西天山造山带古生代构造演化与地壳增生—来自花岗岩和蛇绿岩的证据

The Central Asian Orogen Belt (CAOB), which is different from the subductional orogen and the collisional orogen, is known as the most important site of crustal growth in the Phanerozoic, and it has been a ‘hot spot’ for studying the orogenic belts. The Chinese West Tianshan Orogen is occupying the west-southern part of the CAOB and is of great importances to understand the orogenic processes and the continental growth in the Central Asia. The West Tianshan Orogen had undergone complex tectonic evolutional processes in Paleozoic times and large volumes granitic rocks have recorded important information about these processes. Litter is known about Phanerozoic continental growth in the Western Tianshan area so far, compared with the other areas of the CAOB, such as eastern Junggar, western Junggar, Altai and Alakol. The aim of this dissertation is to set up the chronology frame of granitoids in western Tianshan, provide new evidence for the tectonic evolution and discuss the Paleozoic continental growth in this area, on the basis of the studies on the isotopic chronology, major element, trace element and Nd-Sr isotopic geochemistry of granitoids and the isotopic chronology and geochemistry of the ophiolites in this area, especially the Kule Lake ophiolites. 25 precise SHRIMP U-Pb zircon and LA-ICPMS U-Pb zircon ages have been obtained in this dissertation. The granitic rocks in western Tianshan had been formed during two periods: the granitic gneiss with an age of 896Ma, possibly representing the forming age of the Precambrian basement; the granitic rocks with ages varying from 479Ma to 247Ma, recording the Paleozoic orogenic process of western Tianshan. The granitoids in western Tianshan are composed of intermediate-basic rocks, intermediate rocks, intermediate-acid rocks and acid rocks, mainly intermediate-acid rocks and acid rocks. They are mostly granite, granodiorite, quartz syenite and monzodiorite. Different types of granitic rocks are exposed in different tectonic units. The granitoids on the northern margin of the Yili Plate mainly formed in late Paleozoic (413Ma ~ 281Ma), those with ages varying from 413Ma to 297Ma show continental arc affinities and the magnesian calc-alkalic metaluminous diorite of 281Ma display the geochemical characteristics similar to those of granites formed during the post-orogenic period. The granitiods on the southern margin of the Yili Plate include the adakite diorite of 470Ma which was formd by partial melting of thickened lower crust, the post-collisional alkali-feldspar granite of 430Ma, the volcanic arc granite of 348Ma and the Triassic post-collisional granite. The granitoids in the Central Tianshan Plate formed in 479Ma ~ 247Ma, mainly in 433Ma ~ 321Ma. The granitic rocks with ages of 479Ma ~ 321Ma are magnesian calc-alkalic to alkalic rocks with continental arc affinities. A few post-collisional granitoids of 276Ma ~ 247Ma may have inherited the geochemical characteristics of pre-existing arc magma. The granitic rocks in Southern Tianshan (northern margin of the Tarim plate) formed two stages, 420Ma ~ 411Ma and ca. 285Ma. The magnesian calcic to alkalic granites of 420Ma ~ 411Ma may formed during the extension process of the continental margin. The granite of 285Ma includes mostly ferroan calc-alkalic to alkali-calcic rocks with high SiO2 and high alkaline contents, and obviously negative anomaly of Eu, Ba, Sr, P, Ti, similar to the geochemical characteristics of the A-type granite which is formed during post-collisional extension. The Kule Lake ophiolite in southern Tianshan shows the affinity of N-MORB. A SHRIMP zircon U-Pb age of 425±8Ma has obtained for gabbros. Some zircons have given another group of 206Pb/238U age 918Ma, which may indicate the information of the pre-exist old basement rock. The small oceanic basin represented by Kule Lake ophiolite probably developed on the split northern margin of Tarim block. A model for Paleozoic tectonic evolution of the West Tianshan Orogen has been proposed here on the basis of the new results obtained in this dissertation and the previous published data. In Early Cambrian, the Terskey Ocean occurred along the North Nalati fault (NNF), and it separated the Yili plate from the Central Tianshan plate which was probably connected with the Tarim plate. The Terskey Ocean probably subducted towards south under the Central Tianshan plate and towards north under the Yili plate simultaneously. In the early stage of Late Ordovician, the Terskey Ocean had been closed, and the Yili and Central Tianshan plates collided. Meanwhile, extension happened within the joint Central Tianshan and Tarim plates gradually and the Paleo-South Tianshan Ocean had been formed. In Early Silurian, the Paleo-South Tianshan Ocean began to subduct beneath the composite Yili-Central Tianshan plate, which was intruded by volcanic arc granitoids. In Middle Silurian, the Paleo-South Tianshan Ocean, which had reached a certain width, was subducting strongly. And this subduction may have produced voluminous granitoids in the Central Tianshan plate. In the latest stage of Carboniferous, the Paleo-South Tianshan ocean closed, and the Yili-Central Tianshan plate and Tarim plate collided. In Late Cambrian, Paleo-Junggar Ocean occurred to north of the Yili plate; and started to subduct towards south under the Yili plate in Ordovician. This subduction may have produced a magma arc on the northern margin of the Yili plate. In Late Carboniferous, the Paleo-Junggar Ocean had been closed. The Yili-Central and Junggar plates amalgamated together. The West Tianhan Orogen may undergo a post-collisional collapse since Permian. And the magmatic activities may continue to early Triassic. The initial 87Sr/86Sr ration of the granitic rocks in the western Tianshan Mountains varies from 0.703226 to 0.716343, and Nd（t）from -6.50 to 2.03. The characteristics of Sr-Nd isotope indicate that the source of granitic material is not a sole source, which may be produced by mantle-crust magma mixing. In Paleozoic time, lateral growth of the continental crust along active continental margins was dominant, whereas the vertical growth of continental crust resulted from post- collisional mantle derived magmas was not obvious.

微量样品钕-锶-铅同位素分析方法在黄河下游悬浮颗粒物及沉积物的应用

Aim in Rb-Sr-REE-Pb isotopic analysis of river material, a single-stage, highly efficient and rapid chemical separation method of Rb-Sr-REE-Pb has been established by a combination of the SR special resin and the RE resin. At the same time, Feasibility of high precision analysis on micro-size Nd samples，which were chemically separated by using the LN resin, were systematicly studied using the NdO+ technique in thermal ionization mass spectrometer (TIMS). Results show that high precision measurement of Nd isotopic ratios can be successfully achieved on micro-sample of 1 ng size lever, by systematic experiments on isobar interferences and optimizing separation and measurement conditions. This method will greatly extend the application prospect of the NdO+ technique. Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic composition of suspending particle material (SPM) and sediment and Sr isotopic composition of river water in the low reaches of the Yellow Rriver have been systematically analysed in this study. Results can indicate followings: (1) relative stable Sr isotopic ratios around 0.7112 of river water suggest great influcence from dissolution of carbonate component of loss material on Sr isotopic composition of river water; (2) Nd isotopic compositions of SPM and sediment of the Yellow river are is similar, mean εNd value of SPM around -11.5 and mean εNd value of sediment -12.7, slightly lower than that of SPM. Nd isotopic composition of the Yellow River material is simarlar to or slightly lower than loss material (-9.5); (3) evidence of Sr and Pb isotopic compositions of both SPM and sediment reveals a mixing trend of two endmembers. Sr isotopic ratios of SPM after leaching are significantly different that those without leaching, possibly suggesting strong alteration of river water. Pb isotopic ratios of SPM remain unchangable after leaching compared with unleached SPM; (4) Pb-contents of SPM are commonly higher than those of sediments, while Pb isotopic ratios of SPM are significantly lower. Pb isotopic composition of the Yellow River is relatively constant, which can be a useful provenance indicator between the Changjiang and Yellow Rivers.

扬子板块西部大陆地幔地球化学特征及壳幔演化－有关基性岩超基性岩的地球化学研究

The continental mantle geochemical characteristics and crust-mantle evolution in the west of Yangtze Plate was discussed through the study of some within-plate basic-ultrabasic rocks from Lower Proterozoic to Later Paleozoic in this paper. In the Lower Proterozoic, the plate subduction between the pre-Tethys Proterozoic Ocean Plate and paleo-Yangtze Plate induced some basic volcanic formed in the island arc-back arc surrounding, which were represented by Ailaoshan Group-Dibadu Formation-Dahongshan Group, and there existed EM I component in the mantle source. The Middle Proterozoic Caiziyuan peridotite was formed in the epicontinental basin at the ocean-land boundary or within-continent rift basin. Its mantle source could be metasomatized by the dehydration fluid of subducted plate, and much initial radioactive ~(143)Nd was added to the source. In the Later Proterozoic, some rifts at the epicontinent or within-continent was formed due to the pre-Tethys oceanic plate subduction, and within-plate hot-spot Dahongshan diabase came into being. The whole-rock isochronal age of diabase is 1066±110Ma, and its mantle source was enriched Nd isotope and trace element which was related to the primary volatile component from asthenosphere and mantle plume. Its mantle source was included "FOZO" component representing mantle plume. The layer ultramafic rocks located at the Panxi Rift in the Middle-Later Paleozoic were resulted from different period and source. The early ultramafic indicated the incipient action of Panxi Rift, which is residue of continental lithospheric partial melting. Its mantle source involved subducted material and had distinct EM II component. The Emeishan basalt in the Later Paleozoic was typical continental flood basalt and its source also contained EM II component. The subduction of paleo-Tethys Ocean Plate provided essential dynamic condition for the large-scale opening of Panxi Rift, while the mantle plume supplied much material for Emeishan basalt. However, the plume was contaminated by the metasomatized continental mantle lithosphere in its upwelling process, which resulted in the Sr isotopic and incompatible elemental enrichment, and the Nd isotope kept down the weak-depleted character of mantle plume. The magmatic history in the west of Yangtze Plate is the tectonic process between pre-Tethys, paleo-Tethys Oceanic Plate and Yangtze Plate in a long history. Due to the subduction of oceanic plate, the crustal source material took part in the crust-mantle evolution widely. the continental mantle lithosphere in the west of Yangtze Plate was metasomatized by the fluid released by the subducted plate and the primary volatile from deeper mantle, and the mantle source include obvious enriched component.

黄土高原粉尘堆积源区环境及风化历史初步研究

In this study, we examined the surface features of quartz grains, the quartz oxygen isotopic ratios and the mineralogical compositions of the loess - paleosol - red clay sediments systematically. The surface features of quartz grains do not show significant changes of the dust deposits through the past seven million years. The particles were mainly created in the process of glacial and frost weathering of high mountains. Then the surfaces were altered in some degree by the flood and wind abrasion. The surface features registered all these processes. The assemblages of surface features changed for four times in the past seven million years, the occurrence ages are: 5.0~4.2MaBP, about 3.6MaBP, about 2.6MaBP and about 0.9MaBP, respectively. This may indicate that there were uplift events of the Tibetan Plateau during those times. The oxygen isotopic compositions of quartz in the sediments represent the oxygen isotopic compositions of the initial dusts because of the stable properties of quartz both physically and chemically. The oxygen isotopic compositions of 4~16um quartz changed significantly at about 2.6MaBP, decreasing from about 19.5%o to about 18.5%o. This decrease of quartz oxygen isotopic ratio suggests that the environments of the dust source areas changed at that time, or the range of dust source area changed at that time. The environmental change may result from the structural evolution of the Tibetan Plateau and global cooling at that time. The coarse fractions (>30μm) of the dust deposits were examined using the EDXA device for mineral identification. The quartz content has a decrease trend during 7~2MaBP, then increase rapidly at about 2MaBP. After 2MaBP, quartz content continues to decrease. The Ca-plagioclase content / quartz content ratio increase at about 3.6MaBP. The ratio shows a peak of 3-6 fold values at about 2.5~1.8MaBP, the cause of this is still unknown. The Ca-plagioclase content / quartz content ratio continues to increase after 1 MaBP. The flowing can be regarded as the conclusion remarks of this study: Some of the red clay sediment of the Chinese Loess Plateau (at least Lingtai and Jingchuan red clays) is eolian in origin. The quartz grains from dust deposits throughout the past seven million yeas showed the clues of glacial and frost processes. This indicates that the high mountains of western China reached a certain altitude to favor the glacial and/or frost processes at least seven millions years before. The weathering intensities of the past seven nnillion yeas have a decreasing trend. In about 5~4.5MaBP, the weathering is relatively weak, and the dust supply is relatively low. At about 3.6MaBP and 2.6MaBP, the dust supply increased significantly. The mineralogical composition, the quartz surface feature and the quartz oxygen isotope composition were influenced by the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau. The Plateau may have reached a certain altitude to generate the arid regions of inland China and favor the glacial and frost weathering. And it underwent a phased uplift, which have uplift events at about 3.6MaBP and 2.6MaBP.

Observational tests of interstellar methanol formation

Context. It has been established that the classical gas-phase production of interstellar methanol (CH3OH) cannot explain observed abundances. Instead it is now generally thought that the main formation path has to be by successive hydrogenation of solid CO on interstellar grain surfaces. Aims. While theoretical models and laboratory experiments show that methanol is efficiently formed from CO on cold grains, our aim is to test this scenario by astronomical observations of gas associated with young stellar objects (YSOs). Methods. We have observed the rotational transition quartets J = 2K – 1K of 12CH3OH and 13CH3OH at 96.7 and 94.4 GHz, respectively, towards a sample of massive YSOs in different stages of evolution. In addition, the J = 1-0 transitions of 12C18O and 13C18O were observed towards some of these sources. We use the 12C/13C ratio to discriminate between gas-phase and grain surface origin: If methanol is formed from CO on grains, the ratios should be similar in CH3OH and CO. If not, the ratio should be higher in CH3OH due to 13C fractionation in cold CO gas. We also estimate the abundance ratios between the nuclear spin types of methanol (E and A). If methanol is formed on grains, this ratio is likely to have been thermalized at the low physical temperature of the grain, and therefore show a relative over-abundance of A-methanol. Results. We show that the 12C/13C isotopic ratio is very similar in gas-phase CH3OH and C18O, on the spatial scale of about 40 arcsec, towards four YSOs. For two of our sources we find an overabundance of A-methanol as compared to E-methanol, corresponding to nuclear spin temperatures of 10 and 16 K. For the remaining five sources, the methanol E/A ratio is less than unity. Conclusions. While the 12C/13C ratio test is consistent with methanol formation from hydrogenation of CO on grain surfaces, the result of the E/A ratio test is inconclusive.

Lead isotopes and lead shot ingestion in the globally threatened marbled teal (Marmaronetta angustirostris) and white-headed duck (Oxyura leucocephala)

Lead isotope ratios ((206)Pb/(207)Pb and (208)Pb/(207)Pb) and concentrations in the livers and bones of marbled teal and white-headed duck found dead or moribund were determined in order to establish the main lead source in these waterfowl species. Lead concentrations in bone (dry weight) and liver (wet weight) were found to be very high in many of the white-headed ducks (bone: geometric mean=88.9 ppm, maximum=419 ppm; liver: geometric mean=16.8 ppm, maximum=57.0 ppm). Some of the marbled teal had high lead levels in the bones but liver lead levels were all low (bone: geometric mean=6.13 ppm, maximum=112 ppm; liver: geometric mean=0.581 ppm, maximum=4.77 ppm). Ingested lead shot were found in 71% of the white-headed duck and 20% of the marbled teal. The (206)Pb/(207)Pb ratio in livers and bones of white-headed ducks and marbled teals showed no significant differences compared to the ratios obtained from lead shot. The (206)Pb/(207)Pb ratio in bones of marbled teal ducklings with the highest lead concentrations tended to resemble the ratios of lead shot, which supports our hypothesis that the lead was derived from the hens. We also found that the lead ratios of lead shot and lead ratios described for soils in the area overlapped, but also that the isotopic ratio (206)Pb/(207)Pb in lead shot used in Spain has a narrow range compared with those used in North America. The principal source of lead in many of these birds was, however, most likely lead shot, as supported by the similar isotopic ratios, high lead concentrations in tissues and evidence of ingested shot.

Microstructure design of Titanate-based electroceramics

Electrocerâmicos são uma classe de materiais avançados com propriedades eléctricas valiosas para aplicações. Estas propriedades são geralmente muito dependentes da microestrutura dos materiais. Portanto, o objectivo geral deste trabalho é investigar o desenho da resposta dieléctrica de filmes espessos obtidos por Deposição Electroforética (EPD) e cerâmicos monolíticos, através do controlo da evolução da microestrutura durante a sinterização de electrocerâmicos à base de titanatos. Aplicações sem fios na indústria microelectrónica e de comunicações, em rápido crescimento, tornaram-se um importante mercado para os fabricantes de semicondutores. Devido à constante necessidade de miniaturização, redução de custos e maior funcionalidade e integração, a tecnologia de filmes espessos está a tornar-se uma abordagem de processamento de materiais funcionais cada vez mais importante. Uma técnica adequada neste contexto é EPD. Os filmes espessos resultantes necessitam de um passo subsequente de sinterização que é afectada pelo substrato subjacente, tendo este um forte efeito sobre a evolução da microestrutura. Relacionado com a miniaturização e a discriminação do sinal, materiais dieléctricos usados como componentes operando a frequências das microondas em aplicações na industria microelectrónica de comunicações devem apresentar baixas perdas dieléctricas e elevadas permitividade dieléctrica e estabilidade com a temperatura. Materiais do sistema BaO-Ln2O3- TiO2 (BLnT: Ln = La ou Nd), como BaLa4Ti4O15 (BLT) e Ba4.5Nd9Ti18O54 (BNT), cumprem esses requisitos e são interessantes para aplicações, por exemplo, em estações de base para comunicações móveis ou em ressonadores para telefones móveis, onde a miniaturização dos dispositivos é muito importante. Por sua vez, o titanato de estrôncio (SrTiO3, STO) é um ferroeléctrico incipiente com constante dieléctrica elevada e baixas perdas, que encontra aplicação em, por exemplo, condensadores de camada interna, tirando partido de fronteiras de grão altamente resistivas. A dependência da permitividade dieléctrica do campo eléctrico aplicado torna este material muito interessante para aplicações em dispositivos de microondas sintonizáveis. Materiais à base de STO são também interessantes para aplicações termoeléctricas, que podem contribuir para a redução da actual dependência de combustíveis fósseis por meio da geração de energia a partir de calor desaproveitado. No entanto, as mesmas fronteiras de grão resistivas são um obstáculo relativamente à eficiência do STO para aplicações termoeléctricas. Para além do efeito do substrato durante a sinterização constrangida, outros factores, como a presença de fase líquida, a não-estequiometria ou a temperatura de sinterização, afectam significativamente não apenas a microestrutura dos materiais funcionais, mas também a sua resposta dieléctrica. Se adequadamente compreendidos, estes factores podem ser intencionalmente usados para desenhar a microestrutura dos electrocerâmicos e, desta forma, as suas propriedades dieléctricas. O efeito da não-estequiometria (razão Sr/Ti 0.995-1.02) no crescimento de grão e resposta dieléctrica de cerâmicos de STO foi investigado neste trabalho. A mobilidade das fronteiras de grão aumenta com a diminuição da razão Sr/Ti. A resistividade do interior dos grãos e das fronteiras de grão é sistematicamente diminuída em amostras não-estequiométricas de STO, em comparação com o material estequiométrico. O efeito é muito mais forte para as fronteiras de grão do que para o seu interior. Dependências sistemáticas da não-estequiometria foram também observadas relativamente à dependência da condutividade da temperatura (muito mais afectada no caso da contribuição das fronteiras de grão), à capacitância do interior e fronteiras de grão e à espessura das fronteiras de grão. Uma anomalia no crescimento de grão em cerâmicos de STO ricos em Ti foi também observada e sistematicamente analisada. Foram detectadas três descontinuidades na dependência do tipo Arrhenius do crescimento de grão relativamente à temperatura com diminuições no tamanho de grão a temperaturas em torno de 1500, 1550 e 1605 °C. Além disso, descontinuidades semelhantes foram também observadas na dependência da energia de activação relativamente à condutividade das fronteiras de grão e na espessura das fronteiras de grão, avaliadas por Espectroscopia de Impedância. Estas notáveis coincidências suportam fortemente a formação de diferentes complexos de fronteira de grão com transições entre os regimes de crescimento de grão observados, que podem ser correlacionados com diferentes mobilidades de fronteira de grão e propriedades dieléctricas. Um modelo é sugerido, que se baseia na diminuição da fase líquida localizada nas fronteiras de grão, como o aumento da temperatura de sinterização, um cenário compatível com um fenómeno de solubilidade retrógrada, observado anteriormente em metais e semicondutores, mas não em cerâmicos. A EPD de filmes espessos de STO em substratos de folha de Pt e a sinterização constrangida dos filmes fabricados foram também preliminarmente tratadas. Filmes espessos de STO foram depositados com êxito por EPD sobre substratos de Pt e, depois de sinterizados, atingiram densidades elevadas. Um aumento da densificação e do tamanho de grão assim como o alargamento da distribuição de tamanho do grão foram observados com a diminuição da razão Sr/Ti, tal como anteriormente observado em amostras cerâmicas. Grãos equiaxiados foram observados para todas as composições, mas um certo grau de anisotropia na orientação dos poros foi detectado: os poros revelaram uma orientação vertical preferencial. Este trabalho focou-se também na sinterização constrangida do sistema BLnT (Ln = La ou Nd), nomeadamente de filmes espessos de BLT e BNT sobre substratos de folha de platina, e na relação do desenvolvimento de anisotropia microestrutural com as propriedades dieléctricas. As observações durante a sinterização constrangida foram comparadas com cerâmicos monolíticos equivalentes sinterizados livremente. Filmes espessos de BLnT (Ln = La ou Nd) com elevada densidade foram obtidos por EPD e subsequente sinterização constrangida. A anisometria cristalográfica do material em conjunto com um passo de sinterização constrangida resultou em grãos alongados e microestruturas anisotrópicas. O efeito do stress do substrato durante a sinterização constrangida originou graus mais elevados de anisotropia (grãos e poros alongados e orientação preferencial, bem como textura cristalográfica) nos filmes sinterizados relativamente aos cerâmicos equivalentes sinterizados livremente, não obstante o estado equivalente das amostras em verde. A densificação dos filmes de BLnT (Ln = La ou Nd) é retardada em comparação com os cerâmicos, mas depois de longos tempos de sinterização densidades semelhantes são obtidas. No entanto, em oposição a observações na sinterização constrangida de outros sistemas, o crescimento do grão em filmes de BLnT (Ln = La ou Nd) é favorecido pelo constrangimento causado pelo substrato. Além disso, grãos e poros alongados orientados paralelamente ao substrato foram desenvolvidos durante a sinterização constrangida de filmes espessos. Verificou-se uma forte correlação entre a evolução de grãos e poros, que começou assim que o crescimento do grão se iniciou. Um efeito da tensão do substrato no aumento do crescimento de grão, bem como um forte “Zener pinning”, origina microestruturas altamente texturizadas, o que também é observado a nível cristalográfico. Efeitos marcantes da anisotropia microestrutural foram também detectados nas propriedades dieléctricas dos filmes de BLnT (Ln = La ou Nd). Juntamente com o aumento da razão de aspecto dos grãos, do factor de orientação e do grau de textura cristalográfica, a permitividade relativa é ligeiramente diminuída e o coeficiente de temperatura da permitividade evolui de negativo para positivo com o aumento do tempo isotérmico de sinterização. Este trabalho mostra que a não-estequiometria pode ser usada para controlar a mobilidade das fronteiras de grão e, portanto, desenhar a microestrutura e as propriedades dieléctricas de electrocerâmicos à base de STO, com ênfase nas propriedades das fronteiras de grão. O papel da não-estequiometria no STO e dos complexos de fronteira de grão no desenvolvimento microestrutural é discutido e novas oportunidades para desenhar as propriedades de materiais funcionais são abertas. As observações relativamente à sinterização constrangida apontam para o efeito de tensões mecânicas desenvolvidas devido ao substrato subjacente no desenvolvimento da microestrutura de materiais funcionais. É assim esperado que a escolha adequada de substrato permitia desenhar a microestrutura de filmes espessos funcionais com desempenho optimizado. “Stress Assisted Grain Growth” (SAGG) é então proposto como uma técnica potencial para desenhar a microestrutura de materiais funcionais, originando microestruturas anisotrópicas texturizadas com propriedades desejadas.

The surficial geology, sedimentology and geochemistry of the late glacial sediments and Paleozoic bedrock in the Campbellford area, Ontario, with special reference to the Dummer Complex /

The Dummer Complex extends 180 km along the Precambrian - Paleozoic contact from Tamworth to Lake Simcoe. It is composed of coarse, angular Paleozoic clasts in discontinuous, pitted, hummocky deposits. Deposits are usually separated by bare or boulder strewn bedrock, but have been found in the southern drumlinized till sheet. Dummer Complex deposits show rough alignment with ice-flow. Eskers cross-cut many of the deposits. Dummer sediment subfacies are defined on the basis of dominant coarse grain size and lithology, which relate directly to the underlying Paleozoic formation. Three subglacial tills are identified based on the degree of comminution and distance of transport; the immature facies of the Dummer Complex; the mature facies of the drumlinized till sheet and; the submature facies which is transitional. Carbonate geochemistry was used for till-bedrock correlation in various grain sizes. Of the 3 Paleozoic formations underlying the Dummer Complex, the Gull River Fm. is geochemically distinctive from the Bobcaygeon and Verulam Formations using Ca, Mg, Sr, Cu, Mn, Fe and Na. The Bobcaygeon Fm. and Verulam Fm. can be differentiated using Ca and the Sr/Ca ratio. The immature facies from 1.0 phi and finer is dominated by the non-carbonate, long distance transported component which decreases slightly downice. The submature till facies contains more long distance material than the immature facies. Sr and Mn can be used to correlate the Gull River immature till facies to the underlying bedrock the other subfacies could not be distinguished from each other or their respective source formation. This method proved to be ineffective for sediments with greater than 35% non-carbonate component, due to leaching of elements by the dissolving acid.The Dummer Complex is produced subglacially , as the compressional ice encounters the permeable Paleozoic carbonates. The increased shear strength of the ice and pore pressures in the carbonates results in the basal ice zones becoming debris ladden. Cleaner ice overrides the basal debris . laden dead ice which then acts as the glacier bed. During retreat, the Simcoe lobe stagnates as flow is cut-off by the Algonquin Highlands.

Late Paleozoic-Early Triassic magmatism on the western margin of Gondwana: Collahuasi area, Northern Chile

The basement in the `Altiplano` high plateau of the Andes of northern Chile mostly consists of late Paleozoic to Early Triassic felsic igneous rocks (Collahuasi Group) that were emplaced and extruded along the western margin of the Gondwana supercontinent. This igneous Suite crops out in the Collalluasi area and forms the backbone of most of the high Andes from latitude 20 degrees to 22 degrees S. Rocks of the Collahuasi Group and correlative formations form art extensive belt of volcanic and subvolcanic rocks throughout the main Andes of Chile, the Frontal Cordillera of Argentina (Choiyoi Group or Choiyoi Granite-Rhyolite Province), and the Eastern Cordillera of Peru. Thirteen new SHRIMP U-Pb zircon ages from the Collahuasi area document a bimodal timing for magnatism, with a dominant peak at about 300 Ma and a less significant one at 244 Ma. Copper-Mo porphyry mineralization is related to the younger igneous event. Initial Hf isotopic ratios for the similar to 300 Ma zircons range from about -2 to +6 indicating that the magmas incorporated components with a significant crustal residence time. The 244 Ma magmas were derived from a less enriched source, with the initial HT values ranging from +2 to +6, suggestive of a mixture with a more depleted component. Limited whole rock (144)Nd/(143)Nd and (87)Sr/(86)Sr isotopic ratios further support the likelihood that the Collahuasi Group magmatism incorporated significant older crustal components, or at least a mixture of crustal sources with more and less evolved isotopic signatures. (C) 2007 International Association for Gondwana Research. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

THE RIO APA CRATON IN MATO GROSSO DO SUL (BRAZIL) AND NORTHERN PARAGUAY: GEOCHRONOLOGICAL EVOLUTION, CORRELATIONS AND TECTONIC IMPLICATIONS FOR RODINIA AND GONDWANA

The Rio Apa cratonic fragment crops out in Mato Grosso do Sul State of Brazil and in northeastern Paraguay. It comprises Paleo-Mesoproterozoic medium grade metamorphic rocks, intruded by granitic rocks, and is covered by the Neoproterozoic deposits of the Corumbi and Itapocurni Groups. Eastward it is bound by the southern portion of the Paraguay belt. In this work, more than 100 isotopic determinations, including U-Pb SHRIMP zircon ages, Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd whole-rock determinations, as well as K-Ar and Ar-Ar mineral ages, were reassessed in order to obtain a complete picture of its regional geological history. The tectonic evolution of the Rio Apa Craton starts with the formation of a series of magmatic arc complexes. The oldest U-Pb SHRIMP zircon age comes from a banded gneiss collected in the northern part of the region, with an age of 1950 +/- 23 Ma. The large granitic intrusion of the Alumiador Batholith yielded a U-Pb zircon age of 1839 +/- 33 Ma, and from the southeastern part of the area two orthogneisses gave zircon U-Pb ages of 1774 +/- 26 Ma and 1721 +/- 25 Ma. These may be coeval with the Alto Terere metamorphic rocks of the northeastern corner, intruded in their turn by the Baia das Garcas granitic rocks, one of them yielding a zircon U-Pb age of 1754 +/- 49 Ma. The original magmatic protoliths of these rocks involved some crustal component, as indicated by the Sm-Nd TDm model ages, between 1.9 and 2.5 Ga. Regional Sr isotopic homogenization, associated with tectonic deformation and medium-grade metamorphism occurred at approximately 1670 Ma, as suggested by Rb-Sr whole rock reference isochrons. Finally, at 1300 Ma ago, the Ar work indicates that the Rio Apa Craton was affected by widespread regional heating, when the temperature probably exceeded 350 degrees C. Geographic distribution, age and isotopic signature of the fithotectonic units suggest the existence of a major suture separating two different tectonic domains, juxtaposed at about 1670 Ma. From that time on, the unified Rio Apa continental block behaved as one coherent and stable tectonic unit. It correlates well with the SW corner of the Amazonian Craton, where the medium-grade rocks of the Juruena-Rio Negro tectonic province, with ages between 1600 and 1780 Ma, were reworked at about 1300 Ma. Looking at the largest scale, the Rio Apa Craton is probably attached to the larger Amazonian Craton, and the actual configuration of southwestern South America is possibly due to a complex arrangement of allochthonous blocks such as the Arequipa, Antofalla and Pampia, with different sizes, that may have originated as disrupted parts of either Laurentia or Amazonia, and were trapped during later collisions of these continental masses.

Rastreabilidade de subprodutos de origem animal em dietas com levedura e trigo para frangos

O objetivo deste trabalho foi rastrear a inclussão de farinhas de origem animal em rações para frango de corte com ou sem levedura de cana-de-açúcar e farelo de trigo, por meio da análise do músculo peitoral das aves pelas técnicas dos isótopos estáveis de carbono e nitrogênio. Foram utilizados 210 pintos machos (Cobb), com um dia de idade, distribuídos aleatoriamente em sete tratamentos de 30 aves cada, tendo sido um tratamento controle (dieta vegetal) e seis com inclusão de farinha de carne e ossos bovina ou farinha de vísceras de aves na dieta, com ou sem levedura de cana-de-açúcar e farelo de trigo. Aos 42 dias de idade, foram abatidas quatro aves, por tratamento, escolhidas ao acaso, cujo músculo peitoral foi retirado para análise da razão isotópica. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos à análise multivariada. Os tratamentos experimentais diferiram do tratamento controle, e foi identificada a inclusão de farinha de origem animal, pelas técnicas dos isótopos estáveis, mesmo com inclusão de levedura ou farelo de trigo na dieta.

Traceability of animal by product meals in broilers fed sugarcane yeast using stable isotopes

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Uso da termocronologia por traços de fissão em apatita no reconhecimento de áreas de recarga e análises isotópicas de 234U/238U em águas subterrâneas do aquífero Itararé no município de Americana (SP)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Isótopos estáveis de C 'INPOT13C'/'INPOT12C'C e N 'INPOT15N'/'INPOT14N'N na rastreabilidade de farinhas de origem animal em frangos de corte alimentados com ração contendo levedura de cana-de-açúcar

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Rastreabilidade em camarões marinhos utilizando a técnica dos isótopos estáveis do carbono e nitrogênio

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)