Las Ciencias Sociales Colombianas, un gran salto de transformación: De una ciencia social “oficial” a la crítica audaz por parte de las ciencias sociales

Desde el siglo XIX, Colombia ha vivido un sinnúmero de conflictos los cuales han cambiado de actores y de circunstancias. Una vez llegado el siglo XX, los conflictos antes que disminuir, aumentaron; por eso no es de sorprender que el período de La Violencia haya constituido uno de los períodos más violentos y sangrientos de la historia reciente del país. En medio de estos problemas, surgió el Frente Nacional, un pacto político entre los partidos políticos más importantes del país, el Conservador y el Liberal. En medio de este proyecto político surgió la Comisión Histórica de 1958, la cual pretendió estudiar el porqué de La Violencia. Una vez finalizada la Comisión, se crea un libro con toda la información recopilada en la misma; este libro, La Violencia en Colombia se convirtió en un suceso de gran importancia para la sociedad colombiana, debido a que fue una investigación académica innovadora para las Ciencias Sociales. Esta innovación está respaldada por documentos investigativos y sobre todo por la utilización de teorías sociológicas de gran relevancia para el momento y que por supuesto eran utilizadas por primera vez en Colombia. Muchas de estas teorías abrieron camino para la investigación de nuevos temas con nuevas metodologías. Asimismo, el libro La Violencia en Colombia terminó de empujar a las Ciencias Sociales a su transformación definitiva. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es evidenciar las transformaciones que las Ciencias Sociales tuvieron a mediados del siglo XX y estas transformaciones se dieron en parte gracias a dos sucesos importantes: Por una lado, la publicación del libro La Violencia en Colombia, el cual estaba estrechamente relacionado con la Comisión Histórica de 1958 y por otro lado, la llegada de investigadores nacionales con estudios en el extranjero lo que provocó la entrada a las Ciencias Sociales de nuevas formas de ver, entender, escribir y leer los diferentes procesos sociales que estaban ocurriendo en el país. Para ello es importante explorar la vida académica de los investigadores seleccionados, ya que, las corrientes teóricas que trajeron al país comenzaron a ser utilizadas en distintas investigaciones y porque algunos de estos investigadores estaban estrechamente relacionados con la escritura del libro La Violencia en Colombia.

Programa SPSS : Statistical Package for Social Sicences.

Se reseña la celebración del cursillo sobre 'Statistical Package for Social Sciences' en enero de 1980, en el Centro de Cálculo de la Universidad Politécnica de Barcelona, organizado por el Departamento de Investigación del INCIE, en el marco de las actividades del Seminario Permanente que sobre Metodología de la Investigación Educativa desarrolla este organismo. También, se ofrecen explicaciones teóricas y prácticas de este programa de tratamiento de la información llamado SPSS cuya aplicación se dirige, en especial, a la investigación en ciencias humanas.

Contemporary social variations in household water use, management strategies and awareness under conditions of 'water stress': the case of Greater Amman Jordan

One of the distinctive characteristics of the water supply system of Greater Amman, the capital of Jordan, is that it has been based on a regime of rationing since 1987, with households receiving water once a week for various durations. This reflects the fact that while Amman's recent growth has been phenomenal, Jordan is one of the ten most water-scarce nations on earth. Amman is highly polarised socio-economically, and by means of household surveys conducted in both high- and low-income divisions of the city, the aim has been to provide detailed empirical evidence concerning the storage and use if water, the strategies used by households to manage water and overall satisfactions with water supply issues, looking specifically at issues of social equity. The analysis demonstrates the social costs of water rationing and consequent household management to be high, as well as emphasising that issues of water quality are of central importance to all consumers.

Motivating farmers: insights from social psychology

We are social beings. What we do and don’t do, what we think, the decisions we take are all influenced by those around us. Sometimes we are conscious of those influences, often we are not. Those who influence us are not just our close family and friends, our own social and professional networks, but the wider societies and cultures to which we belong. The goals we espouse, the values we hold, the image we have of ourselves are all molded to a large extent by our interactions and relationships with other people. The social sciences offer a range of concepts and tools for exploring these influences. In this paper, I introduce some of these and illustrate them with recent research I and my colleagues have been doing at the University of Reading among livestock farmers in the UK, with a view to providing insights that can then be used to plan and implement more effective interventions.

Effective communication to improve udder health: can social science help?

Improved udder health requires consistent application of appropriate management practices by those involved in managing dairy herds and the milking process. Designing effective communication requires that we understand why dairy herd managers behave in the way they do and also how the means of communication can be used both to inform and to influence. Social sciences- ranging from economics to anthropology - have been used to shed light on the behaviour of those who manage farm animals. Communication science tells us that influencing behaviour is not simply a question of „getting the message across‟ but of addressing the complex of factors that influence an individual‟s behavioural decisions. A review of recent studies in the animal health literature shows that different social science frameworks and methodologies offer complementary insights into livestock managers‟ behaviour but that the diversity of conceptual and methodological frameworks presents a challenge for animal health practitioners and policy makers who seek to make sense of the findings – and for researchers looking for helpful starting points. Data from a recent study in England illustrate the potential of „home-made‟ conceptual frameworks to help unravel the complexity of farmer behaviour. At the same time, though, the data indicate the difficulties facing those designing communication strategies in a context where farmers believe strongly that they are already doing all they can reasonably be expected to do to minimise animal health risks.

Models of human behaviour in social-ecological systems

Environmental change research often relies on simplistic, static models of human behaviour in social-ecological systems. This limits understanding of how social-ecological change occurs. Integrative, process-based behavioural models, which include feedbacks between action, and social and ecological system structures and dynamics, can inform dynamic policy assessment in which decision making is internalised in the model. These models focus on dynamics rather than states. They stimulate new questions and foster interdisciplinarity between and within the natural and social sciences.

Rerum cognoscere causas: part II - opportunities generated by the agency/structure debate and suggestions for clarifying the social theoretic position of system dynamics

This is the second half of a two-part paper dealing with the social theoretic assumptions underlying system dynamics. In the first half it was concluded that analysing system dynamics using traditional, paradigm-based social theories is highly problematic. An innovative and potentially fruitful resolution is now proposed to these problems. In the first section it is argued that in order to find an appropriate social theoretic home for system dynamics it is necessary to look to a key exchange in contemporary social science: the agency/structure debate. This debate aims to move beyond both the theories based only on the actions of individual human agents, and those theories that emphasise only structural influences. Emerging from this debate are various theories that instead aim to unite the human agent view of the social realm with views that concentrate solely on system structure. It is argued that system dynamics is best viewed as being implicitly grounded in such theories. The main conclusion is therefore that system dynamics can contribute to an important part of social thinking by providing a formal approach for explicating social mechanisms. This conclusion is of general significance for system dynamics. However, the over-arching aim of the two-part paper is to increase the understanding of system dynamics in related disciplines. Four suggestions are therefore offered for how the system dynamics method might be extended further into the social sciences. It is argued that, presented in the right way, the formal yet contingent feedback causality thinking of system dynamics should diffuse widely in the social sciences and make a distinctive and important contribution to them. Felix qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas Happy is he who comes to know the causes of things Virgil - Georgics, Book II, line 490. 29 BCE

Supervision as control system : the design of supervision as a regulatory instrument in the social services sector in Sweden

In this article, the prevailing official view of supervision as a regulatory instrument is examined as it applies to the social services sector in Sweden. The study is based on a comparison of the views expressed on the design of supervision as a regulatory instrument by two government commissions, the Supervision Commission and the Commission on Supervision within the Social Services (UTIS), and on the positions taken by the Government regarding the definitions of the concept of supervision proposed by these commissions. The view of supervision as a regulatory instrument expressed in these policy documents is analysed with the help of a theoretical framework describing the components, their functions and the governance characteristics of control systems. In the framework separate interrelated characteristics of the components are identified and summarized into two models of control systems. The analysis shows that supervision in the Swedish social services sector can be described in terms of both a disciplinary and non-disciplinary system. By its system theoretical basis and the identification of interrelated characteristics the study contributes to a broadened understanding of the construction and functions of supervision as a regulatory instrument and of how supervision within the Swedish social sector is meant to be designed.

Fundamentos da psicologia social

O tema central deste estudo é o dos fundamentos da Psicologia Social. Neste sentido, foram examinados pressupostos ontológicos, epistemológicos, lógicos e axiológicos mas, também, as bases conceituais, teóricas e metodológicas deste setor da Psicologia contemporânea. A justificar este empreendimento, encontram-se duas suposições: a de que qualquer ciência é inexoravelmente construída sobre postulados metafísicos e lógicos, e a de que a falta de clareza em relação a estes impede a instalação de programas de pesquisa consequentes. Os objetivos colimados na consecução deste trabalho podem ficar assim discriminados: caracterização da Psicologia social; análise de suas bases filosóficas e lógicas; especificação da origem e classificação dos conceitos psicossociológicos; avaliação do estágio de teorização atingido na Psicologia Social; e discussão de aspectos epistemológicos da metodologia de pesquisa psicossociológica. Este texto pode ser classificado como filosófico. E pode sê-lo em virtude da natureza dos problemas submetidos à investigação e da metodologia empregada para este fim. São três as conclusões mais relevantes: em primeiro lugar, a de que em todas as ciências sociais e humanas, por subsistirem diversos pressupostos antropológicos ou imagens do Homem, cabe fomentar o pluralismo teórico; a de que nas disciplinas-psicológicas, a orientação nomotética - uma dentre várias alternativas doutrinárias existentes - deve continuar a ser desenvolvida; e, finalmente, a de que a Psicologia Social insere-se como elemento importante no processo de autoconsciência do Homem.

Desenvolvimento Urbano e Cidades Inclusivas: Estudo Analítico do Princípio Constitucional da Função Social das Cidades

The reality of Latin America points out that the industrialization and urbanization are complementary processes associated each other. Thus, by consequence of the demographic growth, observes the aggravation of an urbanization completely disordered and without infrastructure capable of guaranteeing rights and basic services to the population. In parallel, the dissemination of information, the valorization of human dignity, promoted by social welfare, and expectations of consumption aggravates the tensions among social actors, leading to the Theory of the Right to Development to worry about the (re)construction of cities. Before this reality, the Federal Constitution of 1988 proposed a participatory urban policy, grounded in the ideal of confrontation of social exclusion of a more comprehensive, represented by the principle of the social function of cities, which must be stratified into four inclusion´s central axes, namely: the social in the strict sense, the economic, the cultural and the policy. The Analysis of each of these dimensions, keeping the focus on reality and the Brazilian legal system, composes specific objectives of this work. Thus, through deductive research, with use of technique bibliographical and interdisciplinary, this dissertation aims to make connections between social function and development, proposing an analytical concept for the proposing an analytical concept for the principle of social function of cities, through the study of its basic elements. With this, purports to demonstrate how results, firstly, that the juridical study, to fully understand the process of marginalization, must maintain multidisciplinary perspective, own social sciences. Also aims to demonstrate that the dimensions of inclusion are formed by fundamental rights, individual and collective, of liberties and of social guarantees and that without respect to all of them there is no way to talk about implementation of urban development and nor, consequently, about inclusive cities. At the end, after checking the main legal instruments of urban policy that emphasize the community participation, provided for in the Statute of the Cities, and that potentiate the breakup of the circles of exclusion, the work want contribute to the clarification and the awaken to the importance of a new perspective democratic of development in the country, grounded in the appreciation of the individual for realization of modern management, decentralized and that, therefore, inserts the effective participation of urban communities in the acting of the State

Campo educacional e representação social da formação docente :o olhar dos agentes

Teaching formation has been the target of many changes, having been forged according to numerous formats and models through different times and spaces, composing thus, different codes and curricular proposals for different levels of qualification. We've tried in this work to pinpoint the main discussions which take place in the area of the teaching formation, based in the views of modern writers. We ve also tried, through the Social Representations Theory, to reveal and learn how the agents directly involved in this process realize and react, that is, the teachers who cope with the beginning stages of the Fundamental Teaching in the public school system in Natal/RN, taking into account that, in many cases, such formation demands the rethinking of the very formation policies. We've also adopted the concepts of field and educational field introduced by the praxiology of Pierre Bourdieu. It s been considered a fundamental theoretical reference which enables the understanding of social phenomena, both in macro and micro viewpoints. Thus, we do not neglect the whole, and particularly, the nuances of each context or specific situation. In the methodological track we ve used for data gathering the Free Word Association Test, and the Semi-Structured Interview, and also secondary sources for the characterization of the research spectre. Data treatment and analysis were performed with the help of the following software: SPSS Statistical Package for Social Sciences and EVOC; and the method of Content Category Analysis. The combination of the concepts and techniques mentioned above was necessary to cope with the qualitative and quantitative aspects, in our attempt to offer a wider range of contributions and outcome validations, which have shown, among other less explicit elements, the existence of a social representation of the teaching formation such as: knowledge theoretical and practical; a necessity imposed by the symbolical conflicts of the social field; capacitation and compromisse. We acknowledge the relevance of the thoughts discussed here, though aware that this is just one of the possible approaches to the theme

A noção de mobilidade social em adolescentes

O presente artigo aborda a compreensão dos adolescentes sobre a noção de mobilidade social, a partir de uma investigação realizada com estudantes de uma escola pública do interior paulista, refletindo sobre a forma como se dá a aprendizagem desta noção. Para a investigação descrita, foram realizadas entrevistas com 20 adolescentes, utilizando perguntas de caráter exploratório, embasadas no método clínico piagetiano, a partir das quais a noção de mobilidade social em adolescentes foi classificada em três níveis sociais propostos por Delval. Mediante os resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que a noção do conceito em questão é de difícil aquisição pelos adolescentes. Devido a isso, destaca-se a importância do tema para cursos de licenciatura, especialmente o de Ciências Sociais.

As condições de trabalho na área de saúde e o processo de adoecimento da (o) assistente social

The requirements in the world of work in the contemporary impact on quality of life, health workers in their relations with users and other professionals of the healthcare team. Given this reality, this study discusses the working conditions in health and disease process of (a) having social goals as analyze the implications of working conditions in the disease (the) social workers in state hospitals Metropolitan Region Christmas (NMR); identify the main diseases affecting social workers in hospitals in the SESAP NMR and reveal the relationship between the disease processes of social and working conditions in hospitals in the state NMR. The research was guiding questions to reveal how to configure the work, conditions of work and of the disease process (the) social worker. To grasp the socioeconomic profile of (the) social workers, the characterization of the work, duties and responsibilities in the sociooccupational, factors that interfere with the disease process of (the) social workers of RMN, and actions and investments Policy on Occupational Health RN correlating to illness today is that we set for the unveiling of the movement of the object of study through the methodological approach with documentary research aimed at literature review; extensive direct observation correlated to real life observation and application of 66 (sixty-six) questionnaires. The data from the closed questions were treated using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The open questions were transcribed and then analyzed the light of theoretical work on the subject. The research reveals that social workers are subject to conditions and labor relations precarious illness causing health problems because some of these professionals, among them are: stress, allergies and skin conditions or, Read / WMSD among other diseases. Thus, we understand the need for debates about the relationship work (the) social worker and worker health before the contradictions of capital also present in public health services