Il Neolitico di Umbria - gallery, San Marco Gubbio.:Neolithic text and selection of material for display and interpretation

2009-10 Perugia – provision of material and data for gallery and information panels in Perugia Museo dei Provincia

Mathematics and reading difficulty subtypes: Minor phonological influences on mathematics for 5-7 year olds

Linguistic influences in mathematics have previously been explored throughsubtyping methodology and by taking advantage of the componential nature ofmathematics and variations in language requirements that exist across tasks. Thepresent longitudinal investigation aimed to examine the language requirements of mathematical tasks in young children aged 5-7 years. Initially, 256 children were screened for mathematics and reading difficulties using standardised measures. Those scoring at or below the 35th percentile on either dimension were classified as having difficulty. From this screening, 115 children were allocated to each of the MD (n=26), MDRD (n=32), reading difficulty (RD, n=22) and typically achieving (TA, n=35) subtypes. These children were tested at four time points, separated by six monthly intervals, on a battery of seven mathematical tasks. Growth curve analysis indicated that, in contrast to previous research on older children, young children with MD and MDRD had very similar patterns of development on all mathematical tasks. Overall, the subtype comparisons suggested that language played only a minor mediating role in most tasks, and this was secondary in importance to non-verbal skills. Correlational evidence suggested that children from the different subtypescould have been using different mixes of verbal and non-verbal strategies to solve the mathematical problems.

Learning about probability from text and tables: Do color coding and labeling through an interactive-user interface help?

Learning from visual representations is enhanced when learners appropriately integrate corresponding visual and verbal information. This study examined the effects of two methods of promoting integration, color coding and labeling, on learning about probabilistic reasoning from a table and text. Undergraduate students (N = 98) were randomly assigned to learn about probabilistic reasoning from one of 4 computer-based lessons generated from a 2 (color coding/no color coding) by 2 (labeling/no labeling) between-subjects design. Learners added the labels or color coding at their own pace by clicking buttons in a computer-based lesson. Participants' eye movements were recorded while viewing the lesson. Labeling was beneficial for learning, but color coding was not. In addition, labeling, but not color coding, increased attention to important information in the table and time with the lesson. Both labeling and color coding increased looks between the text and corresponding information in the table. The findings provide support for the multimedia principle, and they suggest that providing labeling enhances learning about probabilistic reasoning from text and tables

The relationship between rapid automatized naming and reading performance: a meta-analysis

O estudo científico dos correlatos cognitivos da aquisição e desenvolvimento da competência de leitura é um assunto de grande relevância quer teórica quer prática, no sentido em que pode ajudar a compreender os processos cognitivos básicos envolvidos na leitura e, em última instância, a delinear os seus preditores e a predizer dificuldades na sua aquisição. A par da consciência fonológica – capacidade para perceber e manipular as unidades de som –, um dos construtos que frequentemente tem sido associado ao desenvolvimento da competência de leitura é a velocidade de nomeação de estímulos visuais (também conhecida como nomeação rápida automatizada ou velocidade de acesso ao léxico). Tradicionalmente, esta capacidade tem sido avaliada recorrendo ao paradigma clássico das provas de nomeação rápida automatizada (RAN) desenvolvidas por Denckla e Rudel (1976), nas quais é pedido ao sujeito que nomeie o mais rapidamente possível um conjunto de estímulos familiares apresentados serialmente. Nas últimas décadas, inúmeros estudos vieram demonstrar que a nomeação rápida é um importante preditor da competência de leitura, sobretudo da fluência da leitura, e um défice central em perturbações de leitura como a dislexia. O desempenho numa tarefa de nomeação rápida apela à sincronização e integração de vários processos, incluindo: (a) atenção ao estímulo, (b) integração da informação visual com representações visuais ou ortográficas arquivadas em memória, (c) recuperação de uma etiqueta verbal, e a (d) ativação da representação articulatória (Wolf & Bowers, 1999). Uma vez que a leitura e a nomeação rápida envolvem processos cognitivos semelhantes, não parece surpreendente que ambas as competências estejam associadas. No entanto, os estudos têm variado consideravelmente no que respeita à magnitude da associação entre a nomeação rápida e a leitura, encontrando-se resultados nulos ou negligenciáveis do valor preditivo da nomeação rápida na explicação da variância do desempenho de leitura. Vários fatores podem contribuir para as discrepâncias observadas na literatura, entre os quais as medidas utilizadas para avaliar o desempenho de nomeação rápida (por exemplo, medidas que utilizam estímulos ortográficos ou não-ortográficos) e de leitura (por exemplo, medidas de fluência ou de acuidade). A importância da natureza das medidas quer de nomeação rápida quer de leitura tem sido reconhecida por vários autores (para uma revisão, ver Norton & Wolf, 2011). Paralelamente, as amostras estudadas, que têm variado quanto à idade/escolaridade dos participantes e à sua competência de leitura (leitores normais ou fracos leitores ou leitores disléxicos), poderão estar a contribuir para a heterogeneidade dos resultados publicados. A literatura recente tem salientado a relevância destes fatores na aquisição e desenvolvimento da leitura, embora a direccionalidade do seu efeito seja ainda pouco clara. Por exemplo, a transição de um procedimento de leitura baseado em estratégias de descodificação fonológica para uma leitura automática, à medida que o sujeito se torna um leitor fluente, parece ser acompanhada por uma mudança no peso relativo das capacidades cognitivas subjacentes à leitura (ex., Reis, Faísca, Castro, & Petersson, in press). Outro fator importante que tem dificultado a interpretação dos dados publicados sobre os construtos envolvidos na leitura, e em particular sobre a nomeação rápida, relaciona-se com a consistência ortográfica do sistema de escrita nos quais os estudos são conduzidos. Estudos trans-linguísticos sugerem que a consistência ortográfica influencia a facilidade com que se aprende a ler nas escritas alfabéticas, bem como o tipo de processamento de leitura predominantemente adotado pelos leitores (Seymour, Aro, & Erskine, 2003). No seio deste enquadramento, nesta tese procurámos clarificar as divergências encontradas na literatura relativamente à relação entre a nomeação rápida e o desempenho de leitura. Através de um estudo de meta-análise 1 é nosso objetivo realizar uma síntese objetiva do estado da arte sobre a relação entre a nomeação rápida e a leitura, e avaliar a influência de potenciais fatores moderadores da magnitude desta relação, nomeadamente: (a) a natureza da tarefa de nomeação (tipo de estímulo nomeado, número total de itens, e número de itens diferentes); (b) a natureza da tarefa de leitura (subcomponente de leitura, e medida de resposta usada para avaliar o desempenho); (c) características da amostra (escolaridade e nível de leitura); e (d) ortografia (sistema de escrita, e consistência ortográfica). Para tal, foi realizada uma procura de artigos científicos nas bases de dados PubMed, PsycINFO, e Web of Knowledge, tendo sido incluídas na meta-análise um total de 154 experiências independentes, compreendendo 21,706 participantes. Os resultados indicam uma relação moderada-a-forte entre a nomeação rápida e o desempenho de leitura (r =.44, I2 = 71.19). Nas análises seguintes procurou-se avaliar o contributo de potenciais variáveis moderadoras que possam explicar a heterogeneidade observada entre os tamanhos dos efeitos. Verificou-se que a nomeação rápida se associa significativamente e em magnitude semelhante com todas as medidas de leitura, i.e., quer estas apelem preferencialmente a um processamento de descodificação fonológica ou de reconhecimento de padrões ortográficos da palavra. Os resultados sugerem ainda que a magnitude das correlações é inflacionada nos estudos em que o desempenho de leitura é baseado na velocidade/fluência de leitura, em particular nos níveis de escolaridade mais avançados, e que utilizam tarefas de nomeação com estímulos alfanuméricos ao invés de estímulos não-alfanuméricos. Adicionalmente, verificou-se que a força da associação entre a nomeação rápida e a acuidade de leitura varia de forma não linear durante a evolução da leitura, sendo que a correlação é maior nos leitores escolarizados mais novos e decresce à medida que a escolaridade aumenta. O papel atribuível à proficiência dos leitores, i.e., fracos leitores/leitores disléxicos ou leitores normais, foi menos claro; no entanto, houve uma tendência para a relação ser mais forte nas amostras de fracos leitores/leitores disléxicos. Os resultados das comparações trans-linguísticas, por sua vez, sugerem que a nomeação rápida tem um papel importante para o desempenho da leitura independentemente das características da ortografia, ainda que as correlações tenham sido maiores nas ortografias opacas, e em particular nas línguas não-alfabéticas. Em suma, a presente meta-análise fornece resultados convincentes de que o desempenho em tarefas de nomeação rápida refletirá processos cognitivos subjacentes que são também relevantes para a aquisição/desenvolvimento da leitura. Consequentemente, pode dizer-se que estas medidas serão um preditor útil da competência de leitura. Os resultados são também discutidos no contexto das teorias atuais que procuram explicar através de que processos cognitivos se associam a nomeação rápida e a leitura, com ênfase nas hipóteses fonológica versus ortográfica. 1 Uma meta-análise permite a integração quantitativa de resultados de diversos estudos, recorrendo para isso à noção de magnitude do efeito.

'It was as if she had said....': May Sinclair and reading narratives of cure

May Sinclair was one of the most widely read and successful English women novelists of the first half of the twentieth century. She had interests and themes in common with many of those now considered to have been at the heart of English modernism. In terms of formal experimentation too her concerns chime with the aesthetic innovations of, for example, pound, Eliot and Woolf. Her early interest in psychoanalysis and support for the suffrage campaign also mark her out as a modern. Despite some work from feminist literary critics and her partial categorisation as modernist, however, her work still lacks a critical framework within which it can be read. Indeed, some of the work done by feminist critics on her has paradoxically re-marginalised her. In this thesis I aim to provide one critical framework through which Sinclair's work can be read. My contention is that the occluding of one aspect of her work and thought- its movement toward intellectual, emotional and aesthetic wholeness - has marred previous critical readings of her. By paying attention to this through a focus on discourses of cure, this thesis reads Sinclair's work with an awareness of its language, cultural context and intertextual relations. Early twentieth-century medical discourse, psychoanalysis, mysticism, the chivalric and the psychical are all used to read the works. At the same time, my aim is to read Sinclair's work without eliding its difficulties. Rather, I aim to read her in a way that acknowledges the difficulties of and fraught moments in her writing as markers of its significance.

Exploring the use of prediction and summarization to increase students' listening and reading comprehension /

This study examined the effect of expHcitly instructing students to use a repertoire of reading comprehension strategies. Specifically, this study examined whether providing students with a "predictive story-frame" which combined the use of prediction and summarization strategies improved their reading comprehension relative to providing students with generic instruction on prediction and summarization. Results were examined in terms of instructional condition and reading ability. Students from 2 grade 4 classes participated in this study. The reading component of the Canadian Achievement Tests, Second Edition (CAT/2) was used to identify students as either "average or above average" or "below average" readers. Students received either strategic predication and summarization instruction (story-frame) or generic prediction and summarization instruction (notepad). Students were provided with new but comparable stories for each session. For both groups, the researcher modelled the strategic tools and provided guided practice, independent practice, and independent reading sessions. Comprehension was measured with an immediate and 1-week delayed comprehension test for each of the 4 stories, hi addition, students participated in a 1- week delayed interview, where they were asked to retell the story and to answer questions about the central elements (character, setting, problem, solution, beginning, middle, and ending events) of each story. There were significant differences, with medium to large effect sizes, in comprehension and recall scores as a fimction of both instructional condition and reading ability. Students in the story-frame condition outperformed students in the notepad condition, and average to above average readers performed better than below average readers. Students in the story-frame condition outperformed students in the notepad condition on the comprehension tests and on the oral retellings when teacher modelling and guidance were present. In the cued recall sessions, students in the story-frame instructional condition recalled more correct information and generated fewer errors than students in the notepad condition. Average to above average readers performed better than below average readers across comprehension and retelling measures. The majority of students in both instructional conditions reported that they would use their strategic tool again.

A multidimensional measurement approach and analysis of children's motivation for reading, attributional style, and reading achievement

The present study investigates the usefulness of a multi-method approach to the measurement of reading motivation and achievement. A sample of 127 elementary and middle-school children aged 10 to 14 responded to measures of motivation, attributions, and achievement both longitudinally and in a challenging reading context. Novel measures of motivation and attributions were constructed, validated, and utilized to examine the relationship between ~ motivation, attributions, and achievement over a one-year period (Study I). The impact of classroom contexts and instructional practices was also explored through a study of the influence of topic interest and challenge on motivation, attributions, and persistence (Study II), as well as through interviews with children regarding motivation and reading in the classroom (Study III). Creation and validation of novel measures of motivation and attributions supported the use of a self-report measure of motivation in situation-specific contexts, and confirmed a three-factor structure of attributions for reading performance in both hypothetical and situation-specific contexts. A one-year follow up study of children's motivation and reading achievement demonstrated declines in all components of motivation beginning at age 10 through 12, and particularly strong decreases in motivation with the transition to middle school. Past perceived competence for reading predicted current achievement after controlling for past achievement, and showed the strongest relationships with reading-related skills in both elementary and middle school. Motivation and attributions were strongly related, and children with higher motivation Fulmer III displayed more adaptive attributions for reading success and failure. In the context of a developmentally inappropriate challenging reading task, children's motivation for reading, especially in terms of perceived competence, was threatened. However, interest in the story buffered some ofthe negative impacts of challenge, sustaining children's motivation, adaptive attributions, and reading persistence. Finally, children's responses during interviews outlined several emotions, perceptions, and aspects of reading tasks and contexts that influence reading motivation and achievement. Findings revealed that children with comparable motivation and achievement profiles respond in a similar way to particular reading situations, such as excessive challenge, but also that motivation is dynamic and individualistic and can change over time and across contexts. Overall, the present study outlines the importance of motivation and adaptive attributions for reading success, and the necessity of integrating various methodologies to study the dynamic construct of achievement motivation.

Motivation and Reading Achievement: Understanding the Needs and Motivation Processes of Adult Literacy Learners

Adult struggling readers are understudied and most evidence-based remedial approaches target youth. This thesis examined relationships among motivation constructs across typical and struggling adult readers. Age was also investigated as a moderator in these relationships. Participants included 198 adults in adult basic education and 138 undergraduate students. Examining the influence of self-efficacy on reading achievement, moderation analyses indicated there were stronger relationships for typical readers. Furthermore, stronger relationships were found for younger participants when moderated by age. Additional regression analyses identified positive relationships between two measures of intrinsic motivation and reading value. This relationship was replicated for avoidance and value. Though age was not uniformly sampled across ability grouping, age did not account for these effects. Despite difficulties with reading, adults still exhibited motivation to engage with texts with equal to greater levels of reading value. Value and intrinsic motivation may have unique developmental courses associated with longstanding reading challenges.

Identifying, Engaging, and Supporting 21st Century Reluctant Readers

Reading is becoming nearly inseparable from life in the 21st century. Moore, Bean, Birdyshaw, and Rycik (1999) suggest that “adolescents entering the adult world in the 21st century will read and write printed text or alphabetical text more than at any other time in human history” (p. 99). However, engaging with text and reading activities is unappealing to many students in today’s classrooms. This major research paper analyzed contemporary research on reading reluctance and the factors that contribute to this reluctance. Additionally, the study examined previous research to better understand the characteristics of students reluctant to read in grades 4-6. This information has provided the foundation for a handbook designed to help educators identify and engage students who experience a reluctance to read.

Books and reading; by Brother Azarias of the Brothers of the Christian schools

UANL