Karoliinien orientti: Vieraan kohtaaminen 1700-luvun alun Konstantinopolissa ruotsalaisen sotilaspastori Sven Agrellin matkapäiväkirjan kertomana

Tutkimalla ruotsalaisen sotilaspastori Sven Agrellin matkapäiväkirjasta (1709–13) käsityksiä turkkilaisista olen selvittänyt, miten varhaismodernin ajan oppinut ruotsalainen kohtasi vieraana pidettyä itää ja keitä turkkilaiset hänen silmissään olivat. Viettäessään neljä vuotta Osmanien valtakunnassa turkkilaiset edustivat Agrellille vierasta itää eli orienttia. Tutkiessani päiväkirjaa ristiin aikalais- ja tutkimuskirjallisuutta vasten havaitsin kohtaamisen tavoissa kolme erilaista näkökulmaa, joiden avulla Agrell muodosti käsitystään vieraasta. Näkökulmat olivat poliittinen luotettavuus, sukupuolittunut tila ja muinainen menneisyys. Ruotsalaiselle pastorille turkkilaiset näyttäytyivät erilaisilta kustakin perspektiivistä tarkasteltuna. Näkökulmat toivat esille myös hänen oman identiteettinsä erilaisia painopisteitä. Käyttämällä avukseen sosiaalista verkostoa, kuulopuheita ja aiemmin julkaistua kirjallisuutta Agrell pyrki muodostamaan käsityksensä turkkilaisista. Varhaismodernin ajan vieraan kohtaaminen oli Agrellin päiväkirjan perusteella oman identiteetin määrittelyä vieraassa ympäristössä. Turkkilaiset olivat oppineelle pastorille vieras toinen, jonka avulla saattoi opettaa luterilaisen sääty-yhteiskunnan arvoja. Vieraan selittävinä lähtökohtina toimivat säädynmukaisuus, oppineisuus ja kristillisyys. Kun vuorovaikutukseen syntyi aito mahdollisuus, yhteiskunnallinen asema ja samankaltaisen maailmankuvan jakaminen yhdisti yksilötasolla, vaikka kulttuurinen tausta olisikin ollut erilainen. Ruotsalaiset ajautuivat Osmanien valtakuntaan sattumalta, jolloin he turvautuivat ajan yleisiin tapoihin kohdata vierasta kulttuuria. Tutkielmani on osoitus varhaismodernin ajan Välimeren alueen ylirajaisuudesta ja moninaisten verkostojen olemassaolosta. Sosiaalinen kontrolli ja kuuliaisuus omalle identiteetille loivat kuitenkin puitteita kulttuuristen rajojen ylittämiselle. Pohjoiset käsitykset orientista olivat 1700-luvun alussa osa laajempaa läntistä näkemystä, mutta yksilötason kokemukset tekivät idästä henkilökohtaisen ja muuttuvaisen.

A phonological and tonal analysis of Samue using Optimality Theory

The topic of the present doctoral dissertation is the analysis of the phonological and tonal structures of a previously largely undescribed language, namely Samue. It is a Gur language belonging to the Niger-Congo language phulym, which is spoken in Burkina Faso. The data were collected during the fieldwork period in a Sama village; the data include 1800 lexical items, thousands of elicited sentences and 30 oral texts. The data were first transcribed phonetically and then the phonological and tonal analyses were conducted. The results show that the phonological system of Samue with the phoneme inventory and phonological processes has the same characteristics as other related Gur languages, although some particularities were found, such as the voicing and lenition of stop consonants in medial positions. Tonal analysis revealed three level tones, which have both lexical and grammatical functions. A particularity of the tonal system is the regressive Mid tone spreading in the verb phrase. The theoretical framework used in the study is Optimality theory. Optimality theory is rarely used in the analysis of an entire language system, and thus an objective was to see whether the theory was applicable to this type of work. Within the tonal analysis especially, some language specific constraints had to be created, although the basic Optimality Theory principle is the universal nature of the constraints. These constraints define the well-formedness of the language structures and they are differently ranked in different languages. This study gives new insights about typological phenomena in Gur languages. It is also a fundamental starting point for the Samue language in relation to the establishment of an orthography. From the theoretical point of view, the study proves that Optimality theory is largely applicable in the analysis of an entire sound system.

Huojentuuko terveyskeskuspotilas lääkärin vastaanotolla?

Virpi Laakson psykologian väitöskirja Relieved after doctor's consultatuion? Primary health care patients' complaint-related worries (Turun yliopisto 2013).

Feminististä fenomenologiaa

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Isovanhemmuus muuttuvassa ja globaalissa maailmassa

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Grassroots Charity in China: Case Analysis of a Charity Project Organised by Jane Zhang Fan Club

As unregistered grassroots charities do not appear in official statistics in China, they tend to remain unnoticed by scholars. Also as they operate unofficially and avoid publicity, their work is usually not reported by the media. In this research I explore the grassroots charity activity of one pop music fan club from the viewpoint of trust as a sociological concept. I will also establish the general situation on charity in China. By using textual analysis on internet blogs and discussion forums I map the charity project from the discussion of the original idea to the execution and follow up phase. I study the roles the fan club members assume during the project as anonymous participants of internet conversations, as well as concrete active charity volunteers outside of the virtual world. I establish parties, other than the fan club, which are involved in the charity project. Interviews with one of the participant of the project in 2010, 2014 and 2015 bring valuable additional information and help in distributing the questionnaire survey. A quantitative questionnaire survey was distributed among the fan club members to get more detailed information on the motives and attitudes towards official and unofficial charity in China. Because of the inequality in China, the rural minority areas do not have similar educational opportunities as the mostly majority inhabited urban areas, even though the country officially has a nine year compulsory education. Grassroots charities can operate in relative freedom taking some of the government’s burden of social responsibilities if they are not criticizing the authorities. The problem with grassroots charity seems to be lack of sustainability. The lack of trust for authorities and official charities was the reason why the Jane Zhang fan club decided to conduct a charity case unofficially. As a group of people previously unknown to each other, they managed to build mutual trust to carry out the project transparently and successfully, though not sustainably. The internet has provided a new and effective platform for unofficial grassroots charities, who choose not to co-operate with official organisations. On grassroots level charities can have the transparency and trust that lack from official charities. I suggest, that interviewing the real persons behind the internet aliases and finding out what happened outside the discussion forums, would bring a more detailed and outspoken description of the project concerning of the contacts with the local authorities. Also travelling to the site and communicating with the local people in the village would establish how they have experienced the project.