for different depths - 0, 100, 300, 500, 1000, 2000, 3000 m are given in this section for the following parameters: dissolved oxygen, phosphate, silicate, pH and alkaline-chlorine coefficient. The maps were constructed using the data of expeditions conducted in the years 1948-1975. The illustrations reflect main features of distribution of the hydrochemical elements for multi-year period and represent a static image of hydrochemical conditions. Distribution of the hydrochemical elements on the ocean surface is given for two seasons - winter and summer, for the other depths are given mean annual fields. Aim of the present Atlas is description of hydrochemical conditions in the Arctic Ocean on the basis of a greater body of hydrochemical information for the years 1948-2000 and using the up-to-date methods of analysis and electronic forms of presentation of hydrochemical information. The most wide-spread characteristics determined in water samples were used as hydrochemical indices. They are: dissolved oxygen, phosphate, silicate, pH, total alkalinity, nitrite and nitrate. An important characteristics of water salt composition - "salinity" has been considered in the Oceanographic Atlas of the Arctic Ocean (1997, 1998). Presentation of the hydrochemical characteristics in this Hydrochemical Atlas is wider if compared with that of the former Atlas (Gorshkov, 1980). Maps of climatic distribution of the hydrochemical elements were constructed for all the standard depths, and seasonal variability of the hydrochemical parameters is given not only for the surface, but also for the underlying standard depths up to 400 m and including. Statistical characteristics of the hydrochemical elements are given for the first time. Detailed accuracy estimates of initial data and map construction are also given in the Atlas. Calculated values of mean-root deviations, maximum and minimum values of the parameters demonstrate limits of their variability for the analyzed period of observations. Therefore, not only investigations of chemical statics are summarized in the Atlas, but also some elements of chemical dynamics are demonstrated. Digital arrays of the hydrochemical elements obtained in nodes of a regular grid are the new form of characteristics presentation in the Atlas. It should be mentioned that the same grid and the same boxes were used in the Atlas, as those that had been used by creation of the US-Russian climatic Oceanographic Atlas. It allows to combine hydrochemical and oceanographic information of these Atlases. The first block of the digital arrays contains climatic characteristics calculated using direct observational data. These climatic characteristics were not calculated in the regions without observations, and the information arrays for these regions have gaps. The other block of climatic information in a gridded form was obtained with the help of objective analysis of observational data. Procedure of the objective analysis allowed us to obtain climatic estimates of the hydrochemical characteristics for the whole water area of the Arctic Ocean including the regions not covered by observations. Data of the objective analysis can be widely used, in particular, in hydrobiological investigations and in modeling of hydrochemical conditions of the Arctic Ocean. Array of initial measurements is a separate block. It includes all the available materials of hydrochemical observations in the form, as they were presented in different sources. While keeping in mind that this array contains some amount of perverted information, the authors of the Atlas assumed it necessary to store this information in its primary form. Methods of data quality control can be developed in future in the process of hydrochemical information accumulation. It can be supposed that attitude can vary in future to the data that were rejected according to the procedure accepted in the Atlas. The hydrochemical Atlas of the Arctic Ocean is the first specialized and electronic generalization of hydrochemical observations in the Arctic Ocean and finishes the program of joint efforts of Russian and US specialists in preparation of a number of atlases for the Arctic. The published Oceanographic Atlas (1997, 1998), Atlas of Arctic Meteorology and Climate (2000), Ice Atlas of the Arctic Ocean prepared for publication and Hydrochemical Atlas of the Arctic Ocean represent a united series of fundamental generalizations of empirical knowledge of Arctic Ocean nature at climatic level. The Hydrochemical Atlas of the Arctic Ocean was elaborated in the result of joint efforts of the SRC of the RF AARI and IARC. Dr. Ye. Nikiforov was scientific supervisor of the Atlas, Dr. R. Colony was manager on behalf of the USA and Dr. L. Timokhov - on behalf of Russia.

Seguimiento de la liebre ibérica (Lepus granatensis ROSENHAUER, 1856) en la Sierra de Mariola (Alicante-Valencia)

La liebre ibérica (Lepus granatensis) es una especie de gran valor en los ecosistemas mediterráneos españoles y por esta razón, su conocimiento ecológico y su relación con los factores que influyen en la heterogeneidad espacial son esenciales para su conservación y manejo. El objetivo de este trabajo es conocer las variaciones de la abundancia de la liebre ibérica en el Parque Natural de la Sierra de Mariola, situado entre las provincias de Alicante y Valencia, en el periodo 2009-2010, y su distribución en las principales matrices del paisaje de una zona de montaña del mediterráneo peninsular. Las abundancias relativas de liebre se han obtenido a partir de transectos estratificados de 1.000 m de longitud. El mayor índice kilométrico de abundancia (IKA) de liebres tiene lugar en primavera (IKA medio de 0,26 liebres/km), y disminuye hasta el invierno (IKA medio de 0,075 liebres/km). La mayor abundancia de liebres se obtiene en la matriz de cultivos de secano (IKA medio de 0,32 liebres/km). Las matrices de vegetación natural y abandono presentan bajo número de liebres, con valores de IKA medios de 0,06 y 0,04 liebres/km respectivamente.

Poem in John Henry Tudor's hand(?), March 1796, with empty envelope

This poem is about winter and appears to be an assemblage of passages from several published works along with Tudor's own compositions. On the verso, Tudor wrote "Abbott 2nd. March 1796." On the empty envelope is written: "Letters from my dear deceased friend J.H.T.," along with a note in another hand reading: "no letters found enclosed." It is unclear whether or not the envelope formerly held the poem.

Letters from John Hubbard Church to William Jenks, 1795-1798

John Hubbard Church wrote these twelve letters to his friend and classmate William Jenks between 1795 and 1798. Church wrote the letters from Boston, Rutland, Cambridge, and Chatham in Massachusetts and from Somers, Connecticut; they were sent to Jenks in Cambridge and Boston, where for a time he worked as an usher in Mr. Vinall's school and Mr. Webb's school. Church's letters touch on various subjects, ranging from his increased interest in theology and his theological studies under Charles Backus to his seasickness during a sailing voyage to Cape Cod. Church also informs Jenks of what he is reading, including works by John Locke, P. Brydone, James Beattie, John Gillies, Plutarch, and Alexander Pope. He describes his work teaching that children of the Sears family in Chatham, Massachusetts, where he appears to have spent a significant amount of time between 1795 and 1797. Church's letters are at times very personal, and he often expresses great affection for Jenks and their friendship.

John Warren's copy of votes from a meeting of the Boston Medical Society, 1784 May 3

This document lists the eleven votes cast at a meeting of the Boston Medical Society on May 3, 1784. It was authorized as a "true coppy" by Thomas Kast, the Secretary of the Society. The following members of the Society were present at the meeting, all of them doctors: James Pecker, James Lloyd, Joseph Gardner, Samuel Danforth, Isaac Rand, Jr., Charles Jarvis, Thomas Kast, Benjamin Curtis, Thomas Welsh, Nathaniel Walker Appleton, and doctors whose last names were Adams, Townsend, Eustis, Homans, and Whitwell. The document indicates that a meeting had been held the previous evening, as well (May 2, 1784), at which the topics on which votes were taken had been discussed. The votes, eleven in total, were all related to the doctors' concerns about John Warren and his involvement with the emerging medical school (now Harvard Medical School), that school's relation to almshouses, the medical care of the poor, and other related matters. The tone and content of these votes reveals anger on the part of the members of the Boston Medical Society towards Warren. This anger appears to have stemmed from the perceived threat of Warren to their own practices, exacerbated by a vote of the Harvard Corporation on April 19, 1784. This vote authorized Warren to apply to the Overseers of the Poor for the town of Boston, requesting that students in the newly-established Harvard medical program, where Warren was Professor of Anatomy and Surgery, be allowed to visit the hospital of the almshouse with their professors for the purpose of clinical instruction. Although Warren believed that the students would learn far more from these visits, in regards to surgical experience, than they could possibly learn in Cambridge, the proposal provoked great distrust from the members of the Boston Medical Society, who accused Warren of an "attempt to direct the public medical business from its usual channels" for his own financial and professional gain.

The cry of our Board School children; a sermon preached at the St. John's Wood Synagogue on ... December 1st, 1894,

Cover title.