Escola comunicativa : l'escola de la societat de masses telecomunicada. 'Escuela comunicativa : la escuela de la sociedad de masas telecomunicada'.

Justificar la realidad de la comunicacion de masas. Identificar las causas que han impedido su normalización. Encontrar los descriptores de un modelo de escuela adecuado a una sociedad de comunicación de masas. Formular una serie de criterios pedagógicos estables en el modelo de sociedad occidental. Aportar propuestas organizativas adecuadas a nuestro Sistema Educativo, con especial referencia a la Reforma Educativa. Describir situaciones de aprendizaje modelos. Sugerir instancias de contraste de experiencias en la orientación de la escuela en relación a los medios de comunicación de masas. 187 alumnos entre 12 y 16 años de 7 centros escolares de Cataluña y 26 profesores que utilizan algún medio de comunicación para optimizar las clases. Presenta una primera fase de reflexión y documentación, en una segunda fase realiza un trabajo de campo en la escuela y por último expone una tercera fase de propuestas y descriptores de una alternativa. El trabajo de campo lo aplica a la muestra, describe la organización y actividades de cada centro y observa si se producen diferencias significativas entre los alumnos. Utiliza como variables independientes todas las que hacen referencia a la organización del centro, modelos didácticos y orientación pedagógica, y como variables dependientes las que se relacionan con los alumnos: aprendizaje escolar, interés por la escuela, actitudes comunicativas, etc. Considera como variables mediatizadoras las que hacen referencia a la sociedad de comunicación de masas y a la condición social de los alumnos. Observación participante. Entrevistas. Cuestionarios. Libros, informes, hemerografía y mediografía. Diseño etnográfico. Modelo cualitativo. Fiabilidad y validez interna y externa. Algunas de las conclusiones a las que llega el autor son las siguientes: - Los efectos de la comunicación de masas no son directos ya que se han de tener en cuenta el ambiente en que se reciben y los líderes de opinión. - La cultura de masas atiende las necesidades privadas; afectivas, imaginarias y materiales. - Los medios electrónicos e informáticos son una excelente oportunidad para diversificar la educación. - Los contenidos de comunicación de masas pueden ser objeto de comunicación personal.

Formes de l'inconscient : a l'entorn de l'exposició Dalí, cultura de masses. 'Formas del inconsciente : alrededor de la exposición Dalí, cultura de masas'.

El material se puede pedir escribiendo a: seducatiu.caixaforum.fundacio@lacaixa.es, o llamando al +34 93 4768633

Formes de l'inconscient : a l'entorn de l'exposició Dalí, cultura de masses. 'Formas del inconsciente : alrededor de la exposición Dalí, cultura de masas'.

El material se puede pedir escribiendo a: seducatiu.caixaforum.fundacio@lacaixa.es, o llamando al +34 93 4768633

Establishing Lagrangian connections between observations within air masses crossing the Atlantic during the International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation experiment

The ITCT-Lagrangian-2K4 (Intercontinental Transport and Chemical Transformation) experiment was conceived with an aim to quantify the effects of photochemistry and mixing on the transformation of air masses in the free troposphere away from emissions. To this end, attempts were made to intercept and sample air masses several times during their journey across the North Atlantic using four aircraft based in New Hampshire (USA), Faial (Azores) and Creil (France). This article begins by describing forecasts from two Lagrangian models that were used to direct the aircraft into target air masses. A novel technique then identifies Lagrangian matches between flight segments. Two independent searches are conducted: for Lagrangian model matches and for pairs of whole air samples with matching hydrocarbon fingerprints. The information is filtered further by searching for matching hydrocarbon samples that are linked by matching trajectories. The quality of these "coincident matches'' is assessed using temperature, humidity and tracer observations. The technique pulls out five clear Lagrangian cases covering a variety of situations and these are examined in detail. The matching trajectories and hydrocarbon fingerprints are shown, and the downwind minus upwind differences in tracers are discussed.

Statistical inference of OH concentrations and air mass dilution rates from successive observations of non-methane hydrocarbons in single air masses

Bayesian inference has been used to determine rigorous estimates of hydroxyl radical concentrations () and air mass dilution rates (K) averaged following air masses between linked observations of nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) spanning the North Atlantic during the Intercontinental Transport and Chemical Transformation (ITCT)-Lagrangian-2K4 experiment. The Bayesian technique obtains a refined (posterior) distribution of a parameter given data related to the parameter through a model and prior beliefs about the parameter distribution. Here, the model describes hydrocarbon loss through OH reaction and mixing with a background concentration at rate K. The Lagrangian experiment provides direct observations of hydrocarbons at two time points, removing assumptions regarding composition or sources upstream of a single observation. The estimates are sharpened by using many hydrocarbons with different reactivities and accounting for their variability and measurement uncertainty. A novel technique is used to construct prior background distributions of many species, described by variation of a single parameter . This exploits the high correlation of species, related by the first principal component of many NMHC samples. The Bayesian method obtains posterior estimates of , K and following each air mass. Median values are typically between 0.5 and 2.0 × 106 molecules cm−3, but are elevated to between 2.5 and 3.5 × 106 molecules cm−3, in low-level pollution. A comparison of estimates from absolute NMHC concentrations and NMHC ratios assuming zero background (the “photochemical clock” method) shows similar distributions but reveals systematic high bias in the estimates from ratios. Estimates of K are ∼0.1 day−1 but show more sensitivity to the prior distribution assumed.

Peroxy radicals and ozone photochemistry in air masses undergoing long-range transport

Concentrations of peroxy radicals (HO2+ΣiRiO2) in addition to other trace gases were measured onboard the UK Meteorological Office/Natural Environment Research Council British Aerospace 146-300 atmospheric research aircraft during the Intercontinental Transport of Ozone and Precursors (ITOP) campaign based at Horta Airport, Faial, Azores (38.58° N, 28.72° W) in July/August 2004. The overall peroxy radical altitude profile displays an increase with altitude that is likely to have been impacted by the effects of long-range transport. The peroxy radical altitude profile for air classified as of marine origin shows no discernable altitude profile. A range of air-masses were intercepted with varying source signatures, including those with aged American and Asian signatures, air-masses of biomass burning origin, and those that originated from the east coast of the United States. Enhanced peroxy radical concentrations have been observed within this range of air-masses indicating that long-range transported air-masses traversing the Atlantic show significant photochemical activity. The net ozone production at clear sky limit is in general negative, and as such the summer mid-Atlantic troposphere is at limit net ozone destructive. However, there is clear evidence of positive ozone production even at clear sky limit within air masses undergoing long-range transport, and during ITOP especially between 5 and 5.5 km, which in the main corresponds to a flight that extensively sampled air with a biomass burning signature. Ozone production was NOx limited throughout ITOP, as evidenced by a good correlation (r2=0.72) between P(O3) and NO. Strong positive net ozone production has also been seen in varying source signature air-masses undergoing long-range transport, including but not limited to low-level export events, and export from the east coast of the United States.

Tumour necrosis factor alpha induces rapid reduction in AMPA receptor-mediated calcium entry in motor neurones by increasing cell surface expression of the GluR2 subunit: relevance to neurodegeneration

The AMPA receptor (AMPAR) subunit GluR2, which regulates excitotoxicity and the inflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) have both been implicated in motor neurone vulnerability in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/Motor Neurone Disease. TNF alpha has been reported to increase cell surface expression of AMPAR subunits to increase synaptic strength and enhance excitotoxicity, but whether this mechanism occurs in motor neurones is unknown. We used primary cultures of mouse motor neurones and cortical neurones to examine the interaction between TNF alpha receptor activation, GluR2 availability, AMPAR-mediated calcium entry and susceptibility to excitotoxicity. Short exposure to a physiologically relevant concentration of TNFalpha (10 ng/ml, 15 min) caused a marked redistribution of both GluR1 and GluR2 to the cell surface as determined by cell surface biotinylation and immunofluorescence. Using Fura-2 AM microfluorimetry we showed that exposure to TNFalpha caused a rapid reduction in the peak amplitude of AMPA-mediated calcium entry in a PI3-kinase and p38 kinase-dependent manner, consistent with increased insertion of GluR2-containing AMPAR into the plasma membrane. This resulted in a protection of motor neurones against kainate-induced cell death. Our data therefore, suggests that TNF alpha acts primarily as a physiological regulator of synaptic activity in motor neurones rather than a pathological drive in ALS

Characterisation of an s-type low molecular weight glutenin subunit of wheat and its proline and glutamine-rich repetitive domain

The low molecular weight glutenin subunits (LMW-GS) are major components of the glutenin polymers which determine the elastomeric properties of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) gluten and dough. They comprise a complex mixture of components and have proved to be difficult to purify for detailed characterisation. The mature LMW subunit proteins comprise two structural domains, with one domain consisting of repeated sequences based on short peptide motifs. DNA sequences encoding this domain and a whole subunit were expressed in Escherichia coli and the recombinant proteins purified. Detailed comparisons by spectroscopy (CD, FT-IR) and dynamic light scattering indicated that the repetitive and non-repetitive domains of the proteins formed different structures with the former having an extended conformation with an equilibrium between poly-L-proline II-like structure and type II’ b-turns, and the latter a more compact globular structure rich in a-helix. Although the structures of these two domains appear to form independently, dynamic light scattering of the whole subunit dissolved in trifluoroethanol(TFE) suggested that they interact, leading to a more compact conformation. These observations may have relevance to the role of the LMW-GS in gluten structure and functionality.