Caracterização de isolados de ceratocystis sp., avaliação de resistência clonal de eucalipto e sensibilidade deste fungo a diferentes fungicidas

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Uso de resíduos de madeiras e frutos da amazônia para o cultivo in vitro do cogumelo comestível shiitake

Local abundant residues with low or without commercial value with potential to make the production of edible mushrooms economically viable in any region of Brazil must be employed for cultivation. Thus, the radial mycelial growth of LED 20 strain of Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler was verified in culture media prepared with extract of regional residues by using substrates based on Protium puncticulatum, Cariniana micrantha and Caryocar glabum sawdust, supplemented with 20% of grinded residues from the barks of the fruits of Astrocaryum aculeatum and Theobroma grandiflorum. Residues from eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp) sawdust and wheat bran (Triticum aestivum L) were used as witness because they are commonly used in the cultivation of L. edodes. The experimental design used was totally randomized, in 4x3 factorial scheme, totalizing 12 treatments with five repetitions, being that each repetition corresponded to a Petri dish, adding up a total of 60 dishes, which were incubated under 25 degrees C. The diameter of the colony was daily evaluated during seven days of incubation. After that period, it was verified that media prepared with P. puncticulatum extract, whose supplementation with both brans was favorable for fungic development, presented some of the highest averages of mycelial growth of LED 20 strain of L. edodes, confirming the potential of those residues.

Vitamin D serum levels are associated with handgrip strength but not with muscle mass or length of hospital stay after hip fracture

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between serum levels of 25(OH) vitamin D-3 with midupper arm muscle circumference (MUAMC), handgrip strength and length of hospital stay (LOS) after hip fracture.Methods: In total, 102 consecutive patients with hip fracture over the age of 65 were admitted to the orthopedic unit and prospectively evaluated. All of the patients were treated according to specific protocols depending on the type of fracture. Anthropometric measurements and handgrip strength were performed, and blood samples were taken for serum biochemistry and 25(OH) vitamin D-3 analysis within the first 72 h of admission. All of the patients were followed during their hospital stay, and the length of stay was recorded.Results: Of the patients, two were excluded because of pathologic fractures. In total, 100 patients with a mean age of 80 +/- 7 y were included in the analysis. Among these patients, 73% were female, and 37% had vitamin D deficiency. The median LOS was 7 (5-11) d. Patients with vitamin D deficiency had lower handgrip strength in univariate analysis. In the multiple linear regression analysis with robust standard error, serum vitamin D levels adjusted by age and sex were associated with handgrip strength but not with MUAMC and LOS after hip fracture.Conclusions: In conclusion, vitamin D serum levels were associated with handgrip strength but not with muscle mass or length of hospital stay after hip fracture. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Desenvolvimento micelial de Lentinula edodes em meios de cultivo à base de diferentes substratos orgânicos

The radial mycelial growth of Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler, strain LE-96/13, was studied in culture media prepared with organic residues extract, by using substrates prepared with pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merril) crown, Astrocaryum aculeatum Meyer peel, Theobroma grandiflorum Schum shell, Musa sp. (genomic group AAB, subgroup Pacovan) peel, and Musa sp. (genomic group AAB, subgroup Prata) peel, with three supplementation levels with wheat bran (0, 10 and 20%), and incubated at 25ºC. The experimental design was totally randomized, in a 5×3 factorial scheme, adding up 15 treatments with 4 repetitions, and each repetition corresponding to a Petri dish. The diameter of the colony was evaluated daily during nine days of incubation. After that period, it was verified that the highest mycelial growth averages of strain LE-96/13 of L. edodes were found in culture media prepared with T. grandiflorum Schum shell (whose supplementation with wheat bran was favorable for Mushroom development) and A. aculeatum Meyer peel (whose supplementation did not favor the mycelial growth of L. edodes in relation to the medium not supplemented).

A new eriophyoid mite genus and species, Gymnaceria cupuassu (Acari: Eriophyidae), described from the cupuacu tree in Brazil

A new eriophyoid mite genus and species, Gymnaceria cupuassu n. sp. et n. gen. (Acari: Eriophyidae: Eriophyinae: Aceriini), is described from young fruits and other plant parts of the cupuacu tree, Theobroma grandiflorum (Willd. Ex Spreng.) K. Schum. (Sterculiaceae), from the State of Bahia, northeastern Brazil. No visible damage symptoms were observed.

Apante, cultivo de caña de azúcar y sus repercusiones en el reino de Guatemala, siglo XVIII

[ES] La vida de las provincias de San Salvador y Sonsonate, que conformaron el actual El Salvador, en América Central, estuvo caracterizada por la dependencia de la capital y el monocultivo. Para la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII aconteció el despunte añilero (sustituyendo al cacao sonsonateco tras su declive) que tanta relevancia tuvo para la economía del reino y que repercutió de manera particular en las economías locales, «tironeando» el desarrollo de otros productos. El más sobresaliente de ellos fue la caña de azúcar, con una producción tan considerable que llegó a hacerse de una importante porción del mercado capitalino guatemalteco. El presente trabajo sostiene que esto sólo fue posible gracias al empleo del apante o regadío, ya presente en los limitados espacios tecnológicos y comerciales de aquella sociedad rural. Rompiendo los paradigmas del sistema productivo cañero, las elevadas posibilidades productivas del apante, los antecedentes de su uso y el mismo sistema productivo añilero, aseguraron el éxito de la empresa, en un ejemplo poco conocido del aporte de la tecnología indígena en las sociedades y economías del interior colonial.

Physico-chemical and microstructural properties of food dispersions

The macroscopic properties of oily food dispersions, such as rheology, mechanical strength, sensory attributes (e.g. mouth feel, texture and even flavour release) and as well as engineering properties are strongly determined by their microstructure, that is considered a key parameter in the understanding of the foods behaviour . In particular the rheological properties of these matrices are largely influenced by their processing techniques, particle size distribution and composition of ingredients. During chocolate manufacturing, mixtures of sugar, cocoa and fat are heated, cooled, pressurized and refined. These steps not only affect particle size reduction, but also break agglomerates and distribute lipid and lecithin-coated particles through the continuous phase, this considerably modify the microstructure of final chocolate. The interactions between the suspended particles and the continuous phase provide information about the existing network and consequently can be associated to the properties and characteristics of the final dispersions. Moreover since the macroscopic properties of food materials, are strongly determined by their microstructure, the evaluation and study of the microstructural characteristics, can be very important for a through understanding of the food matrices characteristics and to get detailed information on their complexity. The aim of this study was investigate the influence of formulation and each process step on the microstructural properties of: chocolate type model systems, dark milk and white chocolate types, and cocoa creams. At the same time the relationships between microstructural changes and the resulting physico-chemical properties of: chocolate type dispersions model systems dark milk and white chocolate were investigated.

The Intersection of Economics and Politics in a Small OPEC Country: the Case of Ecuador, 1990 - March 2014

Today, crude oil remains a vital resource all around the world. This non-renewable resource powers countries worldwide. Besides serving as an energy source, crude oil is also the most important component for different world economies, especially in developing countries. Ecuador, a small member of the OPEC oil cartel, presents a case where its economy is oil dependent. A great percentage of the country¿s GDP and government¿s budget comes from oil revenues. Ecuador has always been a primary exporter of raw materials. In the last centuries, the country experienced three important economic booms: cacao, bananas, and, ultimately, crude oil. In this sense, the country has not been able to fully industrialize and begin to export manufactured goods, i.e., Ecuador suffers from the Dutch disease. The latter has deterred Ecuador from achieving broad-based economic development. Given crude oil¿s importance for the Ecuadorian economy, the government has always tried to influence the oil industry in search of profits and benefits. Therefore, this thesis, explores the question: how and to what extent have political interventions affected the oil industry in Ecuador from 1990 until March 2014? In general, this thesis establishes an economic history context during the last twenty-four years, attempting to research how political interventions have shaped Ecuador¿s oil industry and economy. In the analysis, it covers a period where political instability prevailed, until Rafael Correa became president. The thesis examines Ecuador¿s participation in OPEC, trying to find explanations as to why the country voluntarily left the organization in 1992, only to rejoin in 2007 when Correa rose to power. During the ¿Revolución Ciudadana¿ period, the thesis researches reforms to the Law of Hydrocarbons, variations in the relations with other nations, the controversy surrounding the Yasuní-ITT oil block, and the ¿Refinería del Pacífico¿ construction. The thesis is an Industrial Organization detailed case study that analyzes, updates, and evaluates the intersection of economics and politics in Ecuador¿s crude oil industry during the last 24 years. In this sense I have consulted past theses, newspaper articles, books, and other published data about the petroleum industry, both from a global and Ecuadorian perspective. In addition to published sources, I was able to interview sociologists, public figures, history and economics academics, and other experts, accessing unique unpublished data about Ecuador¿s oil industry. I made an effort to collect information that shows the private and public side of the industry, i.e., from government-related and independent sources. I attempted to remain as objective as possible to make conclusions about the appropriate Industrial Organization policy for Ecuador¿s oil industry, addressing the issue from an economic, social, political, and environmental point of view. I found how Ecuador¿s political instability caused public policy to fail, molding the conduct and market structure of the crude oil industry. Throughout history, developed nations have benefited from low oil prices, but things shifted since oil prices began to rise, which is more beneficial for the developing nations that actually possess and produce the raw material. Nevertheless, Ecuador, a victim of the Dutch disease due to its heavy reliance on crude oil as a primary product, has not achieved broad-based development.

Los espacios portuarios : Un lugar de encuentro entre disciplinas

Tabla de contenidos: "Las villas nuevas" cantábricas en el marco de su primitiva organización territorial : Valles, alfoques, solares y linajes en los enclaves portuarios del litoral marítimo del reino de Castilla entre los siglos XII al XIV / Osvaldo Víctor Pereyra. El puerto Gaditano en el Inico del Ocaso de la Época Colonial [1810-1812] / Luis López Molina. Reflexiones sobre la incidencia del puerto en la vida de la ciudad de Montevideo / Arturo Ariel Bentancur. Los cargadores de cuero del Complejo Portuario Rioplatense / Maximiliano Camarda. El consulado de Buenos Aires y el quiebre de la Monarquía : Los préstamos y contribuciones de los comerciantes, 1808-1816 / Javier Kraselsky. Comercio, orden y derechos de propiedad de un puerto alternativo del Río de La Plata : La boca del Río Salado ebtre dos bloqueos [1838-1848] / Antonio Galarza. Entre el viento y el humo : Embarcaciones, puertos y tripulantes en la provincia de Buenos Aires en los primeros censos nacionales [1869-1914] / José Mateo, José Luis Nogueira. La cuestión del Muelle Nacional y reactivación de Arroyo Pareja / Gustavo Chalier. Génesis y desarrollo de la pesquería de camarón en el puerto de Mazatlán, 1949-1958 : El empresario como centro del engranaje productivo / Ulises Suárez Estavillo. Puertos y embarcaderos en la "Carrera de Paragua" (Siglo XVIII) / Isabel Paredes. La reactivación de los puertos del río Paraná en el discurso del desarrollismo antifrigerista, 1958-1976 / Miguel Angel De Marco. Redescubriendo la ruta hacia el norte : Del puerto de Buenos Aires a Potosí, en las postrimerías del siglo XVIII / María Claudia Errecart. Faenados a contravención : Decomisos de cueros en la Banda oriental durante 1784 y 1785 / Nicolás Biangardi. Fiscalidad en el Antiguo Régimen : Indagaciones en torno a la estructura fiscal del Virreinato del Río de La Plata. El caso de la Real Aduana de Buenos Aires [1776-1810] / María Evangelina Vaccani. La ruta del cacao : Circuito comercial de la élite pamplonesa, Virreinato de Nueva Granada, siglos XVIII-XIV / Lina Constanza Díaz Boada. El turismo como fenómeno económico, soail y cultural : Caso Mazatlán, México / Yasser Orlando Espinoza García, Héctor Manuel Pimienta Fernández. Delitos sexuales en el espacio portuario : Sexualidad y derecho en la encrucijada / Betina Clara Riva. La ciudad y el puerto : Transformaciones de áreas portuarias en desuso. El caso de puerto madero / Claudia Carut. Un Hada en La Boca : Imágenes post modernas de un puerto "inactivo! / Marcelo N. Weissel.

Bird observation and sampling in tropical agroforestry landscapes of the Napu Valley in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia

We investigated the local bird community in Central Sulawesi (Indonesia), with focus on insectivorous species in the agroforestry landscapes adjacent to the Lore Lindu National Park. All study sites were situated at the northern tip of Napu Valley in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. After an initial mapping of the study area, we selected 15 smallholder cacao plantations as sites for our study in March 2010. These sides were mainly used for bird and bat exclosure experiments. All sited were situated along a local gradient (shade availability on each plantation) and a landscape gradient (distance to primary forest), which were independent from each other. In September 2010 and from February until June 2011, we assessed the bird community on our 15 study sites using monthly point count and mist netting sampling. Point count (20 minutes between 07 am and 10 am and in between the net checking hours) and mist netting surveys (12 hours, between 05:30 am and 17:30 pm) were conducted simultaneously but only once per month on each study site, to avoid habituation of the local bird community to our surveys. Further, point counts were conducted at least 100 m apart from the mist netting sites, to avoid potential disturbance between the two methods. We discarded all observations beyond 50 m (including those individuals that flew over the canopy) from the statistical analysis, as well as recaptures of individuals within identical mist netting rounds.

Incentives Embedded in Institutions: The Case of Share Contracts in Ghanaian Cocoa Production

Providing price incentives to farmers is usually considered essential for agricultural development. Although such incentives are important, regarding price as the sole explanatory factor is far from satisfactory in understanding the complex realities of agricultural production in Africa. By analyzing the share contracts widely practiced in Ghana, this article argues that local institutions such as land tenure systems and agrarian contracts provide strong incentives and disincentives for agricultural production. Based on data derived from fieldwork in the 1990s, the study analyzes two types of share contracts and the incentive structures embedded in them. The analysis reveals that farmers' investment behavior needs to be understood in terms of both short-term incentive to increase yield and long-term incentive to strengthen land rights. The study concludes that the role of price incentives in agricultural production needs to be reconsidered by placing it in wider incentive structures embedded in local institutions.

Empleo de la espectroscopia VIS NIR para la identificación de trazas de cacahuete en productos alimentarios en polvo

En el mundo existen ciertos grupos de población que muestran una hipersensibilidad a determinados alimentos, y cuya ingestión accidental desencadena, una respuesta del tipo “shock” anafiláctico. Esto ha obligado a las empresas alimentarias a estudiar de forma exhaustiva la gestión del riesgo de todos sus productos. El cacahuete es uno de los principales alérgenos en la industria. La espectroscopia NIR se ha utilizado recientemente para analizar la cantidad total de aceite y ácido grasos en cacahuete intacto (Sudaram y colaboradores, 2012). El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar métodos no destructivos basados en espectroscopia para la detección de trazas de cacahuete en alimentos en polvo, como complemento al método genético reacción en cadena de la polimerasa en tiempo real (Real Time -PCR) desarrollado por el grupo de investigación TRADETBIO de la UCM, en el marco de colaboración en el Campus de Excelencia Internacional Moncloa. Los materiales utilizados fueron cacahuetes de cinco variedades de origen geográfico distinto y sometidas a diferentes tratamientos, proporcionadas por el Instituto de Materiales de Referencia CE, así como leche en polvo, cacao, harina de trigo, y cacahuete de diferentes marcas comerciales. Para todos ellos, se adquirieron dos series de espectros: en el infrarrojo cercano NIR (896-1686 nm), y los extraídos de imágenes hiperespectrales HIS (400-1000nm). La espectroscopia VIS se mostró sensible a las diferencias en el cacahuete en cuanto a su origen y/o tratamiento, ya que inducen cambios en el color, siendo inviable la separación entre los cacahuetes blanqueados, la leche y la harina en esta región espectral. Las principales diferencias entre los cacahuetes y el resto de ingredientes alimentarios se han encontrado en el rango NIR, específicamente en las longitudes de onda de (1207-1210 nm), relacionadas con una región de absorción de los lípidos. El infrarrojo permite 100% de segregación de cualquier tipo de cacahuete respecto al resto de los ingredientes alimentarios. La espectroscopia NIR combinada con las técnicas de imagen (hiperespectral o multiespectral) podría por tanto, ser aplicado para detectar trazas de cacahuetes en alimentos en polvo, no influyendo su origen y/o tratamiento, ya que es capaz de separar cualquier cacahuete del resto de los ingredientes alimentarios. Este método podría ser una técnica de cribado previo al método PCR de elevado coste.

Tratado physico medico, de las virtudes, qualidades, provechos, uso, y abuso, del cafè, del the, del chocolate, y del tabaco /

Mode of access: Internet.