Evaluation of Fly Ash in lean Portland Cement Concrete Base "Econocrete", August 1986

Fly ash was used in this evaluation study to replace 30, 50 and 70 percent of the 400 1bs. of cement currently used in each cu. yd. of portland cement econocrete base paving mix. Two Class "c" ashes and one Class "F" ash from Iowa approved sources were examined in each mix. When Class "c" ashes were used, they were substituted on the basis of 1.0 pound for each pound of cement removed. When Class "F" ash was used, it was substituted on the basis of 1.25 pounds of ash for each pound of cement removed. Compressive strengths with and without fly ash were determined at 7, 28 and 56 days of age. In most cases, strengths were adequate. The freeze/thaw durability of the econocrete mixes studied was not adversely affected by the presence of fly ash. The tests along with erodibility and absorption tests have demonstrated the feasibility of producing econocrete with satisfactory mechanical properties even when relatively low quality and/or locally available aggregate is being used at no sacrifice to strength and/or durability.

Les interventions des institutions de Bretton Woods dans la sous-région d'Afrique Centrale : les exemples du Cameroun et du Gabon (1987-2007)

RESUME DE LA THESE Le but de cette thèse est d'analyser la réforme générale de l'Etat au Cameroun et au Gabon par les institutions de Bretton Woods sur une période de vingt ans (1987-2007). Pour ce faire, mon travail consiste à étudier le rôle majeur joué par les différentes mesures économiques impulsées dans les pays par le Fonds Monétaire International (FMI) et la Banque Mondiale. Il s'agit de voir si les différentes réformes d'ajustement que ces institutions ont imposé au Cameroun et au Gabon ont produit des effets positifs en vue de solution la crise économique qui s'y installait durablement et remettre ces Etats sur le sentier de la croissance et du développement. L'avènement de la crise économique qui sévissait dans les pays au milieu des années 1980 montrait que le modèle développementaliste expérimenté par ces Etats n'avait expérimenté contribué qu'à provoquer la paralysie de l'appareil de production. Les causes profondes résidaient dans l'omniprésence de l'Etat qui privilégiait une logique administrative au dépend de celle de production au point de nuire gravement aux politiques interventionnistes étatiques. A cela, s'ajoutaient d'autres facteurs endogènes et exogènes aux Etats comme la mauvaise gestion couplée à la forte corruption et au clientélisme politique, la contrebande et le dumping, l'effritement du secteur agricole dû au vieillissement des plantations et à la sous-mécanisation, l'explosion démographique, la détérioration des termes de l'échange, le chômage endémique et galopant, etc. En ayant recours aux réformes d'ajustement structurel du FMI et de la Banque Mondiale, les gouvernements camerounais et gabonais entendaient lutter contre les rigidités institutionnelles et les distorsions structurelles qui empêchaient leurs économies de répondre aux signaux du marché et d'accroître l'offre d'une part. Et, d'autre part, les réformes d'ajustement devaient permettre de renforcer la concurrence des produits sur les marchés, accroître les capacités d'adaptation des marchés de facteurs et améliorer l'efficacité et l'efficience du secteur public. Mais avant d'analyser les réformes d'ajustement dans les pays j'ai d'abord présenté dans une première partie, l'évolution sociopolitique et économique des deux pays. Cette partie donne à l'analyse une profondeur historique indispensable et rend compte de l'évolution des politiques sectorielles des Etats marquée par une phase de croissance (1960-1984), puis par une phase de décroissance ou de crise qui commence à partir de 1985. La seconde partie met en évidence les politiques d'ajustement structurelle principalement axées sur la régulation monétaire, financière et budgétaire, la réforme de la fonction publique, la réforme agricole, le désengagement de l'Etat du secteur productif national et les privatisations. Je termine cette seconde partie par un bilan contrasté que je dresse de l'impact de ces réformes dans les économies camerounaises et gabonaises. La troisième partie met en évidence les nouvelles orientations stratégiques des institutions de Bretton Woods en partant de l'agenda politique des réformes au Cameroun et au Gabon. Elle fait intervenir une batterie de réformes portant sur l'initiative Pays Pauvres Très Endettés (PPTE), les Documents de Stratégie pour la Réduction de la Pauvreté (DSRP), l'Evaluation Politique et Institutionnelle du Pays (EPIP) et la «Bonne Gouvernance». Cette thèse s'achève par une conclusion exhaustive mettant en évidence les insuffisances des modèles théoriques et conceptuels fondant l'ajustement structurel et la remise en cause des nouvelles stratégies de lutte contre la pauvreté impulsées par le FMI et la Banque Mondiale dans les pays d'une part. D'autre part, j'observe une faiblesse institutionnelle de l'Etat dans ces pays qui se résume à la mauvaise gouvernance ; à l'absence d'un cadre et des outils appropriés pour la gestion économique et stratégique du développement à long terme ; à l'impunité généralisée et à l'inefficacité des mesures de lutte contre la pauvreté ; à l'absence d'un Etat de droit et à l'autoritarisme des régimes en place.

Abordagens de planejamento educacional em Cadernos de Pesquisa (1972-1986)

Estudo documental dos artigos publicados no periódico Cadernos de Pesquisa sobre planejamento educacional. Foram analisados 35 trabalhos publicados na seção Planejamento Educacional, no período compreendido entre 1972 e 1986. Buscou-se analisar os textos dentro de uma perspectiva histórica sobre o desenvolvimento do planejamento educacional na América Latina. Procedeu-se com a análise documental, definindo-se dois níveis de análise, um em relação aos elementos textuais dos artigos e outro sobre o conteúdo veiculado. No primeiro nível de análise foram identificados textos de caráter analítico, sínteses de metodologias e experiências e guias de orientação. Em relação ao segundo nível de análise, observaram-se as seguintes categorias: a primeira compreendendo o planejamento educacional subordinado ao sistema econômico; a segunda, artigos que abordam temas e reflexões sobre o planejamento educacional; e a terceira categoria, trabalhos que fazem crítica ao planejamento educacional.

A.A.V.V.: Montbarbat (1978-1986), Lloret de Mar, 1996

Debe reconocerse que en estos años próximos al fin del milenio la publicación de estudios sobre el mundo ibérico goza de excelente salud, cuando menos en volumen. Artículos, ponencias y comunicaciones amenazan con abrumar al lector más impenitente. Por ello resulta aleccionador acudir al meritorio trabajo de Fernando Quesada: "La cultura ibérica: una aproximación bibliográfica (1992-1993)", RE/b, 1, 1994, 335-377, que reúne la producción en revistas y series no excesivamente locales -imposibles de controlar, por otro lado-, y comprobar un balance de unos doscientos títulos anuales. Ahora bien, si consideramos el número de monografías, nos situaremos en un plano selectivo, que rondará la docena al año. Diversos factores -y entre ellos la desidia de diferentes niveles administrativos y académicos- parecen confabularse para que no se disponga de un conjunto de memorias impresas proporcional al volumen de excavaciones realizadas en las dos últimas décadas.

Frost Action in Rocks and Concrete, HR-258, 1986

The objectives of the project were to develop methodologies for (i) prediction and measurement of the magnitude of pressure which develops within pores of saturated porous materials upon freezing, (ii) determination of pore structure (pore size distribution) of porous materials; (iii) prediction and measurement of the rate with which pore ice grows; and (iv) prediction of frost susceptibility of porous materials with varying pore structures. As with all research endeavors solution of one problem leads to another one and this project was no exception. Emergence of new problems and the measures taken as the work progressed were discussed in progress reports submitted to the board. This final report will discuss only the conclusive finds and suggest measures to be taken for future investigations. The theory discussed in the proposal is not repeated in this report for the sake of brevity. However, the paper published as part of this project containing the theory is attached as Appendix I for the reader interested in the theory. In conformity with the objectives, this report consists of four parts. In accordance with the project contract two ice porosimeters were built and one will be delivered to the Iowa DOT after training of a DOT technician under the supervision of Mr. Wendell Dubberke with assistance from ISU researchers. During the training period debugging and further improvements in software will continue.

The Economics of Reducing the County Road System: Three Case Studies in Iowa - Executive Summary, HR-242, 1986

This Executive Summary presents a brief summary of the main research report, "The Economics of Reducing the County Road System: Three Case Studies in Iowa" (DOT/OST/P-34/86-035). The case studies are described, as well as the analytic methodology and research findings.

The Economics of Reducing the County Road System: Three Case Studies in Iowa, HR-242, 1986

This research project looked at the economic benefits and costs associated with alternative strategies for abandoning low volume rural highways and bridges. Three test counties in Iowa were studied, each 100 square miles in size: Hamilton County having a high agricultural tax base and a high percentage of paved roads and few bridges; Shelby County having a relatively low agricultural tax base, hilly terrain and a low percentage of paved road and many bridges; and Linn County having a high agricultural tax base, a high percentage of paved roads and a large number of non-farm households. A questionnaire survey was undertaken to develop estimates of farm and household travel patterns. Benefits and costs associated with the abandonment of various segments of rural highway and bridge mileages in each county were calculated. "Benefits" calculated were reduced future reconstruction and maintenance costs, whereas "costs" were the added cost of travel resulting from the reduced mileage. Some of the findings suggest limited cost savings from abandonment of county roads with no property access in areas with large non-farm rural population; relatively high cost savings from the abandonment of roads with no property access in areas with small rural population; and the largest savings from the conversion of public dead-end gravel roads with property or residence accesses to private drives.

Long-Term Structural Movement, HR-275, 1986

This report describes the field application of the tilt sensing method for monitoring movement of the Black Hawk and Karl King Bridges. The study objectives were: to design a data acquisition system for tilt sensing equipment utilizing a telephone telemetry system; to monitor possible movement of the main span pier, Pier No. 2, on the Black Hawk Bridge in Lansing and the possible long-term movement of Pier No. 4 on the Karl King Bridge in Fort Dodge; and to assess the feasibility, reliability, and accuracy of the instrumentation system used in this study.

Asphalt Cement Concrete Pavement Recycling Cass and Montgomery Counties, HR-1018, 1986

This demonstration project consisted of three adjacent highway resurfacing projects using asphalt cement concrete removed from an Interstate highway which had become severely rutted. The salvaged asphaltic concrete was later crushed and hauled to a plant site where it was combined with virgin materials to resurface the three projects. Only two of the projects were used for performance evaluation as the third project was in an interchange area including ramps and was otherwise too short. It was concluded that recycling was cost effective and a high quality surface can be constructed using recycled asphalt cement concrete.

User's Manual for the County Road Evaluation Program - Volume I, HR-242, 1986

Provides instructions for using the computer program which was developed under the research project, "The Economics of Reducing the County Road System: Three Case Studies In Iowa". This program operates on an IBP personal computer with 300K storage. A fixed disk is required with at least 3 megabytes of storage. The computer must be equipped with DOS version 3.0; the programs are written in Fortran. The user's manual describes all data requirements including network preparation, trip information, cost for maintenance, reconstruction, etc. Program operation instructions are presented, as well as sample solution output and a listing of the computer programs.

Floods of 1986 and 1990 in the Raccoon River Basin, West-Central Iowa, HR-140, 1992

Water-surface-elevation profiles and peak discharges for the floods of 1973 and 1979 are compared to those of 1986 and 1990 in the Raccoon River basin, west-central Iowa. The profiles illustrate the 1979 and 1986 floods on the Raccoon, South Raccoon, and Middle Raccoon Rivers, the 1973 and 1986 floods on Walnut Creek, and the 1986 flood on Willow Creek and Mosquito Creek. The 1986 flood is the largest on record at U.S. Geological Survey streamflowgaging stations on the Middle Raccoon River tributary at Carroll, Middle Raccoon River near Bayard, Middle Raccoon River at Panora, and Walnut Creek at Des Moines. The 1990 flood discharge is the largest on record at U.S. Geological Survey crest-stage gaging stations on Hardin Creek near Farlin and on East Fork Hardin Creek near Churdan. The flood history given in this report describes rainfall conditions for floods that occurred during 1986 and 1990. Discharge for the 1990 flood on East Fork Hardin Creek near Churdan was 1.01 times larger than the 100-year recurrence-interval discharge.

Taxonomic study of the isopod crustaceans from the Spanish expedition 'Antartida 1986-11' in the Scotia Sea, South Atlantic

This paper summarizes the results of a taxonomic study of the isopods collected during the 'Antártida 1986-11' expedition. A total of 123 specimens were studied, of which 99 were in the adult or juvenile phases and 24 were in the postmanca phase. The specimens were attributed to 11 species, 9 genera, 5 families and 4 suborders. The most abundant species were Glyptonotus antarcticus and Ceratoserolis trilobitoides. Several records are reported for the first time from the archipelagos of the Scotia Arc.

An Evaluation of the Troxler 3241-B Nuclear Asphalt Gauge, MLR-85-11, 1986

The Troxler 3241-B Asphalt Content Gauge is intended for rapidly determining the bitumen content of bituminous paving mixtures. A 300 Millicurie Americuium 241: Beryllium source emitts neutrons which are affected by the hydrogen in the mix. The affected neutrons are detected by Helium 3 detectors, counted and computed into a percentage bitumen of the asphalt mix. The current methods of determining the bitumen content of bituminous paving mixtures requires the use of potentially hazardous chemicals and several hours of testing time. When extracted aggregates are not needed, determination of the bitumen content of a paving mixture by the nuclear method may be easier, quicker and potentially safer. The objective of the project is to study the accuracy of the Troxler 3241-B Nuclear Asphalt Content Gauge in measuring the asphalt cement (AC) content of asphalt concrete mixtures produced with different asphalt cements and different aggregates.

Structural Analysis and Overlay Design of Pavements Using the Road Rater, MLR-84-3, 1986

In recent years the Iowa DOT has shifted emphasis from the construction of new roads to the maintenance and preservation of existing highways. A need has developed for analyzing pavements structurally to select the correct rehabilitation strategy and to properly design a pavement overlay if necessary. This need has been fulfilled by Road Rater testing which has been used successfully on all types of pavements to evaluate pavement and subgrade conditions and to design asphaltic concrete overlays. The Iowa Road Rater Design Method has been simplified so that it may be easily understood and used by the widely diverse groups of individuals which may be involved in pavement restoration and management. Road Rater analysis techniques have worked well to date and have been verified by pavement coring, soils sampling and testing, and pavement removal by block sampling. Void detection testing has also been performed experimentally in Iowa, and results indicate that the Road Rater can be used to locate pavement voids and that Road Rater analysis techniques are reasonably accurate. The success of Road Rater research and development has made deflection test data one of the most important pavement management inputs.