Family Business in Mexico: Responses to Human Resource Limitations and Management Succession

Indigenous firms in Mexico, as in most developing countries, take the shape of family businesses. Regardless of size, the most predominant ones are those owned and managed by one or more families or descendent families of the founders. From the point of view of economics and business administration, family business is considered to have variety of limitations when it seeks to grow. One of the serious limitations is concerning human resource, which is revealed at the time of management succession. Big family businesses in Mexico deal with human resource limitations adopting measures such as the education and training of the successors, the establishment of management structure that makes control by the owner family possible and divisions of roles among the owner family members, and between the owner family members and the salaried managers. Institutionalization is a strategy that considerable number of family businesses have adopted in order to undergo the succession process without committing serious errors. Institutionalization is observed in such aspects as the establishment of the requisite condition to be met by the candidate of future successor and the screening by an institution which is independent of the owner family. At present these measures allow for the continuation of family businesses in an extremely competitive environment.

The Role of Patents in the Advent of Web 2.0

Given the significant impact of Web 2.0-related innovations on new Internet-based initiatives, this paper seeks to identify to what extent the main developments are protected by patents and whether patents have had a leading role in the advent of Web 2.0. The article shows that the number of patent applications filed is not that important for many of the Web 2.0 technologies in frequent use and that, of those filed, those granted are even less. The conclusion is that patents do not seem to be a relevant factor in the development of the Web 2.0 (and more generally in dynamic markets) where there is a high degree of innovation and low entry barriers for newcomers.

The secret to legal foretelling: generic and inter-generic aspects of vagueness in contracts, patents and regulations

In this genre analysis research paper, we compare U.S. patents, contracts, and regulations on technical matters with a focus upon the relation between vagueness and communicative purposes and subpurposes of these three genres. Our main interest is the investigation of intergeneric conventions across the three genres, based on the software analysis of three corpora (one for each genre, 1 million words per corpus). The result of the investigation is that intergeneric conventions are found at the level of types of expressed linguistic vagueness, but that intergeneric conventions at the level of actual formulations are rare. The conclusion is that at this latter level the influence from the situation type underlying the individual genre is more important than the overarching legal character of the genres, when we talk about introducing explicit vagueness in the text.

How vague can your patent be? Vagueness strategies in U.S. patents

Patent claims defi ne the protection scope of the intellectual property sought by the patent applicant or patentee. Broad claims are valuable as they can describe more expansive rights to the invention. Therefore, if these claims are too broad a potential infringer will more easily argue against them. But if the claims are too narrow the scope of protection of the intellectual property is greatly reduced. Patent claims have to be, on the one hand, determinate and precise enough and, on the other hand, as inclusive as possible. Therefore patent applicants must fi nd a balance in the broadness of the scope defi ned by their claims. This balance can be achieved by the choice of words with a convenient degree of semantic indeterminacy, by the choice of modifi ers or other strategies. In fact, vagueness in patent claims is a desirable characteristic for such documents. A quantitative and qualitative analysis of a corpus of 350 U.S. patents provides a promising starting point to understand the linguistic instruments used to achieve the balance between property claim scope and precision of property description. To conclude, some issues relating vagueness and pragmatics are suggested as a line of further research.

Breve juridico discurso por Don Ignacio Cervero y Aznar, con Don Joseph Cerverò y Aznar su hermano sobre la succession de la metad del tercio y remanente del quinto de los bienes que quedaron por fin, y muerte de Doña Maria Ana Aznar, que posseia Doña Maria Vicenta Cerverò...

El texto aparece fechado en Valencia en 1730 al final del mismo

Por D. Lorenzo Fernandez de Villauicencio ... con D. Geronimo Diego de Auila y con D. Manuel Bartolome de Avila y Siguença ... de Xerez sobre la succession del mayorazgo que fundò Doña Juana Melgarejo ...

En texto consta la fecha de 1595 en r. de la h. 2 como fecha de institución del mayorazgo

Por Don Francisco Fernando Valterra y Verenguer Giron de Rebolledo... en el pleyto que por especial comission de S.M. pende... con Don Miguel Jofre Valterra y Blanes... sobre la succession en propiedad del Condado de la Villanueva...

Sign. : A-I2

Por Don Francisco Fernando Valterra y Berenguer Giron de Rebolledo... con Don Joseph Valterra y Blanes... sobre la succession en propiedad del mayorazgo fundado de Torres-Torres por Don Juan Valterra...

Sign.: A-G2

Fundamentos y reflecciones[sic] que suplica Don Fernando Vallterra y Berenguer Giròn de Rebolledo regidor perpetuo ... en la causa que ... sigue con D. Vicente Castelvi y Monsoriu sobre la succession en el mayorazgo del condado de Villanueva ..

Precede al tit. : "San Antonio de Padua"

Addicion al informe legal que se escriuiò por D. Miguel Martinez de Esclapès, antes don Bernardo Villarig, don Joseph Zapata de Calatayud, Conde de Cirat ... en el pleyto en juicio de vista con Don Miguel Pasqual de Bonanza sobre la succession en propiedad de los bienes recayentes en el vinculo, y mayorazgo fundado por D. Miguel Martinez de Esclapès ...

Precede al tít.: Jesus, Maria y Joseph

Fundamentos que expone Don Mauro Antonio Oller y Bono ... en los autos que sigue con Don Christoual Escaso, y Doña Teresa Domingo y Oller, sobre la succession de los bienes de las mejoras de tercio, y quinto, que dexo Mauro Oller mayor, y pertenecieron, y se radicaron en don Onofre Oller ..

La h. pleg. corresponde al arbol genealógico de la familia Oller