1000 resultados para Validação de métodos
Resumo:
Neste trabalho, comparamos algumas aplicações obtidas ao se utilizar os conhecimentos subjetivos do investidor para a obtenção de alocações de portfólio ótimas, de acordo com o modelo bayesiano de Black-Litterman e sua generalização feita por Pezier e Meucci. Utilizamos como medida de satisfação do investidor as funções utilidade correspondentes a um investidor disciplinado, isto é, que é puramente averso a risco, e outro que procura risco quando os resultados são favoráveis. Aplicamos o modelo a duas carteiras de ações que compõem o índice Ibovespa, uma que replica a composição do índice e outra composta por pares de posições long&short de ações ordinárias e preferenciais. Para efeito de validação, utilizamos uma análise com dados fora da amostra, dividindo os dados em períodos iguais e revezando o conjunto de treinamento. Como resultado, foi possível concluir que: i) o modelo de Black-Litterman não é suficiente para contornar as soluções de canto quando o investidor não é disciplinado, ao menos para o modelo utilizado; ii) para um investidor disciplinado, o P&L médio obtido pelos modelos de média-variância e de Black-Litterman é consideravelmente superior ao do benchmark para as duas carteiras; iii) o modelo de Black Litterman somente foi superior ao de média-variância quando a visão do investidor previu bem os resultados do mercado.
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O presente trabalho objetivou estudar as principais variáveis analíticas associadas aos métodos espectrofotométricos de quantificação do teor de taninos utilizando caseína e pó-de-pele, os reagentes de Folin-Denis e Folin-Ciocalteu, bem como a avaliação de diferentes tipos de PVPP (Divergan® F, Divergan® RS, Kollidon® CL e PVPP-P6755) na substituição dos substratos protéicos. Para tanto, dois métodos de análise, um espectrofotométrico e outro por CLAE foram desenvolvidos, utilizando os polifenóis catequina, ácido tânico, ácido gálico e pirogalol como substâncias de referência e rutina como flavonóide modelo. Para maiores inferências uma solução extrativa de folhas secas de Psidium guajava L também foi quantificada. A análise comparativa assinalou o uso vantajoso do reagente de Folin-Ciocalteu, em relação ao reagente de Folin-Denis. Em termos de reprodutibilidade, a caseína grau técnico (GT) mostrou-se superior à caseína purificada, embora essa última possua maior afinidade pelos polifenóis testados. Contudo, as análises por UV-VIS e por CLAE em comprimentos de onda de 280m e 352 nm, demonstraram que tanto a caseína GT quanto o pó-de-pele não são seletivos para complexar taninos, de acordo com as normas do ICH. Tanto o pó-de-pele quanto a caseína GT foram capazes de complexar polifenóis e rutina de maneira inespecífica. Isso foi evidenciado quando misturas de um único polifenol e rutina ou a fração flavonoídica de P. guajava foram testadas. A capacidade de complexação de polifenóis e rutina por parte da PVPP foi avaliada por UV-VIS, DSC e CLAE. Os melhores resultados foram observados para PVPP-P6755, no entanto com restrições. De maneira similar a caseína GT e pó-depele a PVPP-P6755 foram capazes de complexar de maneira inespecífica rutina e outros flavonóides do extrato de P. guajava. Uma validação plena para o caso específico de folhas de P. guajava é questionável. No entanto, o método baseado na utilização de PVPP mostrou-se passível de padronização utilizando 500,0 mg de pó de droga, 2,0 mL de reagente de Folin-Ciocalteu, tempo de leitura 30 min após adição desse reagente e quantificação em 760 nm. Sob essas condições, a análise comparativa demonstrou que 50,0 mg de PVPP foram, em termos analíticos, equivalentes a 100,0 mg de pó-de-pele ou a 750 mg de caseína GT.
Resumo:
Peumus boldus Molina (Monimiaceae) é uma árvore comum e abundante no Chile, e suas folhas são amplamente empregadas pela medicina tradicional para o tratamento de uma variedade de afecções do sistema digestivo e hepatobiliar. Seus principais constituintes químicos são alcalóides do tipo aporfínicos, sendo a boldina seu maior e mais característico representante, cujas propriedades antioxidantes são extensivamente relatadas na literatura, servindo desta forma como marcador químico para a espécie. Com o objetivo de contribuir com parâmetros de controle de qualidade, um estudo botânico macro e microscópico das folhas e do pó da espécie foi realizado. Características morfológicas, identificadas pela análise macroscópica, como pilosidade, tipologia dos tricomas, proeminência ao redor da base dos tricomas e aparência do bordo, e características microscópicas como estômatos anomocíticos, folha hipoestomática e ocorrência de cristais de oxalato de cálcio denotam valor taxonômico. Parâmetros farmacopéicos como cinzas totais e perda por dessecação foram determinados, e um método de quantificação da boldina foi desenvolvido e validado utilizando a CLAE. O limite mínimo de boldina observado na análise de 10 amostras adquiridas foi de aproximadamente 0,016%. A fim de avaliarse o comportamento de seus constituintes químicos frente a variações de temperatura e umidade, realizou-se estudo de estabilidade acelerada (40ºC ± 2ºC / 75% ± 5% U.R.). A degradação máxima de boldina foi observada após 90 dias em câmara climática chegando a aproximadamente 52%. A reação de degradação sugerida foi de segunda ordem, e o tempo de vida útil e meia-vida calculados foram de aproximadamente 18 dias e 165 dias, respectivamente. Por fim, realizou-se a quantificação de alguns metais pesados nas folhas da espécie, que decresceram na ordem de Fe> Mn> Cu> Ni, sendo que Pb, Cr e Co tiveram níveis abaixo do limite de detecção de 5 μg/g.
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Objectivo: Proceder à validação da equação de Slaugther e col., (1988), na estimação da percentagem de massa gorda (%MG), em crianças com 9 anos de idade, tendo a DXA como método de referência. Metodologia: A avaliação da composição corporal foi realizada em 450 crianças, das quais 219 eram raparigas (idade: 9.74 ± 0.33 anos; altura: 136.88 ± 6.8 cm; peso: 33.77 ± 8.16 kg; índice de massa corporal (IMC): 17.85 ± 3.16 kg/m2) e 231 eram rapazes (idade: 9.75 ± 0.33 anos; altura: 137.17 ± 6.97cm; peso: 34.3 ± 8.09 kg; IMC: 18.09 ± 3.17 kg/m2), pela DXA (QDR – 1500: Hologic, Waltham, MA, pencil beam mode, software version 5.67 anhanced whole body analisis) e pelas pregas adiposas subcutâneas, cujo os valores das pregas adiposas tricipital e geminal foram utilizados na equação desenvolvida por Slaugther e col., (1988). Na análise estatística, foram utilizadas a comparação de médias, a regressão linear e a concordância entre os métodos. Resultados: A %MG obtida por ambos os métodos apresentou diferenças significativas (p<0.05) entre os géneros, sendo as raparigas as que apresentam, em média, maiores valores de gordura corporal. Tanto para os rapazes como para as raparigas a %MGDXA é superior à %MGSKF. Na predição dos valores de %MG, a equação de Slaugther e col., (1988) tem para ambos os sexos (raparigas: r=0.94; EPE=3.2 e rapazes: r=0.96; EPE=2.7) uma correlação elevada com reduzido erro padrão de estimação com a DXA. Na análise de concordância entre os métodos, os rapazes parecem apresentar uma maior concordância entre o método alternativo e o método de referência, com os limites de concordância a variarem entre -9.26 e 1.57, enquanto nas raparigas variam entre -11.19 e 3.16. Em ambos os sexos é visível a subestimação, em valor médio, do método de referência, com uma média da diferença a situar-se nos -3.8% e -4.0%, respectivamente para rapazes e raparigas. Discussão: A equação de Slaugther e col., (1988) explica, para as raparigas, 87.5% da variância do método de referência, enquanto nos rapazes, 91.3% da variância é explicada.A diferença entre os métodos alternativo e de referência está dependente do nível de adiposidade, sendo que o método alternativo tende a sobrestimar a %MG nas crianças mais magras e a subestimar nas mais gordas. A equação de Slaugther e col., (1988) apresentou uma validade aceitável na avaliação da composição corporal num grupo de crianças, constituindo uma alternativa rápida na estimação da composição corporal numa avaliação inicial em escolas, clubes e estudos de larga escala. Contudo a sua utilidade, para uma correcta intervenção na saúde da criança, pode apresentar uma validade limitada, pelo que pode ser justificada a utilização de um método mais válido em termos clínicos, como a DXA.
Resumo:
Desenhar e avaliar experiências interativas digitais para museus, são processos complexos que requerem muita atenção, sobretudo nos aspectos que contribuem para que a mesma seja uma experiência de aprendizagem rica e cativante. Por outro lado, a avaliação de instalações interativas em museus é uma tarefa muito exigente devido à interseção de múltiplos campos de pesquisa, como a interação humano computador, design e multimédia, museologia, estudo de audiências e outros. Neste projeto foi criada uma plataforma com dez parâmetros específicos que permite avaliar e guiar o desenho de instalações interativas, concebidos especificamente para museus. A conceção da plataforma foi baseada em métodos e princípios de avaliação de usabilidade atuais, bem como na literatura sobre museologia. Seguidamente foi refinada de forma iterativa e, por fim, foi validada através de um estudo de longo prazo, sobre a interatividade do em todos os museus interativos da Ilha da Madeira. Além disso, e em paralelo com a criação desta plataforma de avaliação, foi criada, desenhada e desenvolvida uma instalação interativa cujo objetivo principal seria oferecer uma experiência de visita ao museu completamente diferente do que os visitantes estão habituados, na Madeira. Foi instalada na Casa-Museu Frederico de Freitas e apresentou um feedback muito positivo por parte dos visitantes do museu, que afirmaram ter gostado da experiência e ter adquirido algum conhecimento sobre a história e cultura da Madeira. A criação desta instalação permitiu aplicar a plataforma de avaliação criada, de forma iterativa ao longo de todo o processo de design e desenvolvimento, guiando e apoiando todas as fases e tomadas de decisão. Os resultados obtidos enfatizam a importância de adotar a plataforma proposta para futuras pesquisas sobre avaliação museus interativos. Além disso, demonstram a utilidade desta plataforma no design e desenvolvimento de instalações interativas que, por sua vez, revelaram ter um impacto positivo na integração nos museus da Região.
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The present study had as objective translates, to do equivalence and validation of the Utian Quality of Life (UQOL) for the Brazilian population through methods internationally accepted, in which the original questionnaire was translated for the Portuguese by three teachers and the consensual version was translated back for English by two American teachers (back translation). A multidisciplinary committee evaluated all versions and the final version in Portuguese was applied to climacteric women for the process of adaptation. Validation of the instrument was performed by measuring the reliability and validity properties. Construct validity was examined through the comparison between UQOL and the general measuring scale of quality of life Short Form-36 (SF-36). The final version of translation process was easily recognized by the target population, that didn't tell understanding problems. The results obtained for the reliability intra and interobserver showed significant agreement in all of the subjects. The construct validity was obtained through correlations statistically significant among the domains occupational, health and emotional of UQOL with the SF-36 domains. For the exploratory factorial analysis, it was verified that three factors explain 60% of the total variance of the data, the present study allowed concluding that UQOL was appropriately translated and adapted for applicability in Brazil, presenting high reliability and validity. In that way, the executed project provided the involvement of different areas as gynecology, psychology and physiotherapy (interdisciplinary). Thus, this instrument can be included and used in Brazilian studies to assessment the quality of life during the climacteric years
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The synthetic guanylhydrazones WE010 (3,5-di-tert-butil-4-hidroxibenzaldehyde-guanylhydrazone), WE014 (4-bifenilcarboxialdehydeguanylhydrazone) and WE017 (3,4-diclorobenzaldehydeguanylhydrazone) showed high cytotoxic activity in terms of percentage inhibition of cancer cells growth. However, further progress in the development of these drug candidates requires precise and convenient methods for their qualitative and quantitative analyses. The aim of this study was to develop and validate High Performance Liquid Chromatography with diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD) and Ultra Fast Liquid Chromatography with diode-array detection (UFLC-DAD) methods suitable for as simultaneous as isolated determination of studied guanylhydrazones, based on the optimization of chromatographic parameters and obtaining reduced detection times. The chromatographic analyses of analytes by HPLC were performed on C18 ACE analytical column (150 mm x 4.6 mm), with a particle size of 5.0 μm. Among all the conditions assayed, the best results of separation were obtained with a mixture of methanol:water (60:40, v/v) as the mobile phase at a flow rate 1.5mL/min and pH of 3.5 adjusted at acetic acid. The UFLC method was developed by experimetal desing techniques in order to find optimal chromatographic analytical conditions, which were achieved on XR-ODS analytical column (50 mm x 3.0 mm), with a particle size of 2,2 μm, maintained at 25 ºC. The mobile phase was consisted of methanol:water (65:35, v/v) with 0.1% triethylamine (TEA) and pH of 3.5 adjusted at acetic acid, at a flow rate 0.5 mL/min. The procedure were validated following evaluating parameters such as specificity, linearity, limits of detection (LD) and quantification (LQ), precision, accuracy and robustness, giving results within the acceptable range. Although the UFLC method shows better sensitivity (lower values of LD and LQ), robustness (lower rates of relative standard deviation) and minimize spending time and solvent, both developed methods were adequately applied to the analysis of guanylhydrazones molecules, may be used in routine of quality control laboratories. Keywords: guanylhydrazones, HPLC/DAD, UFLC/DAD, validation of analitical method
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To mesure the human performance is a challenge, mainly due to the multidimensional factor movement. Instruments, mostly only assess one dimension of it. Objective: To develop a prototype capable of measuring the skills of human performance and check its validity using method comparison approach. Methods: The study was divided into two stages. The first Prototype was developed and tested simultaneously with an instrument to study the Rectilinear Uniform Motion and Uniformly Miscellaneous. In the second phase the sample consisted of Paralympic basketball athletes (n=09) and karate athletes (n=31) and all agreed to the terms of participation in the research. The evaluation of performance measures was performed with the prototype, the results obtained were compared with the data calculated by a statistical package is used as a reference. Results: All variables calculated by the prototype showed no significant differences when compared with the results calculated by the reference instrument and statistical package. Conclusion: The prototype has been developed and the results obtained in laboratory and field indicate that the prototype can be used for measuring human performance measures, with immediate results without the need for a conventional computer return, provided they fulfill the criteria described
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Due of industrial informatics several attempts have been done to develop notations and semantics, which are used for classifying and describing different kind of system behavior, particularly in the modeling phase. Such attempts provide the infrastructure to resolve some real problems of engineering and construct practical systems that aim at, mainly, to increase the productivity, quality, and security of the process. Despite the many studies that have attempted to develop friendly methods for industrial controller programming, they are still programmed by conventional trial-and-error methods and, in practice, there is little written documentation on these systems. The ideal solution would be to use a computational environment that allows industrial engineers to implement the system using high-level language and that follows international standards. Accordingly, this work proposes a methodology for plant and control modelling of the discrete event systems that include sequential, parallel and timed operations, using a formalism based on Statecharts, denominated Basic Statechart (BSC). The methodology also permits automatic procedures to validate and implement these systems. To validate our methodology, we presented two case studies with typical examples of the manufacturing sector. The first example shows a sequential control for a tagged machine, which is used to illustrated dependences between the devices of the plant. In the second example, we discuss more than one strategy for controlling a manufacturing cell. The model with no control has 72 states (distinct configurations) and, the model with sequential control generated 20 different states, but they only act in 8 distinct configurations. The model with parallel control generated 210 different states, but these 210 configurations act only in 26 distinct configurations, therefore, one strategy control less restrictive than previous. Lastly, we presented one example for highlight the modular characteristic of our methodology, which it is very important to maintenance of applications. In this example, the sensors for identifying pieces in the plant were removed. So, changes in the control model are needed to transmit the information of the input buffer sensor to the others positions of the cell
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Improving the adherence between oilwell metallic casing and cement sheath potentially decrease the number of corrective actions present/y necessary for Northeastern wells submitted to steam injection. In addition to the direct costs involved in the corrective operations, the economic impact of the failure of the primary cementing aIso includes the loss in the production of the well. The adherence between casing and cement is current/y evaluated by a simple shear tests non standardized by the American Petroleum Institute (API). Therefore, the objective of the present is to propose and evaluate a standardized method to assess the adherence of oilwell metallic casing to cement sheath. To that end, a section of a cemented oilwell was simulated and used to test the effect of different parameters on the shear stress of the system. Surface roughness and different cement compositions submitted or not to thermal cycling were evaluated. The results revealed that the test geometry and parameters proposed yielded different values for the shear stress of the system, corresponding to different adherent conditions between metallic casing and cement sheath
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Physical activity is one of the main components of a healthy lifestyle, responsible for many health benefits. Despite being considered important for both disease prevention and health promotion there is high prevalence of sedentary behavior in the elderly population. Questionnaires are practical and feasible instruments for assessing levels of physical activity. However, they may have limitations in older age ranges. Accelerometers, movement sensors that make physical activity data more objective, emerge as reliable measuring devices. Aim: Determine the validity of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) adapted for elderly with accelerometry in elderly women. Methods: 57 elderly women, with mean age of 66.05 ± 5.98 years who took part in hypertension control and physical activity incentive programs were assessed in relation to objective and subjective measures of physical activity. The accelerometer was used for 07 consecutive days, 24 hours per day before the IPAQ was applied. Data were analyzed using measures of central tendency and dispersion to characterize the sample according to variables collected. To check the validity of the data we used the Spearman correlation test, considering a significance level of p <0.05. Results: With respect to the categories of physical activity obtained by IPAQ, 46.4% developed moderate physical activity, followed by a high (30.3%) and low level (23.2%). There was a negative correlation only between self-reported time spent sitting and time spent on light activities as measured by accelerometry (r = - 0.408; p = 0.003) and mean activity level (counts/min) with physical activity levels evaluated by IPAQ (r = 0.297; p = 0.036). Conclusion: The IPAQ used in elderly women shows moderate to low validity levels according to accelerometry measures. Assessment of sedentary activities exhibited acceptable levels compared to accelerometry; however, moderate (r = 0.096; p > 0.05) to vigorous (r = 0.098; p > 0.05) activities were not correlated, demonstrating the inability of IPAQ to evaluate this type of activity in elderly women
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The term fatigability concerns the degree of fatigue associated with performing an activity of any type (physical, mental, emotional and / or social). Recently scales for assessing fatigue in the English language were created, however, gaps exist regarding the validity of these scales in relation to oxygen consumption and levels of perceived fatigue. Objective: To investigate the validity of perceived fatigability scale in older women frail and non-frail by the expired gases kinetics. Methods: This is a study of type validation, where were evaluated 48 elderly. The evaluation was conducted at two different sessions. In the first, data were collected demographic partners, as well as assessment of cognitive function, physical health, and the phenotype of frailty. The second was composed by the test 6-minute walk (6MWT) associated the expired gases kinects and assessment of perceived fatigability. Statistical analysis was performed a descriptive analysis and then we used the Pearson correlation test to evaluate the relationship between the measure of perceived fatigue and variables oxygen consumption (VO2), carbon dioxide production (VCO2), respiratory exchange ratio (RER)before and after 6MWT. We used a linear regression model initially considering the following explanatory variable: age, Body Mass Index (BMI), presence of frailty, comorbidities, level of physical activity, distance covered in the 6MWT , the energy cost of walking and severity of fatigability on performance. Results: The final sample consisted of 44 elderly women, 4 elderly were excluded because they didn t complete all phases of this study. The mean age obtained was 75 years (± 7.2 years). There was no significant correlation between fatigability measures and the values of VO2 ( r = .09 , p = .56 ) , VCO2 ( r = .173 , p = .26 ) , RER ( r = - .121 , p = .43 ). The final linear regression model showed that the energy cost of walking, the usual level of physical activity and the performance severity of fatigability explained 83.5 % (R2 = 0.835, p < 0.01) of the variation in the perceived fatigability. Conclusion: Our findings indicate a relationship between greater severity of fatigability and lower levels of physical activity and increased energy cost in walking, suggesting that the fatigability analyses using a simple numeric scale is valid and viable for assessment of fatigue in older women
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Soil contamination by pesticides is an environmental problem that needs to be monitored and avoided. However, the lack of fast, accurate and low cost analytical methods for discovering residual pesticide in complex matrices, such as soil, is a problem still unresolved. This problem needs to be solved before we are able to assess the quality of environmental samples. The intensive use of pesticides has increased since the 60s, because the dependence of their use, causing biological imbalances and promoting resistance and recurrence of high populations of pests and pathogens (upwelling). This has contributed to the appearance of new pests that were previously under natural control. To develop analytical methods that are able to quantify residues pesticide in complex environment. It is still a challenge for many laboratories. The integration of two analytical methods one ecotoxicological and another chemical demonstrates the potential for environmental analysis of methamidophos. The aim of this study was to evaluate an ecotoxicological method as "screening" analytical methamidophos in the soil and perform analytical confirmation in the samples of the concentration of the analyte by chemical method LC-MS/MS In this work we tested two soils: a clayey and sandy, both in contact with the kinetic methamidophos model followed pseudo-second order. The clay soil showed higher absorption of methamidophos and followed the Freundlich model, while the sandy, the Langmuir model. The chemical method was validated LC-MS/MS satisfactory, showing all parameters of linearity, range, precision, accuracy, and sensitivity adequate. In chronic ecotoxicological tests with C. dubia, the NOEC was 4.93 and 3.24 for ng L-1 of methamidophos to elutriate assays of sandy and clay soils, respectively. The method for ecotoxicological levels was more sensitive than LC-MS/MS detection of methamidophos, loamy and sandy soils. However, decreasing the concentration of the standard for analytical methamidophos and adjusting for the validation conditions chemical acquires a limit of quantification (LOQ) in ng L-1, consistent with the provisions of ecotoxicological test. The methods described should be used as an analytical tool for methamidophos in soil, and the ecotoxicological analysis can be used as a "screening" and LC-MS/MS as confirmatory analysis of the analyte molecule, confirming the objectives of this work
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Data clustering is applied to various fields such as data mining, image processing and pattern recognition technique. Clustering algorithms splits a data set into clusters such that elements within the same cluster have a high degree of similarity, while elements belonging to different clusters have a high degree of dissimilarity. The Fuzzy C-Means Algorithm (FCM) is a fuzzy clustering algorithm most used and discussed in the literature. The performance of the FCM is strongly affected by the selection of the initial centers of the clusters. Therefore, the choice of a good set of initial cluster centers is very important for the performance of the algorithm. However, in FCM, the choice of initial centers is made randomly, making it difficult to find a good set. This paper proposes three new methods to obtain initial cluster centers, deterministically, the FCM algorithm, and can also be used in variants of the FCM. In this work these initialization methods were applied in variant ckMeans.With the proposed methods, we intend to obtain a set of initial centers which are close to the real cluster centers. With these new approaches startup if you want to reduce the number of iterations to converge these algorithms and processing time without affecting the quality of the cluster or even improve the quality in some cases. Accordingly, cluster validation indices were used to measure the quality of the clusters obtained by the modified FCM and ckMeans algorithms with the proposed initialization methods when applied to various data sets
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Symbolic Data Analysis (SDA) main aims to provide tools for reducing large databases to extract knowledge and provide techniques to describe the unit of such data in complex units, as such, interval or histogram. The objective of this work is to extend classical clustering methods for symbolic interval data based on interval-based distance. The main advantage of using an interval-based distance for interval-based data lies on the fact that it preserves the underlying imprecision on intervals which is usually lost when real-valued distances are applied. This work includes an approach allow existing indices to be adapted to interval context. The proposed methods with interval-based distances are compared with distances punctual existing literature through experiments with simulated data and real data interval