Promotion de l'activité physique au cabinet médical: manuel de référence à l'intention des médecins

[Table des matières] 1. Introduction: que vais-je apprendre? - quelques définitions - recommandations pour une activité physique favorable à la santé - comment mesure-t-on l'activité physique? - déterminants de l'activité physique. - 2. Épidémiologie de la sédentarité: prévalence de la sédentarité - coûts imputables à la sédentarité. - 3. Bénéfices pour la santé: un effet dose-réponse non linéaire - estimation des bénéfices de l'activité physique. - 4. Rôle du médecin de premier recours. - 5. Prise en charge: description générale d'un modèle de prise en charge - comment s'y prendre dans les détails - appréciation des risques liés à l'activité physique. - 6. Exemples d'outils: brochure pour les patients - podomètre: 10000 pas quotidiens pour sa santé! - 7. Autres ressources à disposition: site internet: www.paprica.ch. - Glossaire [Introduction (extrait)] Ce manuel décrit la perspective et le rôle du médecin de premier recours dans la promotion d'une activité physique bénéfique pour la santé. Il s'inscrit, avec la brochure d'accompagnement destinée aux patients, dans un concept global de promotion de l'activité physique au cabinet médical. Développé pour être le plus concis possible, ce manuel fait la synthèse des connaissances et des savoir-faire utiles à la pratique du conseil en activité physique au cabinet médical.

Structured running program for health and performance promotion in hospital employees.

Introduction Our institution (University hospital) is encouraging physical activities for health through various popular sporting events in the city of Lausanne, the biggest of which is a road race of 2, 4, 10 and 20km. Objective To create an efficient and sustainable training program in preparation of the race for a group of motivated hospital employees without any prior experience with structured training and to identifying the benefits and limitations encountered.. Methods Subjects of various fitness levels were recruited by add and agreed to undergo lab and field testing before a 12-week 3 times/week running program, based on maximal aerobic speed (MAS-30/30 sec intervals), running technique exercises and endurance training. The interval session was the only one supervised. Their goal was the 10km (11 subjects) and the 20km (6 subjects). Results A group of 17 subjects (7 male and 10 female), mean age 36.6±7.3 years, VO2max 44.0±5.5 ml/kg/min, filed test interval MAS 15.1±2.4 km/h started the program. 2 were lost because of injury (while skiing). Adherence to interval sessions was excellent, although 3 weekly training sessions proved to be difficult for most of the subjects. Performance in the race was satisfying for all of them, 6/7 subjects having improved their running time from the previous year, the others participated for the first time and 7/8 completed the race satisfyingly, one DNF-ed because of sinusitis. Repeat MAS field test was available for 6 subjects, who improved by 5.9% (p<0.01). Subjectively, all of the participants were very satisfied with improvement, interaction with colleagues from various professions, and with self achievement and confidence. Conclusions Implementation of a structured training program for recreational or non-athletes can be very successful in creating a better self-confidence, a better working environment inside a hospital facility and obviously in improvement of physical fitness and athletic performance. Above all, it can only encourage health institutions to promote the health of their own employees through physical activity, which can allow people to connect through sports. As a result, subjects in this study tend to encourage other employees to be more active and are hungry for more advice and continued offers for physical activities benefiting both them and the institution through better efficiency at work and less absenteeism common to more active people.

Prévention en pratique médicale ambulatoire: un guide de prévention et de promotion de la santé chez les patients de 50 ans consultant un médecin de premier recours

Objectifs du guide de prévention: Offrir aux médecins de premier recours, et en particulier à ceux du groupe AMI [Association des médecins indépendants], un document sur la médecine préventive qui établit les modalités pratiques d'une approche individuelle au cabinet individuel, selon une perspective de standard de qualité. Offrir aux patients de 50 ans un contrôle de santé et un conseil médical aptes à leur donner les moyens d'acquérir des aptitudes pour mieux contrôler leur santé. [Table des matières] Préambule. Corpus scientifique (la prévention en pratique clinique et la médecine fondée sur les preuves; etc.). Illustration de quelques facteurs peu scientifiques qui influencent le choix des examens préventifs par le médecin traitant. Recommandations pour la prévention dans le bilan de santé à 50 ans. Annexes: Fiches de prévention (consommation à risque et alcoolo-dépendance; dépistage du cancer du sein; désaccoutumance au tabac: algorithmes; vaccinations de routine de l'adulte).

R&D Performance Analysis: Case Studies on the Challenges and Promotion of the Evaluation and Measurement of R&D

Due to the intense international competition, demanding, and sophisticated customers, and diverse transforming technological change, organizations need to renew their products and services by allocating resources on research and development (R&D). Managing R&D is complex, but vital for many organizations to survive in the dynamic, turbulent environment. Thus, the increased interest among decision-makers towards finding the right performance measures for R&D is understandable. The measures or evaluation methods of R&D performance can be utilized for multiple purposes; for strategic control, for justifying the existence of R&D, for providing information and improving activities, as well as for the purposes of motivating and benchmarking. The earlier research in the field of R&D performance analysis has generally focused on either the activities and considerable factors and dimensions - e.g. strategic perspectives, purposes of measurement, levels of analysis, types of R&D or phases of R&D process - prior to the selection of R&Dperformance measures, or on proposed principles or actual implementation of theselection or design processes of R&D performance measures or measurement systems. This study aims at integrating the consideration of essential factors anddimensions of R&D performance analysis to developed selection processes of R&D measures, which have been applied in real-world organizations. The earlier models for corporate performance measurement that can be found in the literature, are to some extent adaptable also to the development of measurement systemsand selecting the measures in R&D activities. However, it is necessary to emphasize the special aspects related to the measurement of R&D performance in a way that make the development of new approaches for especially R&D performance measure selection necessary: First, the special characteristics of R&D - such as the long time lag between the inputs and outcomes, as well as the overall complexity and difficult coordination of activities - influence the R&D performance analysis problems, such as the need for more systematic, objective, balanced and multi-dimensional approaches for R&D measure selection, as well as the incompatibility of R&D measurement systems to other corporate measurement systems and vice versa. Secondly, the above-mentioned characteristics and challenges bring forth the significance of the influencing factors and dimensions that need to be recognized in order to derive the selection criteria for measures and choose the right R&D metrics, which is the most crucial step in the measurement system development process. The main purpose of this study is to support the management and control of the research and development activities of organizations by increasing the understanding of R&D performance analysis, clarifying the main factors related to the selection of R&D measures and by providing novel types of approaches and methods for systematizing the whole strategy- and business-based selection and development process of R&D indicators.The final aim of the research is to support the management in their decision making of R&D with suitable, systematically chosen measures or evaluation methods of R&D performance. Thus, the emphasis in most sub-areas of the present research has been on the promotion of the selection and development process of R&D indicators with the help of the different tools and decision support systems, i.e. the research has normative features through providing guidelines by novel types of approaches. The gathering of data and conducting case studies in metal and electronic industry companies, in the information and communications technology (ICT) sector, and in non-profit organizations helped us to formulate a comprehensive picture of the main challenges of R&D performance analysis in different organizations, which is essential, as recognition of the most importantproblem areas is a very crucial element in the constructive research approach utilized in this study. Multiple practical benefits regarding the defined problemareas could be found in the various constructed approaches presented in this dissertation: 1) the selection of R&D measures became more systematic when compared to the empirical analysis, as it was common that there were no systematic approaches utilized in the studied organizations earlier; 2) the evaluation methods or measures of R&D chosen with the help of the developed approaches can be more directly utilized in the decision-making, because of the thorough consideration of the purpose of measurement, as well as other dimensions of measurement; 3) more balance to the set of R&D measures was desired and gained throughthe holistic approaches to the selection processes; and 4) more objectivity wasgained through organizing the selection processes, as the earlier systems were considered subjective in many organizations. Scientifically, this dissertation aims to make a contribution to the present body of knowledge of R&D performance analysis by facilitating dealing with the versatility and challenges of R&D performance analysis, as well as the factors and dimensions influencing the selection of R&D performance measures, and by integrating these aspects to the developed novel types of approaches, methods and tools in the selection processes of R&D measures, applied in real-world organizations. In the whole research, facilitation of dealing with the versatility and challenges in R&D performance analysis, as well as the factors and dimensions influencing the R&D performance measure selection are strongly integrated with the constructed approaches. Thus, the research meets the above-mentioned purposes and objectives of the dissertation from the scientific as well as from the practical point of view.

Quelle perception ont les médecins de famille en Suisse de leur rôle dans la prévention et la promotion de la santé? : comprendre les barrières à l'implémentation

Introduction: The importance of health promotion and prevention and the potential of general practitioners (GPs) to conduct individual prevention procedures have been demonstrated in several studies. Clinical recommendations for screening and prevention activities, an important condition for success, are published regularly, but their implementation into daily practice does not necessarily follow. Information is lacking about the actual conditions of how prevention is carried out on a daily basis by Swiss GPs, about their perceptions and needs, their attitudes and the present barriers they face. Such information is essential for the development of new tools and programs targeting better implementation of clinical recommendations for prevention in primary care in Switzerland. Objectives: The objectives of the study were to analyze how Swiss GPs perceive their role in prevention by obtaining information regarding the following issues: What do disease prevention and health promotion mean to them? What are the current incentives and barriers they face? What are their ideas and suggestions to deal with these barriers? What are their needs and expectations regarding prevention guidelines and tools? Methods: We conducted a qualitative research project using focus groups to examine the questions mentioned above. A total of 13 focus groups took place including GPs from eight cantons: five groups in German- speaking Switzerland and eight in French- speaking Switzerland. Each group was composed of 4-11 GPs, making in total 102 participants, who were paid expenses to cover their participation. The sessions were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data analysis: Content analysis of the transcriptions began by classifying the data according to a typology, the first level of which was developed in line with the structure of the interview guide. This typology was extended by successively regrouping similar statements. Synopsis and interpretation was then performed on each category thus obtained. This research report is based on the results from the French-speaking cantons. Results: Physicians perceive a change in their role as a consequence of changes in society and the health system. They emphasize the importance of a personalized and long lasting relationship between the family doctor and his/her patient; a privileged position allowing them to perform individualized prevention activities, considered to be more effective, as they are appropriate to the specific situation and needs of the patient. They point out their need for training and for better information concerning prevention and health promotion interventions, and stress difficulties arising from the lack of a clear political signal conferring them with a mandate for prevention. -- INTRODUCTION L'importance de la prévention et de la promotion de la santé et le potentiel des médecins de famillea à mettre en oeuvre des mesures individuelles de prévention, de dépistage et de conseils, a été démontrée dans plusieurs études. Régulièrement durant les dernières années, de nombreuses associations médicales ont publié des recommandations cliniques concernant les activités de dépistage et de prévention qui sont une condition essentielle pour le succès, mais ne sont pas forcément appliquées de manière systématique dans la pratique médicale quotidienne. Des contraintes spécifiques contribuent à l'écart entre le désir des médecins de pratiquer une médecine préventive et la réalité d'un cabinet médical. Nous n'avons que peu de données sur les conditions actuelles dans lesquelles la prévention et la promotion de la santé sont réalisées par les médecins de famille suisses dans leur travail quotidien. Des informations précises et représentatives sur leurs perceptions et leurs besoins, leurs attitudes et les contraintes auxquelles ils sont confrontés manquent. Or ces données sont essentielles dans le développement de nouveaux outils et programmes visant une meilleure implémentation des recommandations cliniques dans le domaine de la prévention et la promotion de la santé dans la médecine de famille en Suisse. OBJECTIFS Le développement de concepts pour une prévention systématique ainsi que d'outils adéquats, tout comme l'amélioration des conditions qui permettent une implémentation à grande échelle, implique, avant tout, l'analyse de la perception que les médecins de famille suisses ont de leur rôle dans la prévention. Par conséquent, cette étude a eu pour objectif d'obtenir des informations concernant les questions suivantes : ? Que signifient la prévention et la promotion de la santé pour les médecins de famille suisses ? ? Quelles sont leurs incitations et les barrières rencontrées ? ? Quelles sont leurs idées et leurs suggestions pour faire face à ces contraintes ? ? Quels sont leurs besoins et leurs attentes concernant les outils pour la prévention ? METHODES Nous avons mené un projet de recherche qualitative en utilisant la technique des focus groups pour examiner les questions mentionnées ci-dessus. Une telle technique de collecte de données est particulièrement adaptée à un domaine où l'on connaît mal les perceptions des parties prenantes. Nous avons mené 13 focus groups au total, comprenant des médecins issus de huit cantons: cinq groupes ont eu lieu en Suisse alémanique et huit groupes en Suisse romande. Chaque groupe était composé de 4 à 11 médecins de famille, avec au total 102 participants qui ont été défrayés pour leur participation. Les séances ont été audio-enregistrées et transcrites. ANALYSE DES DONNEES L'analyse du contenu des transcriptions a commencé par la classification des données selon une typologie dont le premier niveau a été développé à partir de la structure de la grille d'entretiens. Cette typologie a été affinée et élargie en regroupant successivement des propos similaires. Une synthèse a été effectuée pour chaque catégorie. Ce rapport est basé sur les résultats de l'analyse des données des cantons francophones. RESULTATS Les médecins perçoivent un changement de leur rôle dans une société et dans un système de santé qui évoluent. Ils soulignent l'importance de la relation personnalisée et durable du médecin de famille avec son patient, atout précieux, qui leur permet de réaliser des activités de prévention individualisées et adaptées à la situation et aux besoins du patient, considérées plus efficaces. Afin de surmonter leur doutes et découragement par rapport aux interventions de prévention, ils pointent la nécessité d'une formation aux nouvelles connaissances en prévention et promotion de la santé et d'une meilleure information aux médecins quant à leur efficacité et importance. Ils montrent le besoin d'un signal clair des politiques par rapport à l'attribution de ce mandat aux médecins de famille et de leur reconnaissance en tant qu'acteur de prévention dans le système de santé.

Scaffolding through the network: analysing the promotion of improved online scaffolds among university students

This article explores how to enrich scaffolding processes among university students using specific Computer Supported Collaborative Learning –CSCL- software. A longitudinal case study was designed, in which eighteen students participated in a twelve-month learning project. During this period the students followed an instructional process, using the CSCL software to support and improve the students’ interaction processes, in particular the processes of giving and receiving assistance. Our research analyzed the evolution of the quality of the students’ interaction processes and the students’ learning results. The effects of the students’ participation in the CSCL environment have been described in terms of their development of affective, cognitive and metacognitive learning processes. Our results showed that the specific activities that students performed while working with the CSCL system triggered specific learning processes, which had a positive incidence on their learning results.