L'état de la gouvernance des fédérations sportives européennes : enseignements et recommandations pour une "meilleure" gouvernance du sport en Europe

Cette thèse de Doctorat s'intéresse à la gouvernance du sport et plus particulièrement à la gouvernance des fédérations sportives européennes. Elle part du triple constat du manque de réflexion académique sur Popérationnalisation du concept de gouvernance du sport en unités de mesure, de l'intérêt croissant de l'Union européenne, du Conseil de l'Europe et de la Confédération suisse pour la réforme des organisations sportives internationales, ainsi que du faible attrait académique pour l'analyse d'un ensemble de fédérations sportives européennes. Elle a pour objectif principal de décrire l'état de la gouvernance d'un ensemble de fédérations sportives européennes (27) opérant en Europe. Cet objectif se décline en quatre questions principales : 1) Quelles sont les définitions et les dimensions de la gouvernance et de la gouvernance du sport dans une approche prescriptive ? 2) Comment mesurer la gouvernance du sport en Europe ? 3) Comment la gouvernance du sport est-elle mise en oeuvre par les fédérations sportives européennes ? 4) Comment améliorer la gouvernance du sport en Europe ? En reconnaissant la nature hybride d'une organisation sportive et optant pour les approches prescriptives de la gouvernance, la revue de la littérature présente les enseignements de la corporate governance, de la gouvernance des organisations à but non lucratif, de la gouvernance démocratique et de la gouvernance du sport. Celle-ci révèle notamment l'existence d'une constellation de prescriptions, applicables à un ensemble généralement non défini d'organisations sportives en Europe. La gouvernance du sport est ensuite définie par : « Les mécanismes par lesquels une organisation sportive de nature hybride agissant dans un système complexe et un environnement composés de multiples parties prenantes, notamment publiques et privées, est induite à modifier son comportement, ses structures et modes organisationnels afin de satisfaire leurs attentes multiples et divergentes tout en cherchant à préserver son autonomie ». Elle est déconstruite en trois dimensions, six composantes, et 39 indicateurs mesurant de façon originale quantitativement et qualitativement la mise en oeuvre de la gouvernance du sport. En nous appuyant sur une analyse de contenu et une série d'entretiens directifs, les résultats basés sur 1525 unités d'analyse montrent une image encourageante des fédérations sportives européennes, notamment en termes de formalisation des procédures démocratiques, et de publication d'informations biographiques. Cette image tend cependant à s'assombrir lorsque les indicateurs mesurent la transparence budgétaire et comptable, la mise en place d'une politique de développement environnemental, ou l'imposition d'une limite de mandat pour les membres du Conseil d'Administration. Ces résultats conduisent à la formulation de plusieurs recommandations conceptuelles, méthodologiques et empiriques permettant finalement de contribuer à une « meilleure » gouvernance du sport en Europe qu'actuellement (2014).

Assessing the sociology of sport: On sport organizations and critical knowledge

The purpose of this contribution is to analyse the trajectory, the challenges and the future of the sociology of sport on three levels: the internal dynamic within the specific sub-field of the sociology of sport, its interactions with sociology and sport sciences, and its relation with sport organizations. The paper notes that the changes of the trajectory of the sociology of sport, first leaning on the profession of physical education teacher and then to sport sciences, as important consequences. Because most of the sociologists specialized in sport are working in sport sciences departments, the most important consequence is the dependency on sport sciences rather than on sociology. Compared to other fields of sociology, it means challenging other sciences for recognition. The paper argues that to face the threat of a marginalization within the field of sport science, the future of sociology of sport could be to fight for an external recognition. Applying sociology could spread critical views that are necessary to sport organizations. It could also give sociologists access to very interesting data, which can help producing good research, and give it a greater legitimacy within sport sciences. However, it is a risky strategy because of the necessity for the sociologists to stay critical both on sporting organization and on their own work.

Sudden cardiac death among general population and sport related population in forensic experience.

PURPOSE: The goal of the study was to assess the causes and analyze the cases of sudden cardiac death (SCD) victims referred to the department of forensic medicine in Lausanne, with a particular focus on sports-related fatalities including also leisure sporting activities. To date, no such published assessment has been done nor for Switzerland nor for the central Europe. METHODS: This is a retrospective study based on autopsy records of SCD victims, from 10 to 50 years of age, performed at the University Centre of Legal Medicine in Lausanne from 1995 to 2010. The study population was divided into two groups: sport-related (SR) and not sport-related (NSR) SCDs. RESULTS: During the study period, 188 cases of SCD were recorded: 166 (88%) were NSR and 22 (12%) SR. The mean age of the 188 victims was 37.3 ± 10.1 years, with the majority of the cases being male (79%). A cause of death was established in 84%, and the pathology responsible for death varied according to the age of the victims. In the NSR group, the mean age was 38.2 ± 9.2 years and there was 82% of male. Coronary artery disease (CAD) was the main diagnosis in the victims aged 30-50 years. The majority of morphologically normal hearts were observed in the 15-29 year age range. There was no case in the 10-14 year age range. In the SR group, 91% of victims died during leisure sporting activities. In this group the mean age was 30.5 ± 13.5 years, with the majority being male (82%). The main cause of death was CAD, with 6 cases (27%) and a mean age of 40.8 ± 5.5 years. The youngest victim with CAD was 33 years old. A morphologically normal heart was observed in 5 cases (23%), with a mean age of 24.4 ± 14.9 years. The most frequently implicated sporting activities were hiking (26%) and swimming (17%). CONCLUSION: In this study, CAD was the most common cause of death in both groups. Although this pathology most often affects adults over 35 years of age, there were also some victims under 35 years of age in both groups. SCDs during sport are mostly related to leisure sporting activities, for which preventive measures are not yet usually established. This study highlights also the need to inform both athletes and non athletes of the cardiovascular risks during sport activities and the role of a forensic autopsy and registries involving forensic pathologists for SR SCD.

"Live High-Train Low and High" Hypoxic Training Improves Team-Sport Performance.

PURPOSE: This study aims to investigate physical performance and hematological changes in 32 elite male team-sport players after 14 d of "live high-train low" (LHTL) training in normobaric hypoxia (≥14 h·d at 2800-3000 m) combined with repeated-sprint training (six sessions of four sets of 5 × 5-s sprints with 25 s of passive recovery) either in normobaric hypoxia at 3000 m (LHTL + RSH, namely, LHTLH; n = 11) or in normoxia (LHTL + RSN, namely, LHTL; n = 12) compared with controlled "live low-train low" (LLTL; n = 9) training. METHODS: Before (Pre), immediately after (Post-1), and 3 wk after (Post-2) the intervention, hemoglobin mass (Hbmass) was measured in duplicate [optimized carbon monoxide (CO) rebreathing method], and vertical jump, repeated-sprint (8 × 20 m-20 s recovery), and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery level 2 (YYIR2) performances were tested. RESULTS: Both hypoxic groups similarly increased their Hbmass at Post-1 and Post-2 in reference to Pre (LHTLH: +4.0%, P < 0.001 and +2.7%, P < 0.01; LHTL: +3.0% and +3.0%, both P < 0.001), whereas no change occurred in LLTL. Compared with Pre, YYIR2 performance increased by ∼21% at Post-1 (P < 0.01) and by ∼45% at Post-2 (P < 0.001), with no difference between the two intervention groups (vs no change in LLTL). From Pre to Post-1, cumulated sprint time decreased in LHTLH (-3.6%, P < 0.001) and LHTL (-1.9%, P < 0.01), but not in LLTL (-0.7%), and remained significantly reduced at Post-2 (-3.5%, P < 0.001) in LHTLH only. Vertical jump performance did not change. CONCLUSIONS: "Live high-train low and high" hypoxic training interspersed with repeated sprints in hypoxia for 14 d (in season) increases the Hbmass, YYIR2 performance, and repeated-sprint ability of elite field team-sport players, with benefits lasting for at least 3 wk postintervention.

The comparability of quantitative surveys on sport participation in France (1967-2010)

Results from quantitative surveys enable historians, sociologists and demographers to describe and analyse the evolution of sport participation in France from 1967 to 2010. However, most of these social scientists use the results of these surveys to create very different methodologies without having studied the surveys' empirical data or databases. In this article, we demonstrate how we have attempted to establish a basis for comparability of the surveys by analysing these databases. As a result of our work, certain affirmations on which the history of sport participation in France has long been based may be called into question or even changed.