On the response of Catla catla (Ham) and Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham) to the voltage gradient of electrical field

The threshold body voltage (voltage gradient between head and tail) required for first reaction, electro-taxis and electro-narcosis depended upon species, conductivity of the fish body, nature of current and wave shape. Larger fishes showed first reaction at a lower body voltage than smaller ones. All the three reactions were dependent on the accommodation of nerves to the electrical field and subsequent fatigue of the fishes. No significant change was observed in the period of narcosis and recovery after repeated stimulation.

Physiological modelling for improved reliability in silhouette-driven gradient-based hand tracking

We present a gradient-based motion capture system that robustly tracks a human hand, based on abstracted visual information - silhouettes. Despite the ambiguity in the visual data and despite the vulnerability of gradient-based methods in the face of such ambiguity, we minimise problems related to misfit by using a model of the hand's physiology, which is entirely non-visual, subject-invariant, and assumed to be known a priori. By modelling seven distinct aspects of the hand's physiology we derive prior densities which are incorporated into the tracking system within a Bayesian framework. We demonstrate how the posterior is formed, and how our formulation leads to the extraction of the maximum a posteriori estimate using a gradient-based search. Our results demonstrate an enormous improvement in tracking precision and reliability, while also achieving near real-time performance. © 2009 IEEE.