Effect of temperature and moisture on high pressure lipid/oil extraction from microalgae

Commercially viable carbon–neutral biodiesel production from microalgae has potential for replacing depleting petroleum diesel. The process of biodiesel production from microalgae involves harvesting, drying and extraction of lipids which are energy- and cost-intensive processes. The development of effective large-scale lipid extraction processes which overcome the complexity of microalgae cell structure is considered one of the most vital requirements for commercial production. Thus the aim of this work was to investigate suitable extraction methods with optimised conditions to progress opportunities for sustainable microalgal biodiesel production. In this study, the green microalgal species consortium, Tarong polyculture was used to investigate lipid extraction with hexane (solvent) under high pressure and variable temperature and biomass moisture conditions using an Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE) method. The performance of high pressure solvent extraction was examined over a range of different process and sample conditions (dry biomass to water ratios (DBWRs): 100%, 75%, 50% and 25% and temperatures from 70 to 120 ºC, process time 5–15 min). Maximum total lipid yields were achieved at 50% and 75% sample dryness at temperatures of 90–120 ºC. We show that individual fatty acids (Palmitic acid C16:0; Stearic acid C18:0; Oleic acid C18:1; Linolenic acid C18:3) extraction optima are influenced by temperature and sample dryness, consequently affecting microalgal biodiesel quality parameters. Higher heating values and kinematic viscosity were compliant with biodiesel quality standards under all extraction conditions used. Our results indicate that biodiesel quality can be positively manipulated by selecting process extraction conditions that favour extraction of saturated and mono-unsaturated fatty acids over optimal extraction conditions for polyunsaturated fatty acids, yielding positive effects on cetane number and iodine values. Exceeding biodiesel standards for these two parameters opens blending opportunities with biodiesels that fall outside the minimal cetane and maximal iodine values.

Concordance of disease severity among family members with ankylosing spondylitis?

Objective. The heritability of disease activity and function in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) have been estimated at 0.51 and 0.63 (i.e., 51% and 63%), respectively. We examined the concordance of disease severity among family members in terms of disease activity, function, radiological change, prevalence of iritis, and juvenile onset. Methods. Disease activity and functional impairment due to AS were studied using the Bath AS Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) and Functional Index (BASFI) self-administered questionnaires; radiographic involvement was measured using the Bath AS Radiology Index (BASRI) scale. Familial correlation of BASDAI and BASFI was assessed in 406 families with 2 or more cases, using the program PAP. Parent-child and sibling-sibling concordance for iritis and juvenile AS were also studied in these families. Heritability of radiological disease severity based on the BASRI was assessed in 29 families containing 60 affected individuals using the program SOLAR. Results. Correlations between parent-child pairs for disease activity and function were 0.07 for both. Correlations between sibling pairs for disease activity and function were 0.27 and 0.36, respectively. The children of AS parents with iritis were more likely to develop iritis [27/71 (38%)] than children of non-iritis AS parents [13/70 (19%)] (p = 0.01). Parents with JAS were more likely to have children with JAS [17/30 (57%) compared to non-JAS parents 34/111 (30%)] (p = 0.002). The heritability of radiological disease severity based on the BASRI was 0.62. Conclusion. While correlation in severity between parent and child is poor, siblings do resemble each other in terms of severity, supporting the findings of segregation studies indicating significant genetic dominance in the heritable component of disease activity. Significant parent-child concordance for iritis and juvenile disease onset suggest that there are genetic risk factors for these traits independent of those determining the risk of AS itself. The finding of significant heritability of radiological change (BASRI) provides support using an objective measure for the observed heritability of the questionnaire-assessed disease severity scores, ASDAI and BASFI.

Productivity, carbon assimilation and intra-annual change in tropical reef platform seagrass communities of the Torres Strait, north-eastern Australia

Detailed data on seagrass distribution, abundance, growth rates and community structure information were collected at Orman Reefs in March 2004 to estimate the above-ground productivity and carbon assimilated by seagrass meadows. Seagrass meadows were re-examined in November 2004 for comparison at the seasonal extremes of seagrass abundance. Ten seagrass species were identified in the meadows on Orman Reefs. Extensive seagrass coverage was found in March (18,700 ha) and November (21,600 ha), with seagrass covering the majority of the intertidal reef-top areas and a large proportion of the subtidal areas examined. There were marked differences in seagrass above-ground biomass, distribution and species composition between the two surveys. Major changes between March and November included a substantial decline in biomass for intertidal meadows and an expansion in area of subtidal meadows. Changes were most likely a result of greater tidal exposure of intertidal meadows prior to November leading to desiccation and temperature-related stress. The Orman Reef seagrass meadows had a total above-ground productivity of 259.8 t DW day-1 and estimated carbon assimilation of 89.4 t C day-1 in March. The majority of this production came from the intertidal meadows which accounted for 81% of the total production. Intra-annual changes in seagrass species composition, shoot density and size of meadows measured in this study were likely to have a strong influence on the total above-ground production during the year. The net estimated above-ground productivity of Orman Reefs meadows in March 2004 (1.19 g C m-2 day-1) was high compared with other tropical seagrass areas that have been studied and also higher than many other marine, estuarine and terrestrial plant communities.

HNbWO6 and HTaWO6: Novel layered oxides related to the rutile structure. Synthesis and investigation of ion-exchange and intercalation behaviour

New protonated layered oxides, HMWO6·1.5H2O (M=Nb or Ta), have been synthesized by topotactic exchange of lithium in trirutile LiMWO6 with protons by treatment with dilute HNO3. The tetragonal cell constants are a=4.71 (2) and c=25.70 (8)Å for HNbWO6·1.5H2O and a=4.70 (2) and c=25.75 (9) Å for HTaWO6·1.5H2O. Partially hydrated compounds, HMWO6·0.5H2O and anhydrous compounds, HMWO6 retain the layered structure. The structure of these oxides consists of MWO6 sheets built up of M/W-oxygen octahedra with rutile type corner- and edge-sharing. Interlayer protons in HMWO6 are exchanged with Li+, Na+, K+ and Tl+. HMWO6 exhibit Brønsted acidity intercalating n-alkylamines and pyridine.

Preparatively useful transformations of steroids and morphine alkaloids byMucor piriformis

A versatile fungus isolated in our laboratory and identified as Mucor piriformis has been shown to effect novel and preparatively useful transformations in steroids and morphine alkaloids. The organism very effectively carries out hydroxylation of various C-19 and C-21 steroids at 7 and 14-positions. Although the organism is capable of catalysing hydroxylation at 6 beta and 11 alpha-positions, these are not the major activities. The 14 alpha-hydroxylase appears to have a broad substrate specificity. However, steroids with a bulky substitution at C-17 alpha-position or without the 4-en-3-one group are not accepted as substrates by the 14 alpha-hydroxylase system. Studies have demonstrated how various C-19 and C-21 steroids can be modified to yield new structures which are either difficult to prepare by traditional methods or hitherto unknown. The organism also very efficiently and selectively carries out the N-dealkylation of thebaine and its N-variants. Interestingly, the nor-compound formed does not get further metabolized. Since thebaine is very often used as a starting material to synthesize various morphine agonists as well as antagonists, and one of the steps involved in their preparation is the N-dealkylation reaction, the microbial process could certainly offer an alternative approach.

Wet chemical syntheses of ultrafine multicomponent ceramic powders through gel to crystallite conversion

Coarse (BOn/2)-O-n+/xH(2)O (10anionic contaminants react with A(OH), solutions under refluxing conditions at 70-100 degrees C giving rise to nanoparticles of multicomponent oxides (A=Ba, Sr, Ca, Mg or Pb; B=Zr, Ti, Sn, Fe, Al or Cr). These include ABO, perovskites and their solid solutions, polytitanates, hexaferrites and related phases, aluminates with spinel or tridymite structure and chromates. The nanosized crystallites are often in metastable phases, such as cubic BaTiO3 at room temperature or superparamagnetic hexaferrites. Through the same route, luminescent phosphors of aluminates doped with rare-earth metals could be prepared. The present results indicate the general features of the gel-crystallite (G-C) conversion involving the instability of the metal hydroxide gel brought about by the disruption of the ionic pressure in the gel as a result of the faster diffusion of A(2+) ions through the solvent cavities within the gel frame work. This is accompanied by the splitting of the bridging groups like B-(OH)-B or B-O-B, leading to the breakdown of the gel into crystallites. G-C conversion has advantages as a method of synthesis of ceramics in terms of operational cost and procedural simplicity.

Nanoparticles of SrTiO3 prepared by gel to crystallite conversion and their photocatalytic activity in the mineralization of phenol

Nanometre-sized powders of SrTiO3 were prepared at 70-100 degrees C by the wet-chemical method of gel to crystallite (G-C) conversion. The crystallite sizes obtained were in the range 5-13 nm, as estimated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies. The photocatalytic activities of these powders in the mineralization of phenol were evaluated in comparison with Degussa P25 (TiO2). The maximum photocatalytic activity was observed for powders annealed in the range 1100-1300 degrees C. The optical spectra of the particle suspensions in water showed broadened absorption around the band gap region, together with the appearance of an absorption maximum in the UV region. The effect of inorganic oxidizing species as electron scavengers on the rate of the photocatalytic degradation of phenol was studied. The influence of bulk and surface defects, which participate in the charge transfer process during photocatalysis, was investigated systematically.

Thermodynamic, Raman and electrical switching studies on Si15Te85-xAgx (4 <= x <= 20) glasses

We have investigated thermal properties of bulk Si15Te85-xAgx (4 <= x <= 20) glasses in detail, through alternating differential scanning calorimetry experiments. The composition dependence of thermal parameters reveal the signatures of rigidity percolation and chemical threshold at compositions x = 12 and x = 19, respectively. The stability and glass forming ability of these glasses have also been determined using the data obtained from different thermodynamic quantities and it is found that the Si15Te85-xAgx glasses in the region 12 <= x <= 17 are more stable when compared to other glasses of the same series. Further, the blueshift observed in Raman spectroscopy investigations, in the composition range 12 <= x <= 13, support the occurrence of stiffness threshold in this composition range. All Si15Te85-xAgx (4 <= x <= 20) glasses are found to exhibit memory type switching (for sample thickness 0.25 mm) in the input current range 3-9 mA. The effect of rigidity percolation and chemical thresholds on switching voltages are observed at x = 12 and 19, respectively. (C) 2012 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3682759]

Thermal degradation kinetics of thermoresponsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-N,N-dimethylacrylamide) copolymers prepared via RAFT polymerization

Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization at 70 A degrees C in N,N-dimethylformamide was used to prepare poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-N,N-dimethylacrylamide) copolymers in various compositions to afford well-defined polymers with pre-determined molecular weight, narrow molecular weight distribution, and precise chain end structure. The copolymer compositions were determined by H-1 NMR spectroscopy. The reactivity ratios of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) and N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMA) were calculated as r (NIPAM) = 0.838 and r (DMA) = 1.105, respectively, by the extended Kelen-Tudos method at high conversions. The lower critical solution temperature of PNIPAM can be altered by changing the DMA content in the copolymer chain. Differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis at different heating rates were carried out on these copolymers to understand the nature of thermal degradation and to determine its kinetics. Different kinetic models were applied to estimate various parameters like the activation energy, the order, and the frequency factor. These studies are important to understand the solid state polymer degradation of N-alkyl substituted polymers, which show great potential in the preparation of miscible polymer blends due to their ability to interact through hydrogen bonding.

Nachweis von Parvalbuminen in Störgeweben

Parvalbumins, calcium-binding, heat-stable proteins of considerable allergenic potential, are occurring in high concentration in light muscle of many fish species. Lack of knowledge about parvalbumins in sturgeon tissues prompted us to study the distribution of this type of proteins in light and dark muscle, as well as in swim bladder and skin of Atlantic sturgeon, Acipenser oxyrhynchus, and three other sturgeon species. Results: Light and dark muscle of sturgeons contained water soluble proteins with following properties: (1) Great stability against heating at 70 or 80 °C. (2) Isolelectric points between 3.85 and 5.66. (3) Treatment of proteins separated by isoelectric focusing with the dye “stains all” gave blue protein bands. (4) The molecular mass was about 10 to 14 kDalton. (5) Concentration of acidic, heat-stable proteins was higher in light than in dark muscle. Taken together, these findings gave strong indication for the presence of parvalbumins in muscle tissue of sturgeons. This conclusion was corroborated by immunological tests. However, parvalbumin could not be detected in swim bladder tissue. Skin preparations showed only traces of parvalbumins, possibly resulting from residual muscle tissue.

Effect of coal-over-coal reburn on furnace temperature and heat flux distributions in 1 MW tangentially fired furnace

The furnace temperature and heat flux distributions of 1 MW tangentially fired furnace were studied during coal-over-coal reburn, and the influences of the position of reburn nozzle and reburn fuel fraction on furnace temperature and heat flux distributions were investigated. Compared with the baseline, the flue gas temperature is 70&ndash;90 C lower in primary combustion and 130&ndash;150 C higher at furnace exit, and the variations of the flue gas temperature distributions along furnace height are slower. The temperature distribution along the width of furnace wall decreases with the increase of the relative furnace height. In the primary combustion zone and the reburn zone, the temperature and heat flux distributions of furnace wall are much non-uniform and asymmetric along the width of furnace wall, those of furnace wall in the burnout zone are relatively uniform, and the temperature non-uniformity coefficients of the primary combustion zone, the reburn zone and the burnout zone are 0.290, 0.100 and 0.031, respectively.

CO2浓度升高对羊草草原生产力和碳平衡的影响

自工业革命以来，大气的C02浓度以前所未有的速度增加，已经由280μmol mol-1升高到了360μmol mol-l。据预测，到下个世纪中／末期，C02浓度将为目前的二倍。C02浓度升高及其引起的全球气候变化必将影响到植物的生长发育，进而对整个生态系统产生巨大影响。因此，有关C02浓度升高对各类生态系统的影响的研究引起了广泛关注，成为近年来的研究热点。早期的研究多数集中于考察C02浓度升高对植物个体水平生长发育的影响。然而，高C02对植物的效应严重依赖于具体物种和具体环境条件，使得基于由短期盆栽实验获得的研究结果不能够有效地预测自然生态系统的行为。因此，长期、原位处理实验越来越受到重视。由于原位研究的难度较大，目前这方面的研究还不是很多。有限研究结果显示，由于生境条件和种间关系方面的巨大差异，自然生态系统对C02浓度升高的反应迥异。 草原生态系统由于C02浓度控制上比较容易实现，而且其物质循环相对较快，因而一直是C02富集实验研究最多的一类植被，生态系统水平的研究更是如此。然而涉及的区域和草原类型并不多，不足以进行可靠预测。目前，关于C02升高效应，研究比较系统的草原生态系统主要集中在：美国Kansas的高草草原、美国California���一年生草原、瑞士西北部的石灰质草原、美国Colorado的矮草草原和一些牧场。我国总土地面积的40%为草地，类型丰富，然而相关研究不多，尤其是对自然生态系统的原位研究几乎为空白。 为揭示C02浓度升高对羊草草原生产力和碳平衡的效应，我们在中国科学院内蒙古草原生态系统定位研究站的永久羊草样地开展了两年的C02倍增实验(2001，2002)。在羊草样地选择相对均匀地段设置12个开顶式气室（直径1.8m），每个气室内分成4个小样方(0.5m×0.5m)，其中6个气室在生长季给予加倍C02处理（约600μmol mol-l），另6个气室不补充C02（约300μmol moI-l）。地上部分用收割法取样，分种记录数量、高度和重量等指标，地下部分取样用环刀法。用Li-cor6400光合系统测定群落光合和呼吸速率。野外实验结束后，统一分析植物和土壤样品中的C��N等元素含量。另外，在内蒙古草原站院内设置了两组桶培实验，一组是取自羊草样地的带苗原状土，一组是取自羊草样地的混匀土，种上冰草(Agropyron cristatum)、紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)和无芒雀麦(Bromus inermis)的种子。2组桶培实验分别用两个水分梯度和两个C02梯度处理。水分处理分别为：浇水处理——每4天浇lOOOml水，相当于平均降雨量的160%;干旱处理——持续干旱，适时补水以保持植物不萎蔫，共浇水4000ml水。C02处理和取样方法与样地原位实验相同。主要研究结果和结论如下： 1)两年的C02加倍处理没有使羊草草原的生物量、植物种和功能型组成发生显著改变，桶培实验中，浇水处理显著促进了植物生长，原状土植物、种子苗实验的冰草和无芒雀麦对C02加倍处理同样不敏感，而种子苗实验的豆科植物紫花苜蓿在C02加倍处理下生物量显著提高。以上结果显示，由于水分和养分（特别是N）的限制，以及优势植物对C02的相对不敏感，C02浓度升高对羊草草原地上生物量和结构的效应相对不大。 2)羊草草原的根垂直分布在加倍C02条件下发生显著改变，但根生物量对C02加倍处 理相对不敏感。在4次取样中只有一次对C02加倍处理表现出显著变化，根长的变化与根生物量的变化不完全一致，根的比根长在加倍C02条件下增加。根垂直分布的变化趋势与降雨的时间分布相适应，干旱少雨时期C02使下层根量增加，多雨时期C02则使上层根量增加。以上结果显示，根的空间分布比根生物量对C02加倍处理更敏感。水分是根空间分布变化的驱动因子，加倍C02条件下，根空间分布的变化趋势倾向于优化对水分的充分利用。 3)加倍C02处理使羊草草原的群落光合速率显著提高，群落呼吸速率显著降低，因而使群落碳净输入量增加。土壤碳贮量占羊草草原碳总贮量的70%以上，碳总贮量及其组分（包括地上碳贮量、根碳贮量、土壤碳贮量）在两个C02浓度处理之问均没有显著差异。另外，加倍C02处理使羊草草原群落及其优势植物羊草的c��N比增加。以上结果显示，在加倍C02条件下羊草草原的碳净输入量增加，这意味着在未来高 C02条件F，羊草草原将作为碳汇对大气C02起反馈调节作用。其碳贮量对加倍C02 处理的不敏感与许多以前的研究结果相似，一般认为是由于土壤碳贮量本底太大， 掩盖了C02效应，这还有待于更长期原位实验的证实。羊草草原群落c��N比在高C02 浓度下的变化将影响凋落物降解、N素循环和动植物营养关系等，进而对生态系统 功能产生深远影响。